نشریه بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The single life of girls and the prevalence of this form of life have seriously challenged the formation of the family as a very important institution for society. The purpose of this study was to discover the interpretation and reasons of girls in Tehran for choosing to live single, which was done with qualitative methodology and using the grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 single girls living in Tehran who were selected by theoretical sampling method. 11 main categories and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: preferring independence and freedom, maximizing benefit and person-centeredness, spending leisure time in a modern way, context conditions for new and virtual jobs, single house; modern contexts of life, the fluidity of relationships with important others, rethinking the body and its importance, choice of isolation and loneliness, distrust and pessimism towards men, Tehran is the ideal city for singles ,fear of failure and divorce. Also, "Singleness: The World of Multidimensional Life" was chosen as the core category, and finally the paradigm model derived from the data was set. The findings indicated that single girls have become active actors in their lifestyle choices and make choices; A problem that poses a serious and multifaceted challenge to young people.

Gender identity is a situation in which there is a mismatch between the biological gender and the desired gender. The aim of this study was to investigate the lived experience of people with transsexuality in Kermanshah. The theoretical approach is based on Erving Goffman's views on "stigmatization" and gender identity. The research method is phenomenological. The technique of data collection is the interview. The number of interviewees was 22 residents of Kermanshah who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the seven-step Coalaizzi method. The results showed that a) people with transsexuality have different feelings about themselves since childhood. B) the awareness of people in the community about these people is low and they are stigmatized; many of these people are physically, sexually, and emotionally abused by society; there are two categories of families in the face of people with gender identity disorder: modern and traditional. Modern families have a somewhat protectionist approach, but traditional families take a repressive and violent approach. C) Gender reassignment surgery is reconstructive surgery. Their identities do not change much before and after surgery. Most of these people have social, financial, and physical problems after surgery and expect financial and moral support from the responsible institutions.

Behavioral abnormalities can be seen in all societies, but depending on the conditions of society, their type, extent and severity are different. The increase in behavioral abnormalities among students on the one hand indicates the onset of the abnormality at a young age and on the other hand indicates its continuation in the future, which will ultimately jeopardize the foundations of society. Therefore, identifying the contexts, causes and consequences of injuries and common social deviations among students need to be explained and refined. Using meta-analysis method, this article has selected 25 scientific-research articles that were written in Iran from 1378 to 1398 and has reviewed and evaluated them based on methodological and theoretical indicators. According to the research findings, the four most common social deviations among students are: violence, addiction, sexual perversion and suicide. This article also categorizes and analyzes the factors affecting the tendency of students to these injuries and compares the findings with the results of foreign research on these injuries.

Social trust as a binder of social solidarity is the foundation of society. In recent years researches show a decrease in social trust in its organizational and formal dimensions. On the other hand, in recent years we have faced a growing trend of using the Internet and social networks, which means quick access to a lot of news and data about social events. It seems that in the new situation, the expansion of global communication through the Internet and social networks has also affected the social trust construction. In this situation Informal organizations, active groups and even individuals have had a significant impact on the direction of social trust through cyberspace activities. In this article, we have tried to measure the level of social trust by using modern data mining methods by monitoring Twitter data. For this purpose, tweets are categorized based on trust, distrust and neutral. The predictive model measures the average of trust based on regression equation by monitoring tweets. After that the correlation distrust with the value of capital goods, in particular the Bahar Azadi gold coin and the dollar, has also been examined. The results show that negative news about JCPOA increases users' distrust. The spread of negative news and uncertainty about the future cause fluctuations and rising prices of capital goods such as currency and coins. In other words, distrust and social instability increase tensions in the capital goods market and Untrusted future increase demand of capital goods like coins and currencies to keep it safe from future risks.

The purpose of this study is to identify the status of various types of deprivation in society and their effect on the social norm of honesty. Since the norm of honesty plays an important role in social order, the theory explains the research of Chalabi theory (with emphasis on the ethics of responsibility). In measuring deprivation, four dimensions of economic, political, social and cultural; and in measuring the norm, honesty, perception of the norm in society and readiness to observe norms (in the general or specific radius) and its moral value have been considered. This study is based on multiple case studies with in-house survey method. They were the main criteria in selecting jobs and 381 employed people (job groups of worker, bank employee, master, officer, captain, lawyer, practical nurse, nurse, doctor, teacher and university professor) were selected. The weakness of the norm of honesty, which is accompanied by an increase (respectively) in the rate of social, political, economic and cultural deprivation, indicates a kind of normative disorder (of the type of normative weakness) in society, which is facilitated by a set of social deprivations. The percentage of changes in the statistical model can be explained.

