In order to investigate effects of Amount of phosphorus fertilizer and plant density on yield and yield components of sweet Sorghum, an experiment has been executed in the sugarcane research center and lateral industries. The experiment is done in the Split plot way and the complete random blocks format with three replications. In this experiment, phosphorus fertilizer is considered in three levels (60, 90,120 kg in a hectare). Also, plant density is considered in three levels (80000, 100000,120000 plants in a hectare) as a secondary factor. The results show that increasing amount of phosphor to 120 kg in a hectare causes meaningful changes in operation, biological yield and number of seeds in bunches. Also rising plant density to 120,000 plants in a hectare changes seed operation, number of seeds in bunches, weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield and harvest index dramatically. So, maximum and minimum seed yield are 2200 and 2100 kg in a hectare from 120 and 60 kg treatment in phosphor hectare, respectively. Moreover, maximum seed yield which is about 2300 kg in a hectare has been obtained from density of 120000 plants in a hectare. Also, minimum seed yield which is 2000 kg in a hectare has been gotten from density of 80000 plants. Generally, obtained results from investigation of mutual effects of phosphor average and plant density on seed yield shows that most amounts belong to 120 kg phosphorous treatment hybrid and density of 120000 plants in a hectare

In order to investigate the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite phosphate synthesized by two synthetic methods of microwave and ultrasonic on some morphological and physiological properties of maize, an experiment was performed in the factorial form in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse of Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Summer 2018. Treatments included simple superphosphate and triple superphosphate fertilizer, nano-hydroxyapatite synthesized by microwave and ultrasonic methods, each at five levels in three replications. The results showed that application of nano-hydroxyapatite by ultrasonic method compared with normal condition lead to a 17.47% increase leaf number, 13.02% in stem weight, 46.19 chlorophyll content and 23.06% in phenol content. In addition, nano-hydroxyapatite by microwave method increased the leaf weight, phosphorus and biological yield by 21.87%, 43.47% and 51.06% respectively, compared with control condition. The application of nanohydroxyapatite phosphate improved the growth characteristics and physiology of the maize plant compared to control and simple superphosphate fertilizers and triple. The results also showed that nano-phosphates could more effectively improve the growth and biochemical yield of maize. The highest biochemical function was obtained from nano-hydroxyapatite treatment by microwave method.  According to the obtained results, it is concluded that both methods can improve plant growth conditions and ultimately increase plant yield and production; However, since the microwave synthesis method resulted in higher yield (wet and dry weight), it was identified as the superior method of introduction.

In order to compare the yield response of wheat, barley and triticale to nitrogen, a split plot experiment was conducted in Mashhad during the 2017-2018 crop year. Nitrogen factor with two levels of non-foliar application (N1) and application of urea fertilizer 46% in the flowering stage at a rate of 20 kg / ha (N2) were allotted to the main plots and cereal type factor in the subplots. The results showed that N2 treatment increased grain yield by 12.6%, which was mainly due to the increase in the contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield formation from 43.6 to 51.2% and had little relationship with the efficiency of dry matter distribution to grain. Also, N2 treatment, despite a significant reduction in 1000-seed weight, increased the number of seeds per spike by 20.9% and grain weight per spike by 12.9%. Nitrogen foliar application increased the contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield formation from 43.6% to 51.2% and decreased the rule of stem dry matter remobilization in yield formation from 72.4% to 53.4%. Despite having the same harvest index as wheat, triticale had 13.3% higher grain yield than wheat due to its higher biological yield. The amount of current photosynthesis in triticale was %46.8 more than wheat, but the relative contribution of stem reserves to yield formation was not significantly different. The main reason for the higher in triticale compared to wheat was the higher number of grains per spike, and the difference in grain weight was less important. The results indicate that grain weight is not affected by nitrogen uptake and transport processes and is mostly a function of photosynthesis. Based on these results, the source-sink balance in triticale resulted in higher yield of it compared to wheat and barley. It seems that nitrogen in the flowering stage can increase the yield of wheat and barley by preventing abortion of florets and increasing the size of the reservoir as well as improving the strength of the source by increasing the current photosynthesis.

