نشریه مطالعات زبان فارسی
پیاپی 8 (زمستان 1400)

‘And’ has different functions and meanings in Arabic and Persian language based on the used situation; since it connects words and sentences and relates them to one another. The investigated ‘and’ in the present study is the one that seems to oppose lingual principals; due to its prior and subsequent connection without considering ‘and’ seems quite correct and complementary. However, the applied ‘and’ in fact connects and defines an unmentioned element prior or subsequent to itself.  Not mentioning that element in the sentence and its placement results in audience’s confusion, their struggle in thinking, the reason to seek for the unmentioned element –speaker’s intention to be exact- and its connection in the mentioned sentence. Since thought and reasoning are infinite and inextricable of human nature, everything’s relations with it or more precisely every reasoning confrontation is towards it in order to make it immortal. The present study intends to investigate a cause among numerous causes of immortality of the Holy Quran and Divan of Hafez through a descriptive-analytical approach. The main result of this study is having discovered one of the various causes of immortality in these two grand books; since most themes in Divan of Hafez are reflections of the alluring Quranic concepts.

Prominent and outstanding literary works are among official literature of all nations. In contrast to the official literature, stands the public literature which is considered as a treasury of culture, traditions, beliefs and ambitions of the general public. Public tales possess characteristics that are quite distinct from the official literature. Nezami’s Haft Peykar is as one of the poetic tales of the official literature; however, its middle stories are of public literature characteristics. This study has been done to investigate public literature components in Haft Peykar tales. It has been done as a library research through a descriptive-analytical approach and the statistical population is the tales of Haft Peykar. The results show that in these tales, there exists characteristics of public stories such as: characters’ stability, generalism, weak plot, indistinctive time and place, identical viewpoint, superiority of ethics and the bold role of destiny. Therefore, it can be concluded that tales in Haft Peykar belong to public literature in Nezami’s era or prior to that. Nezami has recreated these tales through his exceptional imagination and his mastery over description.

Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani Inb Shahab Aldin (1314–1384 CE) was one of the most influential founders of Islam and Persian Literature in Kashmir. He travelled to several Islamic and non-Islamic nations as a preacher and a missionary with high ambitions and not only embraced all the perils along the way, but also did what it took to believe his grand goals. He travelled to Kashmir in 1362 CE and initiated his work by preaching and propagating Islam and became well known in the region. He was able to receive significant influence through numerous journeys to Kashmir for preaching the religion of Islam as well as guiding his disciples. He was labeled with titles such as: “the Great Commander”, “second Ali” and “King of Hamadan” due to his preaching convections for training his students; his fame was so much that people of Kashmir still revere his books and speeches in their convections after centuries. In addition to propagating Islam, the mentioned Sayyed is considered as the founder and preacher of Persian language and Iranian culture and civilization in this territory and peninsula.

This article has analyzed narrative views in three contemporary writers’ stories based on the Simpson’s suggestive model (1993) in which narration and viewpoint is investigated regarding linguistics. He has offered four main views of time, place, psychology and ideology, and mentions ideological perspective of the writer through an analysis of narrative position. This study has been done via a descriptive-analytical approach using the aforementioned model. It intends to adapt the model with the three works from these three writers and specify the extent and how the writers use these views, narrative position and their roles in developing the stories and ultimately highlight their ideological perspectives in the story. In this study, the data are assessed based on defined measurements in Simpson’s theory. The narrator in Al-e-Ahmad’s story is the first person and in Sa’edi and DowlatAbadi’s stories is the third reflective person who explains internal thoughts and emotions of the main characters in the story. The dominant modality is positive in the stories that shows certain perspectives of the narrator regarding issues of the story. In a chapter of Dowlatabadi’s story, we witness a negative modality which shows his obscurity and doubt. Investigating the three stories from these three writers which have followed various form and content concerns, can detect writers’ different styles based on their narrative style analysis.

