مجله ترویج علم
سال دوازدهم شماره 20 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The classification of sciences has been a long-standing concern of philosophers and sages, and the need to address this issue has been such that a number of Eastern and Western philosophers and scholars in this valley have made efforts and designs of various classifications, with criteria and They have also proposed different approaches. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role and effectiveness of classification in the development of science. The method of this Article is to study documents with an analytical-philosophical approach. At the end of the article, considering the issues raised, the effects of classification on the development of science are presented in a concise manner. On the other hand, it was stated that the ability to classify science also means scientific mastery. And this is important not only in the field of science, but also has profound cultural implications; As one thinker in the field puts it: "If a culture can incorporate the method of dividing its sciences into another culture, it has conquered the whole culture.

Recognizing "knowledge" as one of core issues in economics is not a new phenomenon, but its position has vastly evolved specially in post-industrial and postmodern era. Since the development of knowledge takes place in a complex of social, economic, cultural and political context, its pattern varies according to different approaches. On the other hand, there are many types of knowledge, ranging from abstract to applied knowledge, some of which have important rolse in economic growth. So, focusing on different types of knowledge and patterns of its production is one of the most important and influential issues in economics of knowledge. According to the objectives and nature of the research, descriptive-analytical research method has been used to investigate this issue. In this regard, the available documents and resources (including books and articles) purposefully reviewed and analyzed. The results show that, according to popular belief, there are three main patterns of knowledge production, each of which has its own characteristics but not necessarily opposed to each other so they can be gathered and complete each other.

During the coronavirus outbreak and expansion of virtual courses in universities and schools, there have been many concerns about the quality of education and the challenges facing professors and students in virtual education. In this article, after reviewing the types of online education, learning resources and teachers’ role in virtual education, the advantages and disadvantages of this type of education with emphasis on statistics and mathematics are discussed. Also, some tips are proposed for improving IT infrastructure to optimize e-learning. Finally, suggestions for improving e-learning methods are provided.

Grassroots innovations are informal, indigenous, and local solutions carried out by ordinary people with no experience in formal and organized sectors to solve problems. The aim of this paper was identifying grassroots innovations in Iran and developing related indicators.It was a mixed method research with explanatory design; Therefore, the research was conducted in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. First, by examining the research literature in this field, the existing indicators for Grassroots innovations were extracted and approved by experts using the Delphi technique; then, based on these indicators, the questionnaire was designed. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts using the CVI index and then it was sent to officials in areas related to popular innovation in different provinces. Out of 213 questionnaires received, 116 were identified as Grassroots innovations based on the extracted indicators and were quantitatively analyzed. Findings in the quantitative part showed that in this study, the average age of popular innovators was 36 years, 15% of innovators were women and 85% were men. The highest number of participants in this study was related to the provinces of South Khorasan and Fars province. People with a bachelor's degree had the highest frequency. The areas of Grassroots innovations in this study were mostly in the technical field (37%), agriculture and animal husbandry (21%) and environment and art (12% each). In the qualitative stage, 21 Grassroots innovators were interviewed. Then, in order to qualitatively analyze the interviews and questionnaires, the Colaizai’s method was used and the findings showed that grassroots innovation in Iran in seven main themes including problem solving, environmental protection, being economical, applicability, government independence, availability and the use of technology is defined and these themes include sub-themes that were introduced as indicators of grassroots innovation in Iran. The findings of this section also confirmed the samples of the quantitative section.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of technological empowerment of new elementary school teachers in Tehran. This research In terms of purpose Applied, In terms of method is description of the survey type And Based on the research approach, it was mixed. In the first (qualitative) part for conducting the field interview, the statistical population of the research included prominent professors in the field of educational management and prominent and successful teachers with a long history in primary education. These individuals were purposefully selected for qualitative interviews on the subject of research (18 interviews with 18 people and continued to the point of theoretical saturation). After conducting the interview and reaching theoretical saturation, a questionnaire was developed which consisted of 60 items in the form of 11 components. In the second (quantitative) part of this questionnaire, it was distributed among all new elementary teachers (elementary teachers in Tehran who had less than 3 years of work experience) (statistical population: 950 people, statistical sample: 270 people). In this study, two sections of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used. In the descriptive statistics section, frequency and frequency were used to express demographic characteristics. Stretch and skewness indices were used to examine the data distribution and Max QDA Pro software version was used to analyze the interviews. SPSS software version 24, Smart PLS version 0.2 were used to draw and compile the measurement model and structural model. The results showed that the background conditions, development of knowledge and skills, personal characteristics and digital literacy are the main dimensions of the technological empowerment model for new elementary school teachers in Tehran. In the quantitative part, each of the findings of the qualitative part was confirmed (t value greater than 1.96).The culture of teacher education should be given more attention and the use of educational technology should be considered as a part of the teaching process, as well as human resources should be empowered by using and relying on virtual and distance education.