The present study follows the narratives of secondary school principals about the reproduction of educational inequality in the context of the Corona virus pandemic. Educational equality shows itself in the equal use of educational opportunities and facilities, which is one of the main challenges in the current situation of the Iranian educational system. The spread of the coronavirus has posed many challenges for educators, teachers, parents and students. However, these challenges do not affect everyone equally and vary along with access to educational facilities, access to educational spaces, and the social, economic, and cultural capital of families. This study, according to Bourdieu, Elich and Coleman's theories, discusses educational inequality and using the method of narrative analysis and in-depth interviews with 3 high school principals in Sanandaj, analyzes and explains how to reproduce educational inequality in Sanandaj. The results of this study show the classification of education and unequal reproduction of education in the study population. This category, as a core one, shows that education, which should be seen as a tool for social mobility, positive change, and access to opportunities for all, has become increasingly class-based. Social and cultural distinction, inclination towards non-governmental schools, lack of access to education for all in the context of covid19, and the poverty of families and the educational damage caused by those four categories indicate the classification of education. The results also show that in the context of the outbreak of coronavirus, the challenges of cyberspace dominance over education and lack of access to all students, diminished education and reduced educational functions of schools and poverty of families in the slums and suburbs cause The field of educational inequality has been created.

The present study was conducted with the aim of describing and explaining the extent of preventive behaviors of the Iranian people against coronary heart disease. In this study, theories of planned behavior (Ajzen & Fishbein) and decision theory (March) have been used to explain individual and collective preventive behaviors. The research method was by survey and the statistical population of this study is all people aged 15 years and older in 1399. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 1600 people. The sampling method is "multi-stage sampling. The findings showed that 10% and 12% of people, respectively, do not observe individual behaviors and collective health behaviors. According to the results of structural equation modeling (PLS software), among the variables affecting preventive behaviors of individuals, the variable of perceived behavior control with a coefficient of 0.24 and being employed (compared to not being employed) with a coefficient of 0.23 show a significant relationship. In the next level of influence, the variables of job security and gender (being a woman) are both with a coefficient of 0.10 and Social panic with a coefficient of 0/07. Finally, the variables of ethnicity, media consumption and willingness to act had no direct effect on preventive behavior.

Following the expansion of Online classes in the past year (due to COVID-19), it seems necessary to inquire the virtual lived experience “on” the university classes in the various aspects and knowledge interests of sociological and communicative researches. Among issues, the interpretation of action relation changes on the virtual context is of importance. In this article, applying the theoretical basics about the analysis of the control and power relations “on” the classroom, the researcher seeks to pursue the newborn and exploratory problem considering the virtual space requirements. For the mentioned purpose, the method of the semi-structured interview has been applied, 30 interviews to reach saturation. Then, the results of the interview analysis have been articulated in seven axes, some significant themes are as follow: the power of silence, defective scientific action, abilities of the virtual personality, commodification and exchangeability of trust and honesty, beginning of the semi-flattened hierarchy, power of fantastical sense, and the sense of latitude.

The concept of neoliberalism has shaken the world of critical social sciences. The emergence of a global cause for creating an anti-neoliberal front has reinforced the notion that the neoliberal juggernaut is about to annihilate all contextual and institutional differences. Through a detailed use of four critical approaches to the Iranian political economy, this study examines the capacities of the aforementioned global account of neoliberalism to explain the complexities of triangular employment. According to the results, the triangular employment in Iran is unequivocally market-oriented, but the seemingly aloof stance of the state is of more analytical value in this case. Here the Iranian state uses the element of free-market to play the role of a party who could enjoy the inexpensive services of "Sherkati-ha" while remains unaccountable about their neglected rights and inadequate compensations. Hence, the global hegemony of neoliberalism is partially relevant in the case of "Sherkati-ha”. Yet, it is the state that not only keeps the macro-power of policy-making in modalities of precarious employment but also saves financial resources to keep its parasitic networks of waste and rent-seeking alive.

