مجله تحقیقات نظام سلامت
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

Industrial wastewater treatment has always been difficult and costly due to the presence of different and high concentrated pollutants. The use of constructed wetlands is economical due to the need to use no external energy sources and materials and equipment to reduce pollutants. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of horizontal and vertical subsurface wetlands in the removal of pollutants from the wastewater of the Mourchekhort Industrial Estate and its comparison with performance of the conventional coagulation-flocculation-filtration unit of reuse process.

Two horizontal and vertical wetlands in pilot scale and two control (no plant) reactors were operated for eight months. Removal efficiency of TSS, COD, turbidity, phosphorous and nitrogen compounds and index bacteria were evaluated. Horizontal wetlands with dimensions of 0.8 × 0.65 × 2 m and floor slope of 1% were considered. HRT equal to 6 days and incoming sewage flow rate set to 0.2 m3/d. Vertical subsurface reed had dimensions of 0.4 × 0.60 × 2 m and floor slope was equal to 1%. The control pilot (no plant) was designed exactly the same as the horizontal and vertical tests. The results were compared with coagulation-flocculation-filtration process.

The efficiency of vertical wetland in removal of TSS, COD, turbidity, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds and index bacteria were: 58.1, 62.4, 73.4, 20.41, 21.34, 40.51%; for horizontal wetland 57, 52.59, 70.3, 22.41, 18.22, 39.08%; and for conventional treatment process 85.34, 69.7, 81.55, 69.23, 73.95 and 78.2%, respectively.

Although vertical wetland was more efficient than horizontal one for most of the operation parameters, both of these wetlands were less efficient than conventional coagulation-flocculation-filtration unit of reuse process. Although operating costs of wetlands are low, these systems alone cannot be considered as a substitute for the conventional process because of their low performance for the purpose of polishing.

If the lifestyle of students is unhealthy, sooner or later the disease will afflict them, and if the lifestyle is healthy for students, health will be the product of such a choice. The aim of this study was to study the causes of unhealthy lifestyle in students of Farhangian University.

In this study, qualitative content analysis method was used. The statistical population was 477 students of Shiraz Farhangian University. A sample of 20 people were selected by purposeful sampling. The process of selecting samples and collecting data (completing sampling) continued until the theoretical saturation of the data. The research tool was semi-structured interview. All interviews were conducted on campus between April and October 2020. Each interview lasted about 45 minutes. At the beginning of the interview, participants were asked to describe their health lifestyle; The next questions were asked according to the participants' answers. Various methods were used to ensure the validity of the data, such as continuous data review, simultaneous data analysis, feedback to the interviewees, adequate time allocation and observer review.

The results showed that 6 categories are most prominent in the data and interviews. In other words, the respondents spoke in different ways about 6 categories of dietary pattern, health management, sleep and rest, physical activity, personal and environmental health, and mental health.

Students pointed to significant problems in all components of a professional ethics that require more attention from university authorities.

Obesity is a metabolic disorder that its prevalence in various age groups, including children increased in recent decades. Obesity in children can be diagnosed using Iranian, CDC, WHO and IOTF references. The environmental and racial factors can influence on anthropometric indices, so the reference body mass index can also be different in societies. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of obesity in children entering primary schools in Mehriz and compare it with different body mass index references.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was done on 1209 children entering primary schools of Mehriz city. The gender, weight and height were recorded and then the students' BMI was calculated. The determination of obesity as a percentile above 95 was examined based on four reference sources: Iranian, WHO, CDC and IOTF.

According to the findings of this study, the prevalence of obesity in children entering primary schools in Mehriz city based on four references: WHO, CDC, IOTF, and Iranian were respectively 6.2%, 6.9%, 3.8%, And 6.9%. Comparison of prevalence based on different references showed that the WHO and CDC index agreed with the Iranian reference. But the agreement of the IOTF index was not statistically significant.

The prevalence of obesity in children entering primary schools in Mehriz city according to Iranian and WHO authorities were completely equal and other references estimated the prevalence of obesity to different rates. Because obesity has a very complex relationship with environmental, genetic, cultural, and lifestyle factors, it is recommended that each country use the national body mass index reference or WHO reference to determine obesity.

Assessing students' mental health status and related factors is one of the important ways to achieve academic development. In this regard, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between mental health with self-control and life satisfaction in students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 230 undergraduate and doctoral students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The research instruments were demographic information questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Tanji Self-Control Questionnaire, and Diener Life Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with 95% confidence level.