Today, confronting the human-caused and natural hazards are inevitable, thus the best measure to be taken is the accumulation of resources and productivity management. The current study aimed at introducing an exhaustive model using presented frameworks in creative destruction theory to prevent businesses’ weakness, to make them more dynamic, and to use rural resources in economic in favor of regional and rural development. Creative destruction is seen as the beginning of modern economic growth which is based on inevitable by-products in the innovation and development process, and acceptance of free trade and infrastructures of a knowledge-based economy. Schumpeter’s creative destruction includes periods including “ pre-destruction”: when there is a need for evolution because of the inefficiency of the current structures. “destruction” period: when the presented innovation enters the market and destroys the old structure. “creativity” period: innovation makes the organization more dynamic than before, and at the end “ continuous development”: innovation converts into a permanent flow described in the model. This is developmental research. The data were collected using national authentic documents. The data were analyzed using the descriptive-analytical method. The proposed model corresponds to the current condition of Iran. Results showed that the signs of Schumpeter's theory can be seen in the economy of Iran. It seems Iran is in the “ pre-destruction” period and there are some signs of “ destruction” period. The obtained model for activating rural forces and defining the kind of relationship and cooperation of large economic units corresponds with rural resources, economic conditions, and rural regions. For going through primary periods of the model and reaching developmental periods, creative framework, and entrepreneurial economy of Schumpeter's theory help problems to be recognized and make programs consistent.

In the past, it was believed that entrepreneurs have inherent characteristics and these traits, such as creativity, human interaction skills, and risk-taking, are born with them. So, the basic premise was that entrepreneurship is not achieved through education. But today, entrepreneurship is recognized as a discipline and Knowledge of it must be acquired through education. This article raises three main questions; 1) What is entrepreneurship education? 2) Why is entrepreneurship education important? 3) How is entrepreneurship training conducted? This article is conducted as a review article. More than 28 related articles were reviewed using keywords to find documents related to the three questions on Google Scholar and sid data base. This article is presented in five parts with comprehensive models. The first part deals with the concept of entrepreneurial education and related terms. The second part explains the importance of entrepreneurial education. The third part, how to do entrepreneurial training in the form of Ajzen’s behavior models has been presented. In the fourth part, an educational tool for creating value and entrepreneurship called effectuation theory has been introduced. Finally, in the fifth part, entrepreneurship education in Iran has been reviewed and based on the research results, conclusions and suggestions have been presented.

The importance of Knoeledge based Spin-offs and their economic and social impact through the commercialization of university based research has long been a topic of interest to academics and policymakers. The increasing role of knowledge, innovation and technology in economic and social development has caused the relations between academia, industry and government, Both in terms of structure and in terms of today 's conditions, These three institutions, while functional, undergo a fundamental transformation.university, as a base for scienceproduction , should explain entrepreneurial knowledge according to economic and social issusand with careful planning and policy-making and the need for research support, use the results of university research in Knoeledge based Spin-offs. Today, Knoeledge based Spin-offs are considered in the new generation mission of most universities and as a major commercial and economic value, it is considered a factor in the application of academic research and its important role in the transfer of technology and knowledge. The purpose of this study is to introduce and study the concept, role and types of reproductive knowledge based Spin-offs. The results of the study showed that are knoeledge based Spin-offs defined as new firms to exploit the business, technology or research results that were developed at a university. knoeledge based Spin-offs are important for five reasons: they promote their regional economy, they contribute to university technological development, they assist universities in acquiring the core research and training mission, providing more income for universities than allowing technology to come to the outside companies. Also in the classification that has been done for knowledge based Spin-offs, these companies are divided into three categories: inventor-centered; Buyer-centric and investor-centric are divided.

