نشریه مطالعات بین المللی
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 70، پاییز 1400)

The Taliban, which uses the term "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan" to describe its government, formally introduced members of its interim government after occupying Kabul and asked the United Nations to accept its representation in the organization. During the first period of Taliban rule (from 1996 to 2001), despite their effective rule over much of Afghanistan, the government was not recognized by the United Nations. Despite the group's removal from the Security Council's list of terrorist groups in 2011, the names of many high-ranking Taliban officials remain on the Security Council's sanctions committee list. The council also stated in Resolution 2513 (2020) that it does not welcome the recognition of the government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and does not recognize it. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan has not been mentioned. The main question of the research is "Will the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan be recognized by the international community or not?" The method of this research is analytical-descriptive and the method of collecting information is library. The results of this study show that the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan will not be recognized by the international community until it proves its cooperation with other governments in the fight against terrorist groups such as ISIS and the observance of norms such as the protection of human and women's rights and the formation of an inclusive government.

Although, according to international instruments, the right to health has always been a national obligation and lacks international requirements, the growing risk of communicable diseases can have a transboundary impact on the inadequate realization of this right. A concern that might make a pandemic outbreak a global threat. Thus, will the transnational impact of pandemics enhance the level of health obligations from national to international? To answer this question, by examining the developing process of countries’ international obligations, under the authority of the United Nations Security Council, we will first assess the security interpretation of inadequate realization of the right to health. Then, by comparing the statistics of Ebola and corona victims, we will try to prove the need for a more objective need for a serious interpretation of international obligations. In conclusion, although there are differences in attitudes and rivalries between world powers, the escalation of the various dimensions of pandemics at an international level will force the international community to accept more serious commitments in this area.

The strategic relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Syria, despite the few ups and downs it has experienced in recent years, is considered to be the perfect example of the most stable, strategic and inseparable bilateral relationship in the West Asian security environment in the post-crisis environment. In order to consolidate the achievements, more special planning, management and engineering are needed than before. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to consider what are the most important factors affecting Iran's effective action in post-crisis Syria, given Tehran's role in recent developments in Syria and maximum support for the government led by Bashar al-Assad. Influenced by this goal, the authors of the present study have tried to answer the strategic question of how to assess the behavioral requirements of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the management of post-crisis Syria by relying on books, articles and Internet resources primarily and in a descriptive-analytical-inferential manner. Is it going? The result of testing the main research question suggests that from Tehran's point of view, Syria, as the world's largest small country, has special advantages in the strategic area of ​​Western Asia: It is a strategic country as a gateway to the Arab world that can not only be used to balance power against the United States and Israel, Rather, it is an important bridge to reach Hezbollah in Lebanon. In this regard, it is necessary that in the post-transformation environment, the strategic approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran be organized based on regional realities.

The increased importance of the environment over the past years and its incorporation among the third-generation human rights justify the considerable need to protect it during armed conflicts. Obviously, such conflicts can cause irreparable damage to the environment, occurring either as intentional destruction based on Military Necessity and non-distinction, or as non-intentional destruction resulting from the collateral damage of military attacks. The main research question is: “What is the position of the Principle of Proportionality in environmental protection in connection with the Distinction and Military Necessity principles?” Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this paper sought to assess the relationship of IHL’s three principles of Distinction, Military Necessity and Proportionality with environmental destruction during armed conflicts. It concluded that when the Distinction and Military Necessity principles intersect, a third principle called “synthesis” comes in, seeking to reduce the damage of military operation. Violation of this principle is one of the conditions for committing the war crime of environmental destruction, i.e. the Principle of Proportionality. Since the Distinction and Military Necessity principles can be in conflict with each other during environmental attacks, resulting in the conquest of the Principle of Military Necessity, the presence of the Principle of Proportionality can balance this conflict.

Reviewing the events that took place in international wars such as World War II, we find that the leaders of countries with advanced military fleets do not hesitate to kill civilians and violate the principle of segregation. The United States has gone further and has made new alterations to article 51 of the Charter by creating new norms, such as the preemptive defense. Based on these norms, the US and the other countries that follow its military doctrine have allowed themselves to resort to force against their enemies, simply on the premise of detecting imminent threats from them, without being attacked first. The main question of the current study is to what extent is the preemptive defense acceptable in international law, and what legal and military measures should countries take when protecting civilians against imminent threats of enemies when the threatening party does not hesitate to realize their threats. The research hypothesis is that resorting to preemptive defense is not acceptable in international law; however, doing it when protecting civilians seems rational. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the authors have concluded that despite being rational, resorting arbitrarily to preemptive defense against imminent threats to protect civilians is not acceptable in current international law.

Terrorism is one of the great threats to the world in the 21st century, which can be exploited through a variety of methods, such as armed action, false media propaganda, and influencing the beliefs and values of society; disrupting the order and security of the community. The terrorist current of ISIS is one of the most important global concerns and a major regional threat, especially in Iraq. Despite the defeat of this group in Iraq, the re-emergence of this terrorist group can never be ignored. It should be borne in mind that despite various social, political and economic crises in Iraq, the ground and opportunity for the re-emergence of this terrorist group may be provided as in the past. Therefore, the main question of this article is: "Is it possible for ISIS to reappear in Iraq, despite its destruction?" The purpose of this study is to "identify and study the most important factors underlying the re-emergence of ISIS in the context of political, security, economic and social crises in Iraq." In this research, descriptive-analytical research method has been used and the general result of the research shows; The continuation of various political, social, economic and security crises in Iraq could pave the way for the re-emergence of ISIS in this country.

