نشریه پترولوژی
پیاپی 46 (تابستان 1400)

The Zangalou mine area, a part of NW Bardaskan magmatic assemblage, located south of Sabzevar and northwest of Bardaskan cities in Khorasan Razavi province. The rock units of the area are dominated by sedimentary and volcanic racks (andesite, trachyandesite, latite and andesitic tuff). The dominant minerals are plagioclase, hornblende, pyroxene and alkali feldspar locally affected by argillic and propylitic alterations and the main textures are porphyritic, glomeroporphyritic, amygdaloidal and fine grain. The rocks under study formed in continental volcanic arc related to subduction zone, are calcalkaline in nature, metaluminous in composition and classified as shoshoite series. LREE and LILE enrichment compared to HREE and HFSE of the investigated rocks indicate their magma generation in subduction setting. Both Zr/Ba and Sm/Yb ratios point to lithospheric mantle origin and the rare or the absence of garnet in the origin respectively. The parent magma formed from partial melting of an enriched phlogopite spinel lherzolite. The geochemical properties of Zangalou share many signatures with those of the volacic rocks distributed in other parts of NW Bardaskan volcanic assemblage indicate high similarity in geochemical signatures of volcanic rocks. Studying geochemistry of volcanic rocks in these areas indicates formation of these rocks in a subduction setting.

In the north east of Tehran province and in the Central Alborz zone, a thick basaltic horizon occurs at the boundary of Jeiroud and Mobarak Formations near the Jeiroud village and Darbandsar and Garmabdar areas, indicating a nonconformity boundary of Devonian- Carboniferous in this region. The rock horizon comprises basalt, trachybasalt and trachyandesite representing dominantly porphyry texture and diabase as feeding dike with ophitic and subophitic textures; all displaying alkaline sodic nature. Both Chondrite- normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns enriched in LREE with respect to HREE and normalized to primitive mantle spider diagram are similar to those of oceanic island basalts (OIB). The studied samples plot in within plate basaltic field in the tectonic discrimination diagrams of basalts. Trace element and some major element contents show low degree partial melting (< 10%) of a deep (90- 110 km) garnet- bearing mantle source. As the basaltic samples of Garmabdar area geochemically show intra- plate tectonomagmatic setting it seems that during the late Devonian (and earlier times), Alborz has been as a passive continental margin in the southern border of Paleo- Tethys and its magmatism was more probably affected by extensional tectonism or mantle plume activity related to earlier stages of Neo- Tethys ocean development.

The Alvand plutonic complex is located in Sanandaj- Sirjan Zone in south and west of Hamedan. Petrographic studies indicate that this body is composed of mafic intrusive rocks, porphyry granitoids and leoucocratic granitoids with various enclaves such as surmicaceous, mafic microgranular and felsic microgranular enclaves. Field, petrography and geochemical studies show that the enclaves, the host and the mafic rocks have calc-alkaline affinity and aluminum saturation index of the host rock is peraluminous and mafic microgranular enclaves and mafic rocks are metaluminous and in the boundary between metaluminous and peraluminous fields. On the base of spider diagrams, all rocks are depleted in HFSE and enriched in LILE, which is particular of rocks of the subdution zones. The complexity of the morphology of the enclaves (fractal dimension) confirms the importance of magma mixing in this body. Fractal dimensions of the enclaves vary between 1.08 to 1.21 and the frequency of Dbox=1.1 is the highest one in histogram. According to the fractal dimensions of enclaves, the logarithm of viscosity ratio of the host rock and the enclave ranges from 0.48 to 0.74 with most values clustering around 0.51. The different forms of the studied microgranular mafic enclaves suggest that the effect of magma mingling (mechanical mixing) on the enclaves and the host have been various in different parts of the Alvand body so that from the border of mafic body to the center of granitoid body enclaves become smaller, fewer; and their fractal dimensions decrease.

Padagi area is located in southern part of Sistan Suture Zone. In this area, the Eocene flysch-like rocks were intruded by Oligocene-Miocene igneous rocks as batholith, dacitic stock and dacitic to andesitic dike. The flysch is predominantly composed of altered phyllite, shale, sandstone and siltstone. The batholith is mainly an I-type granular granodiorite. The stock is associated with granodiorite porphyry, quartz-diorite porphyry, quartz-monzonite porphyry and andesite. The dikes, trending NE, are last magmatic phase, and porphyry texture. The igneous rocks in Padagi are mainly high K calc-alkaline and metaluminous belonging to continental margin post-collision magmatic arcs. The minor and rare earth elements, normalized to the primitive and the chondrite mantle, respectively, show that LREE and LILE are enriched relative to HREE and HFSE, respectively, a remarkable feature of igneous rocks related to volcanic arc. According to geochemical studies, for the Padagi samples could assume a garnet-bearing enriched asthenospheric and lithospheric sources with a partial melting of less than 5 % as parent magma generated in 80 to 100 km depth.

Porphyry Cu deposits are typically oxidized. Oxygen fugacity (fO2) is a key factor, which controls the formation of porphyry Cu deposits. Trace element compositions of Cretaceous magmatic zircon grains (65.9-65.1 Ma) were determined from ore-bearing intrusive rocks of Gazu porphyry Cu deposit in the Tabas block. Then Ce4 +/Ce3+ of zircons were calculated, and estimated the oxygen fugacity of their parental magmas. The values of Ce4 +/Ce3+ in Gazu magmatic zircons are medium to low (range from 10 to 385 with an average of 110) which indicate a small deposit. The low oxygen fugacity values (average ∆FMQ ~ +1) of Gazu magma indicate that during the crystallization of magmatic zircons, the magma did not show high oxidized state (above hematite-magnetite buffer (HM) and ~ ΔFMQ + 4), which is not favorable for porphyry mineralization. This is confirmed by evidence such as magma generation due to metasomatized lithospheric mantle peridotite melting with low involving of the slab and mineralogy of deposit (lack of hematite-magnetite intergrowth and anhydrite). The contamination process during the ascent and emplacement had a decreasing effect on the oxygen fugacity of the Gazu emplaced bodies.

Anarak ophiolite, belonging to Paleozoic, formed along with the tectonic evolution of the Paleo- Tethys Ocean, consisting of meta- peridotites of mantle and crust, cumulate rocks, massive gabbros, pillow lava, basic and ultrabasic dikes, rodingite and listwanite covered all by schist and marble units. The olistolithic patches of Anarak ophiolite have commonly exposed in Sebarz schist, within the sole of Chah-Gorbeh complex. Olistoliths composed of listwanite, meta- mafic, serpentinite and meta- peridotite olistoliths varying from centimeter to several hundred meters in size. The results of electron microprobe analyses show that the fundamental rock- forming minerals of the listwanitized olistoliths are chromian spinel and pyroxene, secondary minerals including calcite, garnet, tremolite, chlorite, magnetite and opaque minerals. Meta- mafic olistoliths composed of chromian spinel, sphene, epidote, chlorite and opaque minerals. Serpentinized olistoliths consist of chromian spinel, magnetite, tremolite, talc and chlorite. It also shows that the meta- peridotite olistoliths composed of chromian spinel, chrome-bearing magnetite, chlorite, calcite, garnet and antigorite. Based on the geochemical analyses, Cr# in the listwanite patches, meta- mafic, serpentinite and meta- peridotite olistoliths are 87.40- 97.92, 49.38- 51.89, 49.22- 60.05 and 29.76- 55.97 respectively with very low amount of TiO2. The different in chemical composition of minerals in the North Anarak complex shows different petrogenesis for ophiolitic olistoliths suggests characteristic of the MORB and/or supra- subduction zone.