Woman have always had various roles and impacts on the society and literature throughout history; influences that were both positive and negative from time to time. ‘Her Eyes’ by Bozorg Alavi is a political-romantic story. This study intends to investigate women’s features in this book through a descriptive-analytical approach. ‘Her Eyes’ depicts sacrifice of love to political pursuits and represents women’s position in Reza Shah’s society. According to this article, women are nothing but tools for men. In this book, the main character is a woman who is engaged in her romantic affairs that is to love Master Makan on the one hand, and has sociopolitical issues on the other. Woman is a symbol of beauty, seduction, misery and courage; one who is hopeless and oppressed; one who is between innocence and guilt. Misogyny in this story is a reflection of an era in which the writer intends to transform; an era in which patriarchy rules. Misogyny is considered a public disorder in this society; women exist in the shadow of men. In this book, women attain a relative superficial freedom through influences from the West. The results show that ‘Her Eyes’ by Bozorg Alavi is a realistic work to which romanticism is intermingled and it reflects the writer’s lifetime that is amalgamated with love and social-political issues that has led to creating a celebrated work.

Irony is one of the explicit means of expression as well as one of the four elements of rhetoric. Tangible bodily irony is considered as an artistic and literary imagination through which the poet is able to convey and regulate difficult concepts in the audiences’ mind with a familiar and artistic statement. Mohammad Zohari, as one of the most significant contemporary poets in Persian literature, has benefited from tangible bodily ironies in order to convey his intellectual concepts; to the extent that using literary irony is the most noticeable aesthetic element in his poems. He has expressed various meanings through irony with an effective and eloquent style. This study intends to identify, derive and classify characteristics of bodily ironies in Mohammad Zohari’s poems with a descriptive-analytical approach. To begin with, the writer tends to define irony and its artistic value as well as its literary functions in poems. Afterwards, he has analyzed and assessed characteristics of bodily ironies in Zohari’s poems through examples. The findings show that Zohari has benefitted from practical ironies and his usage of tangible bodily ironies originates from his affinity with the general public and a need to use colloquial language.

Abu Ishaq al-Biri, the poet of the Andalusian Ascetic Church, and Nasser Khosrow, the great Iranian poet and sage, are among the poets of the fifth century AH who have similar similarities in terms of thought and message hidden in their poetry. Both have common views on the world, death, and other issues related to asceticism. In their view, the world is a deceptive abode and bride that is not a place of refuge and is a passageway to the abode of the Hereafter. According to Al-Biri and Nasser Khosrow, science is much higher than the wealth and essence of existence and human existence. This research, in an analytical-descriptive and content-based manner, seeks to explain and derive common sparks from the poetic themes of the two poets throughout the American school of comparative literature. The findings of this study indicate that Al-Biri and Nasser Khosrow, in the field of ascetic concepts, such as similar view of the world, death, etc., had a common view and have the same intellectual origin.Keywords: Arabic and Persian Poetry, Comparative Literature, Abu Ishaq Al-Biri, Nasser Khosrow, Common Topics.The findings of this study indicate that Al-Biri and Nasser Khosrow, in the field of ascetic concepts, such as similar view of the world, death, etc., had a common view and have the same intellectual origin.Keywords: Arabic and Persian Poetry, Comparative Literature, Abu Ishaq Al-Biri, Nasser Khosrow, Common Topics.

One of the most valuable researches in classic Persian texts is to study its language, and to describe and introduce characteristics of its sounds, lexis, syntax and semantics is of great prominence. Language is undergoing grand and severe transformation and evolution. Old forms of words are abandoned and new forms replace them. Through emerging formal written language at the end of the developing era and eliminating various geographical and local accents in Greater Khorasan in creating scientific and literary works, consonants and vowels of texts in Dasri Era (14th to 20th century) obtained a stable and unique shape. Furthermore, sentences in the coexisting axis are encountered restrictions especially in a sequence of elements and components and the number of syntactic patterns and structures of sentences and paragraphs are decreased. In this study, we have intended to investigate several lingual characteristics in translation of Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya in terms of sound, lexis and syntax. Translation of Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya is one of the most invaluable Sophy books in which its text has numerous Persian language attributes of the developing era. Describing the language of this book is a convincing evidence to show the type and extent of Persian language transformation since the evolution era up until now. Another prominent issue in this text is that at times there can exist two different lexical forms and that is why the language of this book is of grand importance in terms of historical research.

