پژوهشنامه مکتب های ادبی
پیاپی 14 (تابستان 1400)

Romanticism is an artistic, philosophical and social school that entered the world of literature. The movement historically culminated in nineteenth-century Europe and then spread throughout Europe and even non-European countries. One of the countries whose literature was influenced by this school is Iran, and its components first appeared in the poems of the constitutional period and then entered the space of contemporary poetry and fiction. "A Quiet Romance" is the latest work of Nader Ebrahimi, one of the most read and best-selling books of recent years. Although this novel is written in a realist body, it is full of components of Romanticism; Components that give this effect a different dimension and push it beyond the dry and rationalist boundaries of realism. The present article, which is written in a descriptive-analytical manner using library resources, tries to examine the most important romantic-cystic components of a quiet romance novel. The conclusion of the article shows that the obvious characteristics of Romanticism such as: individualism, love, oneness with nature, interest in religion, reliance on imagination, and excitement and emotions are noticeable in this realistic work. Ebrahimi also used the components of the school of Romanticism in a realistic text, and was able to create a reasonable and artistic connection between the two schools.

The school of art refers to the set of characteristics of specific periods of art that appear under the influence of cultural and social issues and in the form of rules, traditions and theoretical frameworks in the works of a group of artists. Impressionism is one of the most important schools which became popular in painting by focusing on the use of light element effects in instantaneous perceptions of phenomena, soon influenced other fields, including literature. Impressionism became popular in literature with specific principles. In poetry, in the form of attention to literary images with a focus on light and color, and in the story, ‌ according to Susan Ferguson's explanation, through attention to perspective, ‌ focus on inner experiences, elimination plot, metaphorical and permissible use, ‌ confusion and sequencing The main question of the present study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, is that, considering the commonality of the features expressed by Ferguson with the characteristics of modern stories, ‌ which features can rely on us to determine the boundaries? Impressionist stories help? To find the answer, Ghazaleh Alizadeh's impressionist story "With Pomegranate and Bergamot" was examined with a focus on the characteristic features of this type of story. According to the three main features of the use of literary images consisting of elements of light and color, pay attention to the metaphorical dimension, especially in describing narrative places, and finally focus on describing phenomena instead of trying to express the truth and their specificity. Impressionist was introduced.

In a descriptive-analytical manner based on the theoretical views of Georg Simmel, this essay has tried to re-read and analyze Reza Amirkhani's Rahsh, which is written with a modernist approach, relying on the city and urbanization and the consequences of the modern world.The purpose of writing this article is to describe the city of Tehran as a symbol of urban modernity in fiction literature and with the help of the representation of Tehran in fiction, a critical reflection of Iranian modernity is presented and also with the help of sociological approach to modern city representation and incoherent rationality in the daily life and social gaps existing in the lives of citizens and the relations between them reflecting in a story related to a metropolis like Tehran conducted a case study on the story of Rahesh.The city overcomes the inhabitants of the metropolis as objective culture and an object-oriented spirit.The lack of growth of integrated rationality, the gap between objective and subjective culture due to the dominance of monetary economy in the metropolis, causes the equalization of the value of all objects and deprives them of meaning and individuality.Metropolitans seem cold and ruthless to protect themselves by using what Simmel calls precaution.the person's exposure to severe nervous stimuli and the reluctance to be immersed in the chaos of countless external stimuli leads to a kind of alienation and disgust that manifests itself in the form of a bored and self-contained attitude that is the most important psychological characteristic of metropolitan man.

The age of postmodernism is the age of life that critiqued all the components of the modern age as well as the age of tradition. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between the components of the postmodern school and schizophrenia as one of the personality disorders. Schizophrenia, which means mental breakdown and multi-personality, is one of the components of postmodern personality. The importance of examining this issue, given the increasing advances in science and technology, and the increasing complexity of social structures, which are accompanied by cultural, religious, political, social and economic differences, requires further investigation. Accordingly, issues related to social control and its relationship with the nature of individual identity in postmodernism have been studied by the components of schizophrenia. In this study, based on the findings, it is concluded that postmodern society is associated with superficiality and partiality, so this superficial and fragmented view at the individual level is shown by a type of schizophrenia. Thus, in postmodern society, alienation has given way to fragmentation and this fragmented self, is Schizophrenia itself. This research also pays attention to the critique of two examples of postmodern Iranian stories "Night Orchestra of the Woods Orchestra" and "Gypsy by the Fire" who considers them as examples of postmodern Iranian novels. One of the main results of this research is the aspect of schizophrenia in the text of the story and the prominent characters of the story.

Globalization is a process that human beings inevitably face. Some oppose it and some choose to become completely Western. But there is a middle ground. This phenomenon has occurred in all political, social, economic and cultural dimensions, but its role in culture and art, including literature, is different and has complexities. Countries that are considered the Third World are usually forced to approach the countries that have globalized their literary capital in order to enter this field and play a global role. But they can build their global identity by retaining features of their own culture and capturing the positives of other cultures.Persian literature has been influenced by world literature since the constitutional era. This effect is superficial in most cases. They have either blindly imitated or retaliated. Of course, the works of some poets and writers have more potential for globalization. Especially those who have different sounds using local and national elements in a new way. Nima Yoshij is the first poet who has better understood the meaning of modernity and globalization than others, and while using local, folk and national elements and paying attention to his cultural assets, he has tried to compose a global poem. In this research, we have selected one of Nima's poems that has a legendary and local color to study. This research provides an approach to the study of Persian literary works by looking at the indigenous and global elements of these works and their capacities in transnational fields.

The story of Siavash has a special validity in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh.The deep meanings and high capacities of this story are such that it has attracted the attention of many scholars of Persian culture, language and literature from various angles. From this point of view, valuable critiques and reviews have been obtained.Mostafa Rahimi (1381-1305), a prominent intellectual and translator of his time, also wrote an article entitled "The Story of Siavash, an allegory of the greatness and catastrophe of morality", which, considering the importance of the title of the article, has looked at this story more from the perspective of moral evaluations.On the other hand, considering that Rahimi was one of the best translators of Sartre's works, in criticizing Siavash's story, like his other fiction and research works,The method of this research is based on describing the achievements and explaining and analyzing them, which has been done by filing works and studying in the library.During the revision of this article and considering Rahimi's ideas in his other works, the similarity and conformity of his views on the formation of Siavash's story with the main components of existentialism, such as the primacy of nature over necessity, the necessity of necessity, the emphasis on human freedom in choosing leading possibilities, humanity, apprehension, personal originality or existentialist morality, impending death, and most importantly the commitment of literature; It became quite obvious.Based on the mentioned findings, this research has shown Mostafa Rahimi's existentialist reading of Siavash's story.