نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 30 (پاییز 1400)

During the first Pahlavi period, Iran's military and law enforcement organizations experienced several changes in organization, of three forces training and weapons. The security and military forces, as one of the most important pillars of Reza Shah, became the center of attention and reform during this period. After the coup d'etat of March 1921, in order to provide better information and communication with the military forces, the Ghoshoun journal was published under the direct supervision of Reza Shah and other officials, as the official organ of the Iranian army. The publication of this journal continued until the end of the first Pahlavi government and played an important role in informing about the issues and changes in the military and law enforcement structure of Iran. The method of this research is a historical analysis based on the study of data of law enforcement, military and various Iranian public newspapers in this period and its purpose is to study the changes in the police and military structure of Iran based on the contents of the official publication of the army, especially in the first years of power in which Reza Shah was the head of the army and then the Ministry of War. The study of Ghoshoun journal and various other sources shows that the first Pahlavi government has innovated and reformed in order to change the law enforcement and military structure of the country in various dimensions and layers, and reading Ghoshoun journal can provide new information about this part of contemporary Iranian history.

From pre-Islamic times to the end of the fourth century AH, the political community of the eastern plateau of Iran, especially Khorasan and Transoxiana, consisted of local governments. These local governments were independent in managing their internal affairs. In the fourth century AH, the Samanid society suffered from internal security crises (tensions and conflicts between social groups) and external crises (attacks by Turkmen forces, especially the Karakhanids) due to the changing value patterns and high sectarianism. In this situation, by weakening the voluntary aspects of social order, the political dimension of order (force) was inevitably created with the help of military institutions and led to the transformation of the power structure and the transition from the Samanids to the Ghaznavid military government. In this regard, Ghaznavid law enforcement and military institutions, based on their organizational nature, tried to exercise direct and comprehensive control over Khorasan and neighboring lands by eliminating local governments and applying repression and establishing a security environment. In other words, the goal of Ghaznavid centralism was to use all available capabilities in society to deal with increasing security crises. This article examines the security situation in the Samani-Ghaznavid community and shows why the security crisis led to the removal of local governments in the region and what were the consequences for society. The method of this qualitative research is library study with the approach of contextual analysis.

Commanding General Mohammad Hossein Khan Ayrem is one of the influential leaders in the historical developments of the first Pahlavi era. With the disappearance of Teimurtash, the rulers, especially Ayrem, gained much power. His reign began with the establishment of the absolute Pahlavi monarchy. In the meantime, Ayrem efforts and activities in eliminating the advisers and relatives of the first Pahlavi played an important role in the political developments of this period. Considering the influence and various positions of Ayrem, in addition to being the head of Nazmieh, he can be considered the most powerful and closest person to the first side and as a kind of second person of the country. The present study tries to study and explain the political actions of Mohammad Hossein Ayrem during his presidency over Nazmieh from the perspective of psychology with a descriptive, analytical approach and the use of library resources and the use of the anagram model. The article seeks to answer the fundamental question of how Ayrem's personality traits and psychology influenced his actions during his presidency. Considering that I Ayrem's psychological personality is in the third type of anagram model, in which people of this type are normally famous and goal-oriented, the research findings show that Ayrem adopted an unhealthy and pathological procedure to achieve its goals. The tendency to cruelty, violence, immorality and even murder were among the most important consequences of his personality behaviors during his presidency.

In the year 401 B.C. the battle of Konaxa took place near Babylon between Ardashir II, the Achaemenid emperor, and his brother Cyrus the Younger. The present study is a descriptive-analytical approach to show the effect of the revolt of Cyrus the Younger on the fall of the Achaemenid dynasty. It seems that they consider these issues as a sign of weakness and inadequacy. The Achaemenid weakness of security and law enforcement became the basis for the attack of Azilas Shah Sparta and later the attack of Alexander the Great on the Achaemenid territory.

Madame Carla Serena, an Italian woman tourist, entered Iran during the Qajar period and after touring Iran, wrote a book called "People and Mirrors in Iran" which was later published. This orientalist in this book, customs, traditions, beliefs and social customs, Nasser al-Din Shah's military, security forces, and actions have examined how the country is run with a close look at court affairs. This research intends to analyze the security and disciplinary aspects of her thoughts and writings by analytical and historical method and by analyzing the opinions and writings of this orientalist lady. The findings of the research show that she knows the structure of power in Iran well. Carla Serena had realized that he was "the absolute king of that king" and that security and insecurity depended entirely on his actions. The relationship between rulers and princes was two-way. On the one hand, it led to power and authority and closeness to the king, and on the other hand, to the type of relationship they had with the people. This method strengthened the model of traditional authority in Iran, and traditional authority was the factor that created a kind of security in Iran that was formed based on tribal traditions; Because the security centers were numerous and the pattern and behavior of security was dominant and based on tribal beliefs and traditions.

The arrival of the Seljuk Turks in the early fifth century AH brought about extensive changes in the Iranian plateau. The defeat of the Ghaznavids by these newcomers and the later fall of Alebuyeh was the primary result of the arrival of the Seljuk Turkmen. Newly arrived Turkmen tribes disrupted security and order in various regions, and these tribes became known as one of the disruptors of security. At first, the Turkmen tribes did not adhere to an orderly structure, and each led a tribe or clan to conquer the region. The formation of the Great Seljuk government in the territory of the Iranian plateau caused the sultans and ministers of this government, as an Islamic government, to try to establish order and security in the territory under their domination. This could be done by using specific mechanisms that will be addressed in the present study. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and approach with the question "What mechanisms were used to create security in the cities of the Seljuk period?". The findings of the present study show that the provision of internal security of cities in the territory of the Seljuk government was in the hands of officials and positions such as chief, judge, police, and accountant, each of whom played their role based on the role and position intended for them. The Seljuks also used the institutions of their predecessors to secure cities.