نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 25 (بهار 1400)

While technical characteristics, such as material used in the construction of display cases and their dimensions are important factors in terms of presentation quality as well as attracting the attention of the visitors, they can influence the inner air quality of the display case and preservation conditions of the exhibits too. This study intends to examine the effect of the technical characteristics of display cases in 6 museums located in the cities of Tehran, Berlin, and Bombay on the interior air quality in terms of chemical composition and corrosion potentials by adopting the results obtained from the analysis ad examination of the environment.  
In the course of the investigation, the manufacturing materials in the display cases were considered. Furthermore, the air exchange rate through the carbon dioxide tracer gas was measured, the concentration of gaseous pollutants (emitted from display case materials) via passive sampling by Palmes tubes and analysis of the samples by IC, HPLC and UV/visible spectrophotometer were carried out. Furthermore, the corrosive potential of the display cases was evaluated by copper, silver, and lead metal coupons.
The results showed that the use of synthetic or natural materials in the construction of display cases even with low emission, acetic and formic acid, and formaldehyde might be increased in the airtight display cases with low air exchange rate over time because of accumulation of pollutants. These gaseous pollutants could damage the exhibits in the display cases. On the other hand, the dimensions of the display case are inversely proportional to the concentration of pollutants. In the same way, larger display cases show lower concentrations of pollutants. Therefore, the choice of materials and the air exchange rate of display cases play an important role in the air quality within the display case, which also affects the quality of the conservation and preservation of the exhibits.

Over the last few decades, different mathematical methods have been used to design and analyze architectural spaces. Meanwhile, the graph theory provides an abstract model to study the spatial configuration, so that a simple and flexible mathematical framework is obtained to analyze the spatial topological features and their relationship with social and functional concepts in architectural and urban spaces. In the eighteenth century, the Euler theorem was the basis of graph theory and later led to the formation of the syntactical model of form, shape grammar and space syntax. The main question of this research is how designers and researchers can choose the appropriate space syntax technique to achieve their goals? The research process uses a qualitative approach and a descriptive-analytical method. Adopting library research and documentary studies, this investigation reviews various theories and experiences regarding the applications of graph theory and space syntax in architecture. Furthermore, the latest achievements in space syntax techniques are expressed. Then, the unique strengths and weaknesses that each technique possesses is identified and analyzed in a deductive manner. The aim is to provide a model for its optimal application in the design and analysis of architectural works by studying the principles of graph theory and extending it to space syntax techniques. This approach helps designers and architects evaluate the effectiveness of proposed designs during the design process or to analyze the spatial structure features of existing buildings and to provide appropriate solutions to different problems in each situation. The findings of the research indicate that convex space, axial line and intersection point techniques provide the basis for examining the relationship between spatial structure and social concepts and functions, hierarchy of access, modeling of motion patterns and the study of spatial index points and isovist technique and graphs of vision consider visual and perceptual capabilities of space. Finally, a model for intelligent application of the space syntax method by designers and architects and to achieve more accurate and useful analytical results is presented.

Gypsum and gypsum mortar are among the most sophisticated and unique traditional building materials of Iran that over the past two thousand years, by varying the strength properties as well as the gypsum mortar retention time,  gypsum plaster artists have created diverse works with different techniques as architectural arrays, sometimes by decreasing or increasing the ratio  of the water to gypsum in the mortar and sometimes by kneading the mortar to a more or less extent and sometimes by adding mineral and organic material to the gypsum mortar as a supplement. The peak of the art of stucco decoration during the Islamic period in Iran is the 14th century AD. One of the Monuments from this period in Yazd, Seyyed Shams-din, has outstanding stucco decoration and unique molded plaster. The inscription on the porch of this monument is one of these gypsum arrays that extends along three sides and unfortunately, some parts of it have been lost over time. In order to conserve this precious gypsum inscription, structural and technological studies need to be carried out on it, so that in the next stage, structural damage and its erosion process can be accurately and scientifically investigated and identified. The purpose of this research is to provide technical knowledge from the gypsum plaster of the porch inscription of this monument. In this regard, the depth and surface of the gypsum inscription, molded gypsum arrays and furthermore, the fine coat under this array were sampled and with the adoption of XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS analysis, contrastive analysis between these mortars were conducted. The results of this study indicate that the depth and surface of the gypsum inscription are structurally different from each other in which some parts of these differences are related to the timing of the inscription’s execution and the other part of these differences are related to the process of mortar change and erosion. The erosion and changes in the deep sections of the inscription were greater than the changes in the surface which caused a decrease in its strength due to the penetration of moisture and soluble salts from the supporting wall to the depth of the inscription.

