فصلنامه آفاق امنیت
پیاپی 51 (تابستان 1400)

Piety in the conventional literature of defense and political studies is the concept of abandonment. From the Renaissance onwards, the element of piety was generally removed from politics, power, security, and defense. However, after many criticisms of hardware discourses such as realists as the mainstream of power and security, in the last three decades we have seen the emergence of soft discourses, and in this regard, concepts such as identity have opened a special place in power and security. Nevertheless, spiritual issues such as ethics and piety, which have strategic value in the Islamic discourse, are still not considered and research in this field is not yet prominent. Hence, the main question of the present article seeks to answer how piety is effective in strengthening and strengthening the positive dimension of national security? The method of reasoning in this research is deductive and in the theoretical framework of divine traditions and the method of secondary analysis has been used as a complement. The  findings of the research indicated that  that piety as a central sign of spirituality and faith as a divine social tradition affect the elements of social capital of a political unit and thereby strengthens the foundation of positive security by solving the problem of accountability (efficiency) and citizens' demands . The reverse is also true; That is, the inevitable result of the decline of piety is the decline of social capital, after which the foundations of the positive dimension of national security will collapse.

Today, the media plays an important and unprecedented role in societies and, because of its functions, it can have a direct impact on individual and community security. How to maintain personal and social security during media operations is a very important and relevant concern. According to the position of jurisprudence in regulating the laws of the country, Jurisprudence has the necessary ability to maintain the security of the individual and society in the field of media activity and obtains the necessary grammatical statements. The Imamiyyah jurisprudence is based on the provided evidence, has set up and issued instructions  through which  Society is able to maintain individual and social security in the media and creates the right conditions for proper information in the media. Imamiyyah jurisprudence on topics such as apostasy, false propaganda, slander, dissemination of content against public chastity and Islamic sacredness, preservation of oral books and ... explaining the legal principles of personal and social security in the field of media. In this study, the three-pronged framework relies on the Peter Katzenstein School of Culturalism, the theory of social responsibility, the media, and the legal jurisprudential principle, used to prove this claim.

While the importance of intelligence battles in international conflicts is not obscured, achieving a relatively accurate definition of offensive approach to intelligence can help national security decisionmakers both defensively identify intelligence’s attacks and design offensive strategies. In order to produce Persian-language literature on offensive intelligence, this study based on the evaluation of explicit Latin research with a descriptive-analytical method from library collection, attempts to explain the issue of offensive intelligence. Assessing the definitions of this approach in Western sources shows that offensive intelligence can be considered as a preemptive attack on the intelligence cycle resulting in the decision of the rival government or groups to design the playground according to its own interests. And leads to control or change the behavior of the rival. In an offensive approach to intelligence to change the balance of power, it is necessary to capture the pulse of the opponent's functional data in order to influence the enemy's plans and even direct them according to their own interests.

Nowadays, the right to access the Internet is considered as a tool to achieve the right to freedom of expression, and governments have a duty to ensure widespread access to the Internet. Of course, emphasizing the right to access the Internet does not mean ignoring and unrespecting the sovereignty of states in emergencies. In other words, in International Human Rights System, when there is confrontation between maintaining national security and public order and human rights, such as the right to access the Internet, Support for national security and public order is a priority, although it leads to the restriction and temporary suspension of human rights. The question that arises in this article is how to analyze the action of the Islamic Republic of Iran in disconnecting the Internet in November 2017.In response to this question, the present study has been conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library resources and valid international documents and judicial procedures. It is based on the premise that the International Rules for the Imposition of Restrictions and Suspensions on Internet access in the event of crisis for all countries, including the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Media as a tool to securitize the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the US Congressional Documents.After the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1978, the United States did its utmost to undermine the Islamic-revolutionary identity of the Islamic Republic. The most important US action is to securitize Iran on the world scene. In this process, the United States, as a security actor, has used the media as a functional and facilitating actor to persuade public opinion, consensus among official actors, and take action against Iran. The question is, how has the United States used media tools to secure Iran? The hypothesis is that the United States has facilitated the process of securitizing Iran by enacting policies for the media and their financial support. In the first decade of the revolution, persuading American and world public opinion was on the agenda. In the second decade, this tool was used to persuade public opinion to reach a consensus against Iran. In the third decade, a consensus was formed to act and change the beliefs and attitudes of the Iranian people with the aim of bringing them together to change the system and impose international sanctions on Iran. In the fourth decade, media tools were used to consolidate and strengthen the security process in persuasion, consensus and action. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1978, the United States did its utmost to undermine the Islamic-revolutionary identity of the Islamic Republic. The most important US action is to securitize Iran on the world scene. In this process, the United States, as a security actor, has used the media as a functional and facilitating actor to persuade public opinion, consensus among official actors, and take action against Iran. The question is, how has the United States used media tools to secure Iran? The hypothesis is that the United States has facilitated the process of securitizing Iran by enacting policies for the media and their financial support. In the first decade of the revolution, persuading American and world public opinion was on the agenda. In the second decade, this tool was used to persuade public opinion to reach a consensus against Iran. In the third decade, a consensus was formed to act and change the beliefs and attitudes of the Iranian people with the aim of bringing them together to change the system and impose international sanctions on Iran. In the fourth decade, media tools were used to consolidate and strengthen the security process in persuasion, consensus and action.

