پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 44 (پاییز 1400)

Timurid were well aware of natural values and capabilities of Persian language and have widely used it in their architectural inscriptions. These inscriptions not only were make the possibility of rulers getting close to their subjects, but also shows deep semantic implications associated with the structure and coordinates of Persian language and literature. In order to reach to a thorough knowledge in these regards we should discover that; what is the quality and quantity of Persian language in Timurid architectural inscriptions? Therefore, the purpose of the study is having a quantitative and qualitative study of the contents of Persian inscriptions in the Timurid era and finding the possible effects of Persian literature and the Timurid policies. The study method was historical, data was collecting from libraries and fieldwork, and the evaluation and analysis method is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The most important findings indicate the importance of Persian language and literature with the Timurid kings has led to the growing of Persian inscriptions in the building of this period. Using these inscriptions in Khorasan buildings has been more than the other parts of the Timurid era. Most Persian inscriptions were verse and the wisdom and constructive subjects were the dominant themes in them. The content of other texts were made of mysticism, eulogy to kings and building structure, rulers’ orders, waqf, blessing and Shiism. Among these, the importance of eulogy to the building structure shows that it was affected by architectural growth in this era. A reflection of quality of Persian literature of the era is available in the inscription, such as the techniques of riddle and chronogram that can be seen in the contents of the inscriptions and their formal composition.

Sarayan is one of the cities of South Khorasan which due to being located on the communication route of the Great Khorasan Road and due to its development in various historical periods, it has included many religious and non-religious architectural works.In the present research, the inscriptions of the Safavid monuments were studied from an iconological perspective. For this purpose, firstly, introducing and categorizing the Safavid inscriptions in Sarayan city, and then analyzing the contents of each of these inscriptions will be done. The main purpose of this research is to analyze and explore the unknown aspects of beliefs and worldviews that have shaped these inscriptions. Therefore, the main question of this research is as follows: What are the reasons for the creation of the inscriptions and social and intellectual contexts of the creators in their formation as artifacts left over from the Safavid era? In order to answer this question, six stone inscriptions identified from the Safavid period constitute the statistical population of the present study. Data were collected by field and library method. The process of analysis and interpretation of the works has been done by the iconology approach of Erwin Panofsky. The results show that the inscriptions, along with the historical aspects, also had a propaganda function and sometimes acted as religious propagandists, while encouraging observers to have hidden references to Shiite thought and beliefs. In other words, one of the most important underlying contexts of these inscriptions has been the conscious effort to present and promote Shiite beliefs to confront the aggressive Eastern neighbors.

This study can identify the factors affecting lifestyle and its relationship with the contemporary home in Mashhad city. It tries to demonstrate the value and ritual dimensions' position and its relation to Mashhad residents' choices in the field of housing and home. In each society, home is a critical factor in understanding the people's lifestyle prominent components. The two-sided relation between home and life flow is dynamic; it is traceable due to the home's body flows and interior decoration. One of the most important consequences of this study's literature analyzing and investigating is describing the "objective" and "preferential" aspects for the lifestyle's totality; along with designing "social," "value," "ritual," and "consumable" subcategories similarly for both aspects. The research method is quantitative. The closed questionnaire is used for the investigations gauging in the research context; samples are selected simply randomly and the data analyzed by Smart PLS software. The results are from field research of 237 acceptable questionnaires out of 250 questionnaires distributed among different Mashhad neighborhood residents. The "value" and "ritual" dimensions merged at the data analysis level because of having many subjective and semantic commonalities. Also, the "preferential" and "objective" aspects for identifying acceptable lifestyles are recognized.  The media world, especially cyberspace and modeling of Television, Telegram, and Instagram, with the highest usage percentage, shows a diminution in religious traditions and values and a replacement with new values in Mashhad contemporary society's life. Therefore, it can be obvious that the value-ritual dimension, compared with the other two social and consumption dimensions, and has less value and impact in the objective aspect of Mashhad city residents' lifestyle.