One of the requirements of development is the economy. Indicators of economic development are determining by the position of countries. Foreign policy pursues the orientations and the goals of governments. The present article seeks to answer the question of what are effects of the future of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the economic situation of the country in the Middle East, with regards to the outlook document of 1404. In response, it can be assumed that the future of foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has a direct impact on the Iranian economic position in the region. For this purpose, three macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth, inflation rate and foreign investment attraction were examined in this research. Findings of the research show that Iran's economic situation has not been improved as compared to other Middle East states in recent years and is far away from its full implementation. The aim of this study is to identify Iran's economic position in the Middle East by using a comparative-analytical method and through comparative comparison to Iran's economic development plans according to the outlook 1404 document compared to other countries of the region.

Indirect expropriation is one of the most important issues, controversial and disputable in foreign investment law. One of the major challenges of expropriation is assignment act or omission to expropriation the government, which is in an aura of ambiguity. Fundamental question of the article is what act or omission lead to indirect expropriation of property? If the investor is deprived of capital in investments in the form of contracts will expropriation be realized? The present study, by applying analytical and descriptive methods and using library sources, has concluded that previously, the severity and weakness of the investor's basic deprivation of property rights and the amount of the host government's main benefit have been accompanied by various interpretations and arbitrary judgments which has not considered any deprivation and benefits fundamental and necessary; But today, in case of conflict between the interests of the host government and the investor, this is slowly but decisively spinning towards investments with a new approach in a way that recognizes the government as the absolute ruler consider this right as a starting point in investments. On the other hand, any deprivation is not attributable to the government. But expropriation is inherently a government act. The purpose of the research is the creation of domestic and international responsibility of governments and coordination between government and institutions. To achieve this goal, the distinction between investment through check the treaty and the contract in expropriation. The role of investment bodies and institutions, as well as environmental organizations, in expropriation is examined, and efforts are made to prevent the emergence of domestic and international responsibility of governments and to establish coordination between the government and government institutions.

In the 21st century, international politics has evolved following changes in the structure, actors and procedures. such changes reflect the compound of international politics and new phenomena such as outer space. Furthermore, it challenges theories of international relations ability to explain, describe and predict in a situation where the impact of international politics changes has played a role in the bodies of all of them, and each of them has experienced the emergence, decline or evolution during the first space activities in the early space age and the innovative changes in space technologies and the continuation of activities in the new space age. This article relies on a qualitative approach and theoretical-applied method, seeks to answer this question, what is the status of theories of international relations in dealing with evolving international politics influenced by space technologies? The study of selected theories in dealing with the evolving international politics resulting from their presence and activity in outer space indicates the need to strengthen, modify, or even their failure and an emphasis on the presentation of a new theoretical model that focuses on a range of actors, including material and immaterial structures and consider the processes of virtualization of reality that shape international political developments in the 21st century.

The goals of international environmental law in today's world are made possible by mechanisms designed to prevent environmental degradation and pollution. In this regard, one of the important and effective approaches is the use of lean integrated management, which by emphasizing international standards can be the basis for achieving sustainable development and further environmental protection in countries. In this paper, the authors try to present a model in order to achieve sustainable development at the international level by emphasizing the environmental dimension by designing a pure integrated management model. The research method of the current article is qualitative and the statistical population of the research includes 80 elites and industry experts of Qazvin province. The sampling method was snowball and the findings of the article indicate that the process of achieving sustainable development at the international level has four major dimensions: program dimension, implementation dimension, control dimension and correction dimension. These dimensions are ultimately based on the five main axes of lean integrated management, contextual factors, intervening factors, consequences and strategies for continuous improvement. The research findings were finally validated and approved by the industrial elite of Qazvin province.

This article deals with the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in economic development and improving the international relations of countries based on human rights. Today, the increasing role of transnational corporations and their economic power has caused these corporations to expand their activities around the world and become one of the major concerns at the national and international levels. In recent years, the world has witnessed a new and growing type of foreign direct investment originating from developing countries. By entering the international arena, transnational corporations' activities do not necessarily lead to development in the world, especially developed and developing countries, but their interactions and relationships with developed countries and the way they interact with transnational corporations, provide the ground for the process of development taking place in such countries. Given these characteristics and while explaining these concepts, the key question arises that what are the effects of the activities of transnational companies in order to improve international relations and economic development of countries and what are the challenges ahead? In this article using descriptive-analytical method, the role of transnational corporations in furthering the economic and legal development in the bilateral and multilateral relations among countries and its effects in developing countries are examined in the light of international human rights standards. The purpose of this article is to understand the fundamental position of transnational companies at the national and international levels and to study their effects. It seems that developing countries need to interact with transnational corporations to access the latest technologies and improve the economic situation.

Sovereignty is a fundamental and consolidating element in the formation and continuation of modern nation-states in international relations. This concept, over time, has undergone a substantial transformation in such a way that in the contemporary period, absolute sovereignty has become a relative sovereignty with responsibility. In this context, the original and common concept of intervention and its relationship with sovereignty in international law has also undergone new changes. So, by a narrow interpretation of sovereignty, some concepts such as Humanitarian Intervention and the Response to Protect doctrine (R2P) have appeared in international law. Meanwhile, crises in some states such as Libya, Syria, Yemen, etc., with the confrontation of multiple regional and supra-regional powers interests, the paradox of sovereignty and intervention in new international law has become more apparent. Hence, this article attempts to examine the question of how contemporary international law has responded to the paradox of sovereignty and intervention. Therefore, the purpose of this study, which are presented in a descriptive-analytical manner using library and Internet documents is to examine the approach and rules of current international law in the relationship between sovereignty and intervention. The findings of this study show that in the light of international communications and the formation of collective human conscience and increasing responsibility of states, especially under the influence of global cyber conscience, the restriction of sovereignty in favor of intervention has been strengthened and joint sovereignty among nation-states and transnational actors in line with the interests of the great powers has been appeared.