History has always been complete with the advent of new technologies that have brought about so much change in the world. The ballistic missile opens a window on countries' military and political talents and adds to their scope of international power, and authority. The weapons characteristics of ballistic missiles such as range, accuracy and speed in carrying heavy warheads, as well as its non-weapons use in the space industry and satellite launch, have made it superior to other similar rocket. The sensitivity of the international powers over the missile issue is due to the features of this technology in increasing the defense and space capabilities of countries. For this reason, in the absence of the international enforcement rule, they have resorted to arbitrary political and monopolistic decisions. What is considered in this study is the legal requirements for the defense and protection of the missile issue of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the global arena. The findings of the study indicated that the legitimate and peaceful missile activities of the country over the years show the realization of Iran's inherent right in the international system that respects and recognizes the right to missile defense is one of the obligations of the international community against the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The main purpose of this study is to explain individualism in US foreign policy during the Trump era and its impact on security in the region of the Western Asian. In line with this goal, the author seeks to answer the main question t; What effect has Trump’s individualism had on the security the region of the Western Asian? The author tries to examine the individualism in Trump's foreign policy by using a descriptive-analytical method and quoting the theory of Rosenau continuity, on the one hand, and the theory of security of the Copenhagen school, on the other hand, as a theoretical framework and analyzes its impact on security in the strategic region of the Western Asia. Contrary to Rosenau's theory, a study of American foreign policy under Trump in terms of personality psychology and performance shows that the individual variable is higher than the other four. Although the security of the region of the Western Asian goes back to the George W. Bush administration, what this article hypothesizes is the effect that individualism in the Trump administration's foreign policy is on intensifying the security of the region of the Western Asian and the extraordinary actions that Trump has taken as a security player. The present study proves that measures such as banning citizens of six Islamic countries from entering the United States, leaving JCPOA, assassinating General Qassem Soleimani and moving the Israeli embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem can be presented as special measures and as a result of intensifying security in the region.the documents through library technique.

Following an agreement reached in 2015 on Iran's nuclear program and the regulation of the joint comprehensive plan of action(JCPOA), it was decided that all Security Council sanctions against Iran would be lifted with the adoption of a resolution by this body. However, in August 2020, the United States of America which had previously terminated its membership in the JCPOA by formally withdrawing from it, claimed that Iran had violated its JCPOA commitments and called for the activation of the Snapback and reimposition of International sanctions. This US action, sparked debates about its legal legitimacy. Accordingly, the present study was conducted in order to answer the question of how legitimate is the US action in activating the snapback from the perspective of the principles and rules of international law? The results of the authors descriptive-analytical study, based on library sources and the analysis of relevant documents confirm that JCPOA is a political agreement independent of Resolution 2231 and the United States is no longer a participating State of JCPOA after being withdrawn from this document and as a result, it lacks the legal authority to activate the snapback mechanism. In addition, the continuation of unbridled unilateralism in this country offers no other perspective to the international community, other than weakening of the United Nations and the creation of international anarchy.