Traditionally, Iranian nomads in terms of their lives and livelihoods, the animated livestock or migration, have made their houses portable, durable, lightweight and quickly detachable and attachable. Nomadic black tent, made of canvas material with light and resistant structures in the different weather conditions and continuous transport, as self-sufficient is prepared by nomads, and black tents components are easily loadable on livestock. Other features of the structure are it being changeable in terms of its form at different time and in different seasons with specific and permanent elements, that are registered in four shapes of summer, winter, migration and rapid changes in unpredicted rainfall. Simplicity, flexibility, quickly assembled, and being affordable economically are the other advantages of black tents of the tribes. Due to the nature of the study and the need to understand the architectural and housing features, this research was carried out under a “descriptive research method” to illustrate the nature and status of the Qashqai tribe’s black tent. The sub-branches of descriptive research method, “survey” type and “cross-sectional method” were used. In order to collect the data based on the characteristics of migration architecture, “targeted theoretical sampling” was used over a period of one year. In order to conduct this investigation, in addition to library research, field research was done on the form, construction method, and the elements of the black tents of the Qashqai tribe in which their territory was from the South of the province of Isfahan to Fars, Booshehr, and Khoozestan provinces. The importance of this typology is that black tent of Qashqai tribe, is the only cube-shaped species of black tents in the world in the summer format. In addition to recording part of Iran’s cultural and architectural heritage, which is fading and dissolving, the findings of this study could inspire new ideas for designing new cable and tent structures in any cultural context. Due to the changes in recent decades in the lifestyle and livelihood of the Qashqai tribe, black tents have gradually been replaced by industrial tents. Furthermore, buildings have been built instead of black tents in nomadic dwellings. Unfortunately, alternatives to the black tent, do not have the Qashqai tribe identity, and are not inspired by the typology of Qashqai tribe black tent, to respond appropriately to changes in lifestyle and identity through the architecture body. It is hoped that this study could be a guide for designers and stakeholders with respect to the physical and cultural context.

Nowadays, societies are witnessing demolished buildings that dishevel the city. There are many problems in the destruction of any concrete or steel structural building. Several reasons, including the advancement of technology on the one hand and cultural disease on the other hand, have resulted in the catastrophe of destruction and transportation of the rubbles in our society. Many countries in the world have taken effective steps to increase the useful life of buildings, and there are many recommendations for maintaining energy and national resources and land resources. The necessity of prolonging the useful life of buildings in our country is one of the issues that has been forgotten after Iran’s arrival to modernity. In the meantime, the durability of architecture in the traditional Iranian society has always been the focus of attention and the archetype of this architecture has been a guarantee of the long service life of buildings throughout the time. In the historical fabrics of Iran, there are buildings that have a useful life of several hundred years. Hence, the purpose of this study is to identify architectural factors affecting the useful life of traditional architecture. From the perspective of the research methodology, the research method of this study is qualitative and is based on a theoretical theory. In this research, a procedural approach is taken from the induction and is based on data analysis. By systematically gathering data using library resources, field studies, interviews with people and traditional architects and inductive analysis of knowledge about the long useful life of traditional architecture is obtained in the form of theoretical apparatus and has been stated as the “effective architectural factors on the durability of the traditional architecture of the Central Plateau of Iran”. Continuity of the body and use are two general principles for the durability of traditional Iranian architecture. Considerations regarding the location and deployment of a city or building, materials, techniques of construction and preservation of the building result in the continuation of the architectural structure. On the other hand, the survival of the body depends on the continuous use of the building. To survive, architecture must respond to the needs of the community day. The presence and flexibility of traditional architecture ensures its function continuity.

Urban historical spaces are very important in terms of creating and identifying, manifesting culture, beliefs and behaviors and social relations. Today, with the rapid expansion of urbanization, the old spaces of the city, which are considered as the initial skeleton of the city, have received less attention and have become socially vulnerable tissues. Collective spaces are places of social and cultural interaction in societies and play an important role in shaping cities’ identities. The market, as one of the collective spaces, in addition to affecting economic conditions, plays an important role in creating face-to-face interactions as well as a sense of belonging to citizens in their living environment. The Tehran market is one of the oldest components of Tehran’s identity that has lost some of its basic features, such as a sense of peace and security, over the last few decades. Now, the main question of this research is whether it is possible to increase the sense of belonging of users by using the knowledge of restoration in a historical space? In order to answer this question, the present study aims to investigate the importance of restoration in the Tehran market from the perspective of business as an ancient communal space and its impact on users and to compare the impact of benefiting from it. The research method in this research is based on a survey-analytical type that has been used to collect information through fieldwork, questionnaires and software. In this regard, in the field, the study area was divided into three parts in terms of spatial quality, and 100 questionnaires based on Likert spectrum were distributed in each of these three areas. As for the data analysis, the SPSS software was used. Written tables were discussed. The results show that in the Tehran market, space users were more dependent on their environment, which is in the refurbished (50%), refurbished (30%) and non-refurbished (20%) sectors. This indicates that the amount of memory in refurbished spaces was higher than in other areas.