49% of students had mental health and mental health status was better in men and married people. There was also a significant correlation between mental health, self-control, and life satisfaction.

Mental health has an effect on students' life satisfaction and self-control. Therefore, it is recommended to hold one-on-one counseling sessions with students, and in their educational program, the issue of life satisfaction should be addressed. In order to maintain high self-control in students and prevent the occurrence of abnormal behaviors in universities, this issue should be considered.

Due to the prevalence of Internet use in most societies and the occurrence of a phenomenon called Internet dependence that has many consequences in people's lifestyles, it is necessary to examine the relevant or behavioral factors at a younger age. This study aimed to investigate Internet addiction and its relationship with various aspects of family functioning in adolescents.

The present study was a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical) in which, 604 adolescent students of Khomeini-Shahr schools, Iran, were selected through multistage cluster random sampling. Data collection tools included Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and McMaster’s Family Assessment Device (FAD) questionnaires. Correlation test and regression analysis were used to evaluate the correlation between the data and the ratio of chance. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software.

A study of the relationship between family functions and Internet addiction showed that almost all aspects of family functions including communication, role, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behavior control, and general functioning were significantly and positively related to Internet addiction (P < 0.050). In examining the chance ratio, linear regression analysis showed that only the ability of affective responsiveness [odds ratio (OR) = 1.19], affective involvement (OR = 1.08), and family functioning (OR = 1.07) had a significant chance ratio in Internet addiction (P < 0.010).

Considering the significant relationship between different dimensions of family functions and Internet addiction, the higher the ability of performing a role, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, and behavior control in families is, the lower the Internet addiction among students will be. Therefore, family functioning can be a significant explanation for the behavior of Internet addiction in adolescents.

School is the second institution that a child steps into to learn at a broader level. Maintaining the physical, mental, and social health of children and adolescents as the future builders of the country is very important. Improving the living conditions of this group can be a great step in community health, prevention of diseases of older ages, and saving medical costs; therefore, health education plays an important role in promoting the health of students and society in all educational levels of schools, especially primary and middle schools. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of health principles education on the performance of female elementary school students in Isfahan, Iran.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 194 female students aged 8-12 years were selected through simple random sampling from elementary schools of District 5 of Isfahan City and 60 health educators were selected via census in 2018-2019 academic year. The study tools were two researcher-made questionnaires including questions in areas such as personal hygiene, periodic examinations, mental health of students, and students’ ability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson, Spearman, and t-test correlation coefficients via SPSS software.

There was a significant relationship between students' empowerment and observance of personal hygiene principles (r = 0.585, P < 0.001), public health (r = 0.503, P < 0.001), mental health (r = 0.304, P = 0.018), and periodic examinations (r = 0.266, P = 0.044). A significant relationship was observed between teaching puberty issues and observance of personal hygiene principles (r = 0.585, P < 0.001), public health (r = 0.609, P < 0.001), mental health (r = 0.503, P = 0.018), relationship with the instructor (r = 0.261, P = 0.050), periodic examination (r = 0.317, P = 0.015), and the ability of students (r = 0.549, P < 0.001).

Health education in schools is effective in promoting personal hygiene, public health, and mental health of students and the more students are affected by health instructions and the more the time of periodic examinations is, the more students' ability will be to observe individual and public health principles. The results indicated the effectiveness of school health education in increasing awareness and improving the performance of students in their lives and their families.

Nitrate is one of the most important pollutants in groundwater resources, which is mainly caused by agricultural fertilizers and wastewater disposal and is very important for health hazards. The purpose of this study was to identify the sources of nitrate contamination and zoning in groundwater resources of Tiran and Karvan area in west of Isfahan, Iran, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and investigate the status of nitrate in the groundwater aquifer.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 40 underground water sources of Tiran and Karvan in west of Isfahan during a four-year period. Nitrate test was performed by spectrophotometer. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in GIS and SPSS software. One-sample t-test was used to compare the mean nitrate content of water sources with the corresponding standard.

The mean concentration of nitrate in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 was 42.29 ± 17.27, 43.33 ± 16.65, 45.09 ± 16.95, 47.29 ± 18.10 mg/l, respectively. The highest amount of nitrate based on the interpolation map was related to the central parts of the city. The best method of interpolation for nitrate, considering the normal distribution of data, was ordinary kriging and Gaussian and exponential models. One-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the mean concentration in 2016 with the mean values measured in different years (P > 0.05). The one-sample t-test showed that the average nitrate in 2015 and 2016 was below the global standard of 50 mg/l (P > 0.05).