Nezami is a poet from Azerbaijan and due to his residence in this region and having Azari origins, one might notice instances of Azari language in his poems. Nevertheless, considering his mother’s having Kurdish origins and evidence provided by other writers in this regard, instances of Kurdish language phrases are seen in his poems. There are words that belong to Kurdish language in his poems and it seems his usage of these words are as a consequence of his mother language. Using Kurdish words in his poems are evident. He has used Kurdish nouns, adjectives and infinitives that show mother language influences in his poems and this impact is more noticeable through discerning Kurdish prefixes and expressions in Nezami’s poems. In the meantime, he has used nouns more frequently than suffixes. This study has been done via a descriptive-analytical approach that in addition to identifying various Kurdish words, intends to delineate and interpret them through Kurdish lexicons. The results show that Nezami has been influenced by his mother language and utilized Kurdish words in his poems competently.

One of the subjects to be considered in the structure of poem is literary devices of simile, metaphor, imagery and irony all of which have a special position in creating poems. The poet makes similar connections amongst various images based on his own mental attempts and experiences in order to create innovative similes and metaphors; or he benefits from imagery and irony and word capacities to create figurative meanings. Literary devices are in fact, essential elements in poem recognition of which through studying, one can realize the poet’s style. Akbar Eksir is a noticeable contemporary poet who introduced himself as an innovative poet through his work ‘F’arano’ in the 2000s. His poems are presented through a different structure of F’arano and Eksir has a different perspective regarding literary devices based on speech conditions. He has benefitted from literary devices in its classical meaning and in some others, through a different approach; in some instances literary devices are the basis of the poems and in some others, the poet’s final stroke. In this study, we intend to investigate Eksir’s literary devices and his perspectives. We have studied them since these devices have changed structure and form of Eksir’s poem and have updated it. It can be concluded that the message of F’arano poem is a kind of critical satire and possesses social meaning and its literary devices are modern and derived from the poet’s era and his people’s daily life issues. The statistical population is Eksir’s poems and the research method is library research and direct studying.

One of the most prominent issues challenging today’s society is tradition versus modernity. It is considered as a social issue in literature, especially in novels. Zoya Pirzad is one of the Iranian women writers who has noticed this confrontation in her works, especially in her two novels; I Will Turn Off the Light and We will Get Used to It. This study has intended to firstly define tradition and modernism and their characteristics and then investigated the reflection of tradition and modernism regarding the two aforementioned novels by Zoya Pirzad through a descriptive-analytical approach. According to the results, the writer has attempted to illustrate a society in which modernity has caused the decline of tradition based on women heroines she has depicted. Instances of tradition versus modernity in Zoya Pirzad’s novels are: social rights and freedom of women, modern lifestyle, marriage, human loneliness, love between men and women, challenging patriarchal traditional perspectives, emerging forbidden love, women superiority to men, confrontation of characters and traditional or modern generations. Nevertheless in several instances, modernism attributes such as: consumerism, opulence and getting overinvolved in urban daily lives are criticized.

Characterization in creating stories is so prominent that Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, recognized it as the second most important component of stories. Characters of stories are generally considered in two schemes; the direct scheme and the indirect one. In the direct characterization –whether as all-knowing or as characters of the story- characters are introduced. In the indirect characterization, speech, appearance, environment, thoughts and characters’ behavior lead to their recognition. Speech characterization is a component of indirect characterization. This article is a comparative study of speech characterization in the movie “My Fair Lady” and its dubbed version in Persian. “My Fair Lady” was made by George Cukor based on the screenplay “Pygmalion” by George Bernard Shaw in 1964 which has been dubbed into different languages such as Persian. Ali Kasmaei was the manager for dubbing My Fair Lady into Persian and many people consider it as a masterpiece in the history of dubbing films in Iran. Since the characters’ language has a key role in the aforementioned works, a comparative study of My Fair Lady and its dubbed version leads to recognizing speech characterization components and their recreation in dubbing films.