نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال نوزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

The purpose of this study was recognition the suffer of mothers with mentally disabled children in order to design an appropriate educational package and determine effectiveness of suffering-based spiritual skills training on distress tolerance, acceptance and patience in them. The research method was qualitative and through interviews, research needs were extracted from parents and counselors and the quantitative method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of all mothers had a mentally disabled child in the Farzanegan school in Gorgan in 2019. Among the experts and consultants of Gorgan Exceptional Administration and Schools, 4 people were purposefully selected to approve the educational package. Eventually, 30 people were selected by targeted sampling method and then randomly divided into two groups of experiments and witnesses (15 experiments and 15 witnesses). The experimental group was trained in spiritual skills for 8 90-minute sessions and the control group was not given training. Turbulence tolerance scale, Bond et al, acceptance questionnaire and Patience and colleagues patience questionnaire were administered. To analyze data from multivariate analysis of covarianceUsed. The results showed that Suffering-Based spiritual skills training is effective in distress tolerance, acceptance and patience of mothers with mentally disabled children and is recommended as a non-pharmacological, non-invasive and low-cost method, Spiritual training programs should be based on the needs of parents in order to increase distress tolerance, acceptance and patience.

Violence against women is any form of gender-based violence behavior that causes physical, sexual, psychological harm and pain to women. Such behavior can be done openly or covertly by threatening, coercing, and outright deprivation of liberty. Violence against women is a phenomenon in which women are abused by the opposite sex because of their gender and simply because they are women. In this regard, the present study seeks to investigate the violence against women among women in Bushehr in frame of the qualitative method using the grounded theory. Participants were 12 women who were interviewed in a semi-structured manner and then the data were analyzed using three-step coding of open, axial and selective. The findings indicate the existence of five axial categories including "patriarchal culture and institutionalized gender inequality", "quality of couples' interactions", "legitimization of the cultural system to violence", "women's strategy against violence" and "reproduction of patriarchal attitudes towards to women ". The core variable of the research is "the rule of patriarchal ideology and the hegemony of male domination"; Violence perpetrated by men against women in any situation is affected by the strong position of men in interpersonal and social relationships. Masculinity as a strong factor impacts on violence against women and violence is influenced by the patriarchal system.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological empowerment dimensions on entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County. Statistical population consisted of all active women (15 to 65 years) in rural area of Marvdasht County, that using Bartlett et al.’s sampling table, 227 of them were selected as the sample using the multistage cluster sampling method (n=227). The main instrument in this study was standard questionnaire which its validity were confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was established by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by SPSSwin26 and SmartPLSwin3 softwares in two parts of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the status of entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County was at the moderate (3) Level. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the sense of competence, Meaning and impact had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County, while the effect of sense of self-determination on entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County was not confirmed. In addition, the results showed that the psychological empowerment dimensions were able to explain about 46% of the variance changes in entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of this study were discussed to help researchers and policy makers.

Extramarital affairs are one of the main harmful factors in the structure and stability of the family, which has harmful individual, family and social consequences. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the formation of extramarital relationships. The research method used is Q, and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical sample using purposive sampling method includes 40 experts and activists in the field of social harms (extramarital affairs). The results of the study lead to the extraction of 4 main factors of marital infidelity: socio-cultural (the effect of virtual social networks, reduced attitudes towards moral values, inappropriate marriage, etc.), psychological (experience of premarital sex) , Suffering from mental, mood and personality disorders, poor communication and life skills training, etc.), economic (family financial and livelihood problems, earning and materialism, male unemployment) and family (revenge on the spouse, Lack of adherence to marital obligations, monotony in marital relations, etc.). Lack of understanding, comprehension and interpretation of the deep layers of this complex and multidimensional problem and ways to reduce it, will lead to further disintegration of the family institution.

This study addresses the question "What causes moral issues in luggage transport and what are the consequences for transporter women and their families?”, with an interpretive approach and qualitative methodology, by data collection to theoretical data saturation by 50 half-structured interviews conducted among 30 transporter women and 20 experts who have been assigned through targeted and snowball sampling. The data are analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory. In open coding, 96 concepts and 917 conceptual implications, in axial coding, 26 categories, and in the selective coding, the core category of "immorality/ morality" were determined. Respondents have assessed baggage transport with positive consequences of adherence to moralities and maintaining a decent life, and negative consequences of immorality, prostitution, and wrong judgment about all transporter women. In the grounded model, Mental and family problems, lack of job opportunities, failure to address the poor, financial need, inevitability, providing living expenses and creating prosperity were considered as causal conditions. Travel and transportation costs, the difficulty of transportation, route and shopping, customs and railways violation of law, administrative and government corruption, contextual conditions, women withholding facts, moral insecurity, Prostitution boom in Qeshm, favorable context of the immoral issues were considered as interfering conditions in the moral consequences of luggage transport process.

This article analyses the experience of Kurdish women's silence based on their understanding and interpretation of gender and their position in the fields of work, family and education. The aim is to show the social and semantic complexities of the phenomenon of Kurdish women‘ silence. This study was conducted using theoretical sampling and individual interviews with 20 Kurdish women, as well as focus interviews in a group of six, in the framework of interpretive-constructivist approach and the thematic analysis technique. The results have been framed under the two main themes of hegemonic silence and strategic silence, and also sub-themes. They show that women give different meanings to their silence by their silence in different situations while use different strategies. The consequences of each of these types of silence can include those silences that re-establish or disrupt the hegemonic meanings of gender and domination. This study shows that the experience of silence lies in a range of subjugation on the one hand, and subjectivity and agency on the other. Moreover, the boundary between victim and agent cannot be considered as a clear and inflexible boundary.

Due to decrease of population, the main discourse of population governing policy is how to growth population In Iran. The success rate of population policies in each country, including Iran, depends on the degree of its hegemony in the target society. The present study is conducted to investigate the biopolitics among married women ranging age between 18 to 40 years old in Rasht city, by using a qualitative method based on analysis of Foucault power. The results in this communication showed that the dominant discourse of population policy in relation to the women studied in Iran is formed in two ways; respectively subjecting women for the medical and the cultural system, which could affect them by power of biopolitics and become hegemonic for itself. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the exercise of power through the medical system in this discourse does not cause the hegemony of this type of biopolitics among the studied women; Because among those married women who have resisted this type of biopolitics and had less desire for more offspring, which still emphasize an object to the medical system. Due to the declining population rates in Iran, the main dominant population policy discourse is, population growth.