نشریه اندیشه فلسفی
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1400)

Even today sheikh Eshraqchr('39')s cryptic stories can be a great guide to us. In the sense that they can make human beings and show us the world around. Because sheikh in these stories regulary seek to represent the hierarchy of the universe and the position of the human in his proof that human soul was the abstract light that originated in the est of existence. But the material body belongs from the sacred universe has fallen to the darkness of material universe and it has been captured there and then happiness come back to its original itself.So, he in order to identify more the main place soul of human speech in these cryptic stories, he has arranged the quadruple hierarchy of the universe on the base  of the problem of the sulk and love between lights in the form of secret and the form of detailed that consist of  universe wisdom ;universe egos, objects and purgatory universe and example universe among these factors sheikh Eshraq emphasized the universe or imagination. in fact it`s the storytelling scene of his cryptic.

Throughout the texts of contemporary logicians, it has been explicitly or implicitly stated that the division of propositions into actuality, mental and factual, has no effect on logical syllogisms. In the following text, first, by analyzing the opinions of contemporaries on the division of propositions into actuality, mental and factual, the differences and similarities of the opinions in this regard have been identified. Then we examine the position of the conditional's quantifier and its effect on the conditions of conditional-categorical syllogisms (conjunctive or exceptive) in the opinions of contemporary logicians. In the final step and based on the conditions of conditional-categorical syllogisms (conjunctive or exceptive), we have shown that some of the moods that most contemporaries have declared to be valid have counter-examples, and only with the factual of the categorical premises in all situations and for all samples will result.

In philosophy of religion, Divine Agency has been related to this fact that how God does his action in the human world and in the physical world. Polkinghorne has presented an especial method to answer this question. His theological approach has been a combination of Classical Theology and Process Theology. In one hand, he has said that the God defined in Classical Theology, is too unavailable and in the other hand, he has criticized the Process approach to God. Polkinghorne has established that Epistemology is equal to Ontology and on the base of this fact, he has explained his Critical Realism. In his view, the guaranty of reality is not to understand it, but is its objectivity.  Uncertain situations in Modern Physics that has been presented in Einsteinian Relativity, Quantum Theory and Chaos Theory are the main areas that Polkinghorne has constructed his specific theory about Divine Agency on them.

The Platonic belief that philosophy begins from wonder has been welcomed by the worldwide and Iranian philosophers. To critique this belief we argue that the explanatory and normalizing function of knowledge in societies together with naturalistic ontology, neutralizes the astonishment and makes ineffective its impact on philosophical thoughts. In contrast, we argue that genesis of philosophical thought is due to deep speculation and introspective temperament of the mind together with skeptical exploration of the existing knowledge and beliefs. Abduction has been the research subject of various disciplines from logic and philosophy of science to artificial intelligent. The second part of the paper is devoted to a new investigation of abductive inference, subjective abduction and its relationship with the emotion of surprise and surprising events. We explain this amazing mental ability in terms of subjective estimation of probability and intuitive expectation. At last some fallacies arising from abductive reasonings are discussed.

Philosophers have defined wisdom in different ways. Most definitions refer to knowledge, but they do not agree that knowledge includes or is limited to both theoretical and practical knowledge. The definition of wisdom to understanding or to justified beliefs instead of justified true belief, that is knowledge, is another difference. In addition to all this, the definition of wisdom to virtue, due to its variety and complexity, is another thing that makes the definition of wisdom more difficult. The present article, while analyzing the various definitions offered by contemporary analytical philosophers on the nature of wisdom, explains first the relationship between wisdom and knowledge; knowledge as a necessary and sufficient condition for wisdom, a necessary but not sufficient condition, and neither necessary nor sufficient condition. Then considers wisdom as a rational or epistemic virtue and a necessary condition for acquiring knowledge. Finally, it emphasizes the importance and necessity of a more accurate explanation of this phenomenon.

Thoughts Kierkegaard, one of the leading pioneers of existentialist philosophy, has greatly influenced not only Sartrechr('39')s existentialist ideas and his literary and theatrical works, but also prominent filmmakers in the history of world cinema and other artists in other fields. In this article, which is organized in three parts, our aim is to examine the reflection of Thoughts Kierkegaardchr('39')s on categories such as "truth, forgetfulness, domination of popular beliefs, existential and non-existent human beings, individualization and liberation from Intermediate, and freedom and Selection." Sepehr Hasti and ... ", are among the factors that Sartrechr('39')s literary works are completely influenced by and in artistic forms and forms and in the form of images and dramatic phenomena in dramatic and literary works, Sartrechr('39')s screenplays are skillfully, creatively and attractively reflected. Has found. These phenomena, in the form of fascinating visual events, stories, and adventures, have woven and implemented the abstract ideas of existentialism in such a way that its created characters, as if living in their natural life and in a completely real way, disappear. Sartrechr('39')s plays The Flies, a historical work adapted from the Greek playwright Euripides, and The Noble Prostitute, which is the subject of contemporary American society, and The Infected Gangs, whose adventures and events take place. Concerned with World War II and the French resistance movement, it has received the most influence from Kierkegaardchr('39')s philosophical thought. In this article, we have shown the extent of Sartrechr('39')s influence on Kierkegaard by examining these plays.