Water transfer in plant tissues is a complex phenomenon. The cell wall and plasma membrane are permeable to water and the amount of water exchange among cells and the intercellular space mainly depends on the amount of intracellular water pressure and the viability of the cell membrane. The movement of water within the plant tissues includes simultaneous heat and mass transfer and therefore the thermophysical properties of the plant tissue plays an important role in this transition. Capillary pressure, intrinsic permeability, relative permeability, effective moisture diffusivity, and thermal conductivity are the key thermal and transport properties needed for comprehensive investigation of moisture transfer mechanism in plant tissue. The plant material can be considered as a porous medium in a non-steady state, which contains about 10 - 80% water. Molecular diffusion for gases (water vapor and air), capillary influence for the liquid (water) and advection mechanisms (Darcy flow) are used in the drying model in porous media. Thus, multiphase models can be used to study the water movement in plant tissues. In multiphase models of transmission mechanism, transfer of water into two types of liquid and gas is investigated simultaneously under the influence of temperature and other properties of plant tissue. In this article, the plant tissue is considered as a porous medium and the factors affecting the moisture transfer in these tissues are discussed.

Jiroft and Kahnuj, located south of Kerman province, are major areas of potato production in the Iran. According to the studies, in these areas semi-automatic horizontal rotating potato planter, automatic cup-chain potato planter and automatic cup-belt potato planter are used for mechanized potato cultivation. In this study, in order to evaluate the performance and determine the suitable planter in these areas, a factorial experiment with three types of conventional potato planters including two semi-automatic rows by horizontal rotating metering device, two-row automatic by cup-belt metering device and four-row automatic by cup-chain metering device. Three different values of 4, 5.5 and 7 km/h were considered for working speed. The results showed that the Semi-automatic potato planter and Cup-belt potato planter have the best operating indices such as feed quality and miss-planting index in the mentioned area and increasing the planter speed has harmful effects in feed quality and potato damaging. In most of the indices, the difference between the averages at speeds of 4 and 5.5 km/h was not significant and the speed of 5.5 km / h can be suggested as a suitable planting speed for all three workers in Jiroft and Kahnuj regions.

In this applied experiment, in order to investigate the effect of conventional agricultural tractors on soil density, the effect of tractor traffic at two levels (one and three passes) at different soil moisture levels at three levels (plastic limit, 0.8 and 0.6 plastic limit) With two low and medium speeds of tractor (3 and 4.5 km / h), by measuring the density indices including bulk density and soil cone index in a type of clay in Kashmar city was performed. Experiments using Messi Ferguson 285 tractor as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three repetitions and the results were analyzed at three different soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30) cm. The results showed that the soil moisture and tractor traffic treatments in the first and second depths had a significant difference on the value of the cone index. Moisture treatment only at a depth of 10-20 cm in the soil had a significant effect on the bulk density of the soil. Also, the highest increase in density occurs at a depth of 10-15 cm, and at depths lower than 20 cm, due to the lightness of the tractor, no significant changes in the amount of density.The results show that the soil at the plastic limit moisture has the highest response to compaction.

In order to increase the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Zahidi dates, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar application of organic matter and trace elements in the randomized complete blocks with 11 treatments and three replications in Jahrom city for two consecutive years. Using treatments time was in the beginning and end of Kimri stage. Treatments were including amino acid (500 and 1000 mgL-1); seaweed (250 and 500 mgL-1); trace elements including zinc, iron, manganese, and copper (1000 and 1500 gmL-1); amino acid 1000 mgL-1 + seaweed 500 mgL-1; amino acid 1000 mgL-1 + trace elements 1500 mgL-1; seaweed 500 mgL-1 + trace elements 1500 mgL-1; amino acid 1000 mgL-1 + seaweed 500 mgL-1 + trace elements 1500 mgL-1; and control treatment (distilled water). The treatments had significant influence on the all traits except fruit diameter, TSS, and pH. Highest weight percent of Khalal was observed in amino acid 1000 mgL-1+trace elements 1500 mgL-1 (10%), biggest Rutab weight was in amino acid 1000 mgL-1 + seaweed 500 mgL-1 (30%), greatest Tamar weight was in seaweed 500 mgL-1 (98%), highest waste percent was in amino acid 1000 mgL-1, and the number of fruits in bunch in treatment including seaweed 500 mgL-1 + trace element 1500 mgL-1 (994 fruits). But in the other quantitative traits especially yield, amino acid 1000 mgL-1 + seaweed 500 mgL-1 + trace element 1500 mgL-1 was better than other treatments. In assessment of qualitative traits, the highest flavor index was observed in amino acid 500 mgL-1.