Iranian literature has been the source of inspiration for Iranian painters during different periods and most beautiful and imaginative Persian paintings have been influenced by the wise lyrics of the great poets such as Nizami Ganjavi. He is a grandmaster in lyrical and rich literature and his works are full of allegory and pictorial and accurate senses. On the other hand, one of the most important and effective Iranian painting schools is Herat School and there was increasing attention for illustrating the Khamsa.of Nizami. So this article try to discuss the development of depicted copies of Khamsa of Nizami in former and late periods of Herat School. Also, it explains the artistic characteristics of royal manuscripts which the former one is kept at the Hermitage Museum in Leningrad (the time of Shahrokh Timuri) and late ones are kept in the Library of the British Museum in London (the time of Soltan Hossein Bayghara). The main question of this study is what are the differences and similarities of depicted copies in former and late Herat School? The results of this study show that even though the painters have followed an aesthetic program with clear rules and conventions, their output results also reflect goals of who order artistic works and social situations and their innovations. In former Herat school, it seems, painter has depicted main story in Kamsa Nizami, but in late Herat School, painters have tried to show something more than main story by using extra poems and not focusing on main story. In the comparison, obviously late manuscripts are more artistic and elaborate than former one and show there was more desire for illustrating Khamsa of Nizami at late Herat Timuri.This study done by descriptive_ analytical method and comparative approach. The data are gathered by studying documents and books.

The beginning of Islam banned the use of metal utensils, although the production of pottery was widely welcomed throughout the Islamic land. In the eastern lands of Islam, especially in the geographical region of Greater Khorasan (Samarkand and Neishabour), this transformation reached its peak at the same time with the beginning of the Iranian movements and the establishment of the Taherian and Samanid dynasties. One of the most important achievements of the Samanid period in the art of pottery is the invention of clay glaze with various decorative patterns, and artists, while being influenced by Sassanid motifs, were also influenced by the technical methods of Abbasid pottery and imported Chinese pottery. This study includes the study of glazed works in Neishabour and Samarkand regions. The research method is historical and descriptive-analytical and with a comparative approach has studied the patterns and glazes of pottery in these two regions. Objectives such as identifying and comparing the characteristics of pottery in Samarkand and Neishabour and the effectiveness of pottery in these cities based on political background, pursues cultural and economic. The results show that there are many similarities in the Kufic inscriptions of the two regions, but the color of the glazes and the use of common expressions in each region make the difference between these works. Researchers such as Wilkinson, based on the similarities between the works, consider the method of Neishabour pottery to be influenced by Samarkand; while historical evidence shows the opposite of this theory. Also, the existence of distinctive features in the works of Samarkand region, such as the use of the role of the moon and the dragon, despite being influenced by Neishabour, give a native character to the pottery works of Samarkand.

Improving the quality of life in any society is one of the main goals of the public policy of that society. So that quality-of-life findings can be used to recognize previous strategies and design future planning policies. Due to this, it is necessary to assess the quality of life of the northern Khorasan border province in order to conduct accurate planning in the future. To this end, the main objective of this research is to assess the quality of life in the northern province of Khorasan province and determine the levels of enjoyment of the cities of this province in terms of objective quality of life   indicators. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The techniques used in this paper are entropy weighing techniques and the multi-criteria decision making model of VIKOR. Shannon's entropy technique was used to determine the weight of the indices and to use the viquor technique to determine the quality of life of the 8th city of the northern province of northern Khorasan. The results indicate that the level of quality of life in the cities of North Khorasan province has been very unfair and unequal according to the evaluation of selected indicators. The results of the research show that there is a significant difference between the cities of this province, so that from the total of 8 cities, Bojnourd city with the score (0) is ranked first, Shirvan with the score (0.674) in the second rank, Esfarayen ranked third with score (0.737), Mean and Samalgan with the score (0.892) in fourth place, Jajarm with score (0.933) in fifth place, Farvje with score (0.951) in the sixth rank, Raz in the rank of the priest with score (0.994) At the seventh position and the city of Garmeh with a score of (1) is in the eighth position.