An e-advertising model designing for emerging businesses with a data-based approach and Ccomparison between the current and desired situation is the purpose of this study. This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. In the first (qualitative) part for field interviews, the statistical population of the study were experts and experts of online stores in Tehran whom were purposefully selected and snowball for qualitative interviews on the subject of research (15 interviews with 15 people which continued to the point of theoretical saturation).   In the second (quantitative) part, after collecting the information obtained from the qualitative research, a questionnaire was made. This questionnaire (32 items in the form of seven components, personal characteristics of the audience, infrastructure, advertising features, advertising channels, per capita net usage, brand credibility and value creation to the customer) and a seven-item questionnaire comparing the current and desired status, were distributed online among the customers of the Digi Kala online store (384 people).Paired t-test was used to compare the current and desired situation. The results showed that each of the indicators of advertising features, infrastructure, personal characteristics of the audience, advertising channels, brand recognition and credibility, per capita net usage, and value creation to the customer, respectively, is one of the factors in the e-advertising model of emerging businesses. Also, there is a significant difference between the mean of the current situation and the average of the desired situation in each of the identified indicators regarding the factors affecting electronic advertising (Sig ≥0.05). Therefore, Digikala online store should take measures to bridge the gap between the current and favorable situation of the factors affecting its electronic advertising.

Humans have different attitudes towards buying and consuming transgenic crops or cultivating genetically modified seeds. Various factors influence their stance and decisions about agricultural biotechnology, of which the media is one. By highlighting some aspects of this technology and hiding other aspects of it, the media try to create a certain knowledge in the audience. The risky nature of genetically modified products for humans and the environment increases the importance of informed decision making. Therefore, the present article uses the content analysis method to identify frameworks by deductive method, highlighting and tone of agricultural biotechnology news in three important Iranian news agencies. Findings show that only 4.12% of the news studied in the period of this research is about agricultural biotechnology and the rest is related to medical biotechnology. Conflict, political prescription and evaluation, safety and health are the three main frameworks in these news agencies. Given that most of this news are about agricultural infrastructure and biotechnology as a growing field of study, most of it has been written in a positive tone. As a result, the studied news agencies have directed public opinion by highlighting the differences between different groups about different aspects of agricultural biotechnology, providing solutions to resolve conflicts, and its health effects and consequences. They have been more active in the issues of the scientific field of agro-biotechnology than issues of the transgenic products in society.

Food security is one of the most important issues that has been considered by development planners and policy makers in recent years. Given that poverty and food security are a concern for a number of the world's population and climate change is causing the greatest damage to the most vulnerable people. Hence, it is clear that human beings in this situation need agricultural approaches to investigate and explain the place of agriculture in food security. The study was conducted using a method based on review of theoretical literature. In this article, while giving a brief overview of the concepts of food security, nutritional security, nutrition-sensitive agriculture and food-agriculture-nutrition linkage, strategies to improve nutrition through agriculture are discussed. The results showed that the realization of food security depends on various approaches, including the approach of nutrition-sensitive agriculture, which at the same time due to increasing the quantity and variety of food, helps to achieve access to higher food quality and health to eliminate malnutrition. The goal of nutrition-sensitive agriculture is to produce healthy and safe food containing essential nutrients and affordable access for rural and urban populations. In order to implement this approach, human and organizational capacities must be strengthened at all levels and throughout the formal and informal sectors. Therefore, the development of nutrition-sensitive agriculture as an approach to supporting food security should be on the agenda of development programs.

Although the sampling method is very important in qualitative research, the issue of sample size selection is less studied and researchers usually determine their desired sample size or the researcher's theoretical saturation is the criterion. Using a systematic review technique in other articles, this article aims to summarize new materials and findings in the field of scientific sample size suitable for qualitative sampling methods and its critical evaluation. There are qualifications such as case study, ethnography, phenomenology, data foundation theory, focus group, reminder study. This study selected 27 non-random sampling methods to be used in the field of qualitative research and after introducing them, addressed the issue of selecting the minimum sample size for each method. The results of studies showed that in qualitative research methods, in addition to the fact that, like probabilistic sampling methods, a minimum sample size should be considered, much attention has been paid to the maximum number. The result of this study shows that the minimum sample size depends on the sampling method and there is no general criterion for it and the maximum sample size depends on the sampling method but does not exceed 30 unless the researcher aims to study in depth or between them. There is no big difference. In qualitative sampling, the criterion for determining the sample size is the theoretical saturation problem and like quantitative sampling methods, criteria such as sampling error and acceptance error of test hypotheses are not the basis for determining the sample size.