Nitrate concentration in the region's water resources is at the standard level, but considering its values and changes over the past three years, the probability of increasing and exceeding the standard limit is expected. Moreover, according to GIS maps, the average nitrate in the central part of the city is higher than the other parts. In order to prevent the incremental trend of nitrate, proper management in use of nitrogen fertilizers, land use change, construction of sewage treatment plant, and necessary training measures must be done.

Some children have difficulty with verbal intelligence as well as creativity and lexical literature, and as a result, skills such as reading and writing. Using appropriate methods for children, such as narrative therapy, can probably help improve children's learning and academic achievement in the future. The present research was conducted to determine the effect of narrative therapy on verbal intelligence, creativity, and lexical literature in children of Tohid Kindergarten in Isfahan, Iran.

This was an experimental pretest-posttest study with control group. For this purpose, from all children of Tohid Kindergarten in Isfahan City in 2018-2019, 30 children were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Then the experimental group was trained in 8 sessions of 4 minutes. Before and after the implementation of the independent variable, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (verbal understanding and lexical range) and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) (form B) were used as research tools. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

In the pre-test, the mean of verbal intelligence, lexical literature, and creativity in the experimental group was 101, 10.7, 58.7, respectively. And in the post-test phase of the experimental group, these values were obtained 104, 11.5, 65.6, respectively, which indicates an increase in variables in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. In addition, in the pre-test of the control group, mean of verbal intelligence, lexical literature, and creativity was reported as 99.3, 10.4, and 59, respectively, and in the post-test stage, these values were obtained 99, 10.05, and 58.6, respectively, which indicates that the values of variables in the control group did not differ in pre-test and post-test. Therefore, storytelling training had a significant effect on verbal intelligence (F = 12.88, P < 0.001), lexical literature (F = 14.6, P < 0.001), and creativity (F = 108.48, P < 0.001) variables.

Some students have problems in the field of verbal skills and on the other hand, verbal skills are a kind of crystallized intelligence. The results showed that using the method of storytelling had a significant effect on children's verbal intelligence, lexical literature, and creativity in the experimental group compared to control group.

The purpose of current study was examining the effect of quiet eye training on performance and kinematics of throwing skill in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) at 6 years of age.

In this semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a 14-day follow-up period, 30 girls of 6 years old with DCD were assigned into two groups of quiet eye training and control. In pre-test phase, participants performed 10 trials of bean bag throwing. Acquisition phase was done in 18 sessions and in each session, 10 trials were done. After finishing the last training session, in post-test phase, and in 2 weeks detraining in retention phase, participants performed 10 trials of bean bag throwing. In each phase, vision information with eye tracker system, kinematic data with high-speed camera, and accuracy were recorded by researcher. Data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Quiet eye training had a significant effect on accuracy of throwing, quiet eye period, and throwing kinematics (P < 0.05).

The results of the current study emphasize the importance of quiet eye training in improving throwing skill and kinematics of children with DCD, and instructors are advised to use this type of exercise to improve these skills.

One of the issues that affects the economic productivity is the absence from work due to illness (sick leave). Considering the importance of this subject, in this study, the factors affecting the number of days of sick leave due to occupational and internal diseases have been investigated.

This cross-sectional study was performed on male employees working in Mobarakeh Steel Company in Isfahan, Iran, from 2011 to 2015. In this study, the response variables were the number of days of sick leave due to internal and occupational diseases, and the covariate variables were shift work, smoking status, education, age, work experience, body mass index (BMI), and Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Data were analyzed by bivariate Poisson model using multi-level method.

The present study was performed on 17988 male workers with mean age of 38.13 ± 7.56 years and mean work experience of 6.79 ± 5.95 years. The results showed that the variables of shift work (eβ = 1.47), smoking (eβ = 1.82), education (eβ = 1.11), age (eβ = 1.02), work experience (eβ = 1.05), BMI (eβ = 1.02), and FRS (eβ = 1.08) had a significant effect on the average sick leave due to internal diseases; however, of the above variables, only four variables of smoking (eβ = 0.74), education (eβ = 1.19), work experience (eβ = 1.04), and FRS (eβ = 1.02) had a significant effect on the average sick leave due to occupational diseases.

According to the results of this study, by controlling the effective variables, it is possible to provide appropriate strategies to reduce the number of days of sick leave.