The purpose of the present research is to explore the lived experience of women attempted to suicide, with emphasis on Self-immolation in order to make hypotheses to answer why they choose the Self-immolation method. This paper has been done through a qualitative method, exploiting the methodological approach of grounded theory. The study population is women who have had successful and unsuccessful self-immolation, as well as key informants such as their families and relatives, was selected using in-depth and semi-standard interview techniques, based on the dimensions of the method approach, which include receiving phenomena, causal conditions, conditions, contexts, structural conditions, strategies and consequences. Qualitative data have been continuously analyzed comparatively through coding. The sample size of 29 cases was determined based on theoretical saturation and the findings were validated by confirmation and adaptation with the opinion of expert judges and key informants. Findings suggested that sociological ambivalence conditions (the challenge of tribe or racial prejudicial norms with religious, native, local and media doctrines and modernity doctrines) would affect the motivation of women in Ilam city to change the conditions of patriarchy, and attempt to Self-immolation as a rational- punitive act with great influence on changing conditions. But, according to Marcuse, this choice has an irrational consequence. Meanwhile, a major difference between choice of Self-immolation and other suicide methods has originated in the motivation to change the conditions of patriarchy, while main motivation for other methods is to escape from that situation.

The current paper is based on a qualitative study in which the consequences and outcomes of street life for work girls in Tehran have been investigated. In order to collect data, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 girls (aged 8 to 16 years) who had the experience of working on the streets. The data were analyzed using the Colaizzi method. The findings of this research demonstrate that    the consequences and outcomes of the presence of work girls on the streets can be categorized into the three main categories of ‘street dangers and distorted girlhood’, ‘helplessness together with constant fears and anxieties’, also ‘the girls’ disrupted childhood and the poverty cycle’. Moreover, the findings of the current research indicate that the participants’ strategies in coping with the phenomenon of their work on the streets can also be categorized into four main classifications of ‘marriage’, ‘adherence to religious values’, ‘creating home employment’, and ‘wishing to return home’. Overall, the results of this research demonstrate that although work in the streets has many negative consequences and outcomes for work girls, their work (influenced by their inferior position in the society, the conflict of expectations and role models with gender, and gender relations) has additional and long-term consequences for them.

Nowadays, one of the social problems that is causing the society and especially the youth face with crisis as well as with personal and social harm is the presence of people, especially young people in traditional tea houses and restaurants to smoke. This study has attempted to investigate the dynamics that shape the hookah smoking. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to conduct a qualitative study of what forms hookah smoking among Yazd youth. For this purpose, in the framework of qualitative methodology and using grounded theory, a number of 15-29 year old youths from Yazd were interviewed through in-depth interviews and purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data were collected and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. The research findings included 589 propositions, 105 concepts, and 33 categories, and one core category was "hookah social acceptance". Accordingly, a table of extracted propositions, concepts and categories and a paradigmatic model of research were presented. Overall, the results indicate that age at onset of hookah smoking occurred for the first time in the 15-20 age group. Being in this age range increases the likelihood of people smoking (hookah and smoking). Gender (being male and female) is not different in smoking habits. And most importantly, the use of hookah in the community and among families is associated with acceptance. So that the family provides different contexts for hookah smoking and is one of the companions that accompany young people in hookah consumption.

In the age of central knowledge, the most valuable asset of leading organizations is work culture; and the most important way to achieve their success is managing and implementing it correctly and efficiently. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate consequences of work weakness culture in the productivity of university staff. Accordingly, the statistical population of the study consists of employees of Sabzevar universities. This number is 433 people, out of whom 205 people formed the study based on Morgan table. The research method is descriptive-correlational. In this study, two questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale have been used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by sociologists and supervisors and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that work culture has a positive and significant relationship with each of the components of employees' productivity. Among the components of work culture, organizational factors, with a correlation coefficient of 0.754, have the strongest and economic factors, with a correlation coefficient of 0.484, have the weakest relationship with work culture, and among the components of employee productivity, dimension participation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.580, was the strongest and organizational commitment dimension, with a correlation coefficient of 0.557, had the weakest relationship with employee productivity. Therefore, in general, work culture has an effective role in staff development and productivity and can increase productivity together with quality in university staff.