پژوهش نامه مطالعات مرزی
پیاپی 34 (زمستان 1400)

One of the main concerns of governments and economic policymakers is to create sustainable development in all areas and demographic areas of countries, to help eliminate the perceived injustice by the people. The development of cross-border businesses and investments in this field by creating sustainable employment can play a fundamental role in perceptual justice and a better life expectancy among the inhabitants of these low-income areas. Accordingly, the present study has been conducted with the aim of identifying the current situation of dominant businesses and their pathology from kolbars’ point of view, counting important and advantageous border businesses as an approach to reduce the kolbari phenomenon in border areas. In order to achieve this goal, the district governors of Baneh and Marivan border areas, the experts of the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade of the mentioned areas and 53 kolbars with at least 6 months of experience have been selected as a statistical sample. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and based on the method of data collection, it is a descriptive-analytical research that has been done with a qualitative approach. The results of this study show that the cities and villages of the border areas of Kurdistan province each have special capacities and capabilities to create employment and investment. It is necessary to make better use of these capacities and infrastructure facilities provided by the government. In addition, the government must provide cheap facilities to encourage residents of border areas to work in cross-border businesses, which lead to make capacity to create productive employment for residents of border areas and kolbari phenomenon is also greatly reduced.

Immigration and its effects are among the topics that have been studied by countless researchers in the social sciences, including geography and political geography. Illegal entry of foreign nationals from the eastern borders to different cities of Iran, especially Afghan nationals, has long been considered as one of the harms of border control and management. Therefore, the present study is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and nature. And by collecting information in the form of libraries and surveys (regular (closed) interviews) with 250 Afghan nationals who have entered Iran illegally from the eastern borders, has studied and analyzed the spatial direction of their traffic. According to the research findings, natural factors (vegetation 18.8%, mountainous and inaccessible areas 53.6%, desert and flat areas 27.6%) have been effective in choosing the route of illegal entry of citizens. From the perspective of the role of human factors in the manner of illegal entry of citizens, according to the survey questionnaires, it can be said that 79.2% of Afghan citizens who entered Iran illegally used local guides, which about 91.6% of Afghans cross the border with the help of smugglers. Using the native way allows smugglers to cross the border safely and easily without encountering border forces. Overall, 67.6% of Afghan illegal immigrants admitted that the main reason for their entry into the country was poor management of border control. The results show that the long borders of Iran and Afghanistan along with various natural disasters (natural factors) as well as the lack of sustainable employment and optimal development (human factors) have affected the way of border control and management. Therefore, the identification of natural and human factors, along with the precise location of the illegal traffic route of citizens, will help to more precisely manage and control the eastern borders of Iran.

The existence of long borders of Khorasan Razavi province with Afghanistan (297 km) and the topography of the land in the border areas on the one hand and the inadequacy of human and physical methods on the other hand indicate the inefficiency of border control. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the measures to control illegal traffic in the Taybad Border Regiment so that policymakers can be aware of the results of the measures, and have the correct orientation in spending funds and resources to control borders and avoid wasting resources. The research is descriptive-survey in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study was 85 commanders and managers of Taybad Border Regiment and the sample size was determined by Morgan table of 70 people. Data were collected by a valid researcher-made questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha 0.88) and analyzed using confirmatory structural equation and Pearson correlation tests. By examining the model by measuring the factor loads, the AVE coefficient for all structures was calculated to be more than 0.5, which indicates the high convergent validity for the research variables. The combined reliability coefficient for all structures is calculated above 0.7, which indicates the internal stability of the measurement models. The results of Pearson test also showed that the highest correlation (0.949) is between the component of social factors and equipment and technical and electronic devices and the lowest (0.192) is between the component of physical facilities and social factors. The results showed that physical and non-physical measures were more important in terms of evaluating control measures for illegal traffic in Taybad border area, respectively. And strengthening them can lead to better control over these traffic.

One of the main issues of Bushehr border city is the issue of environment and its destruction by residents and tourists. Therefore, the article analyzes the effects of social capital and its indicators on sustainable environmental development. The research method is survey and the statistical population is 18-39 years old youth in the border city of Bushehr. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster and the sample size is 384 people. The researcher-made questionnaire has a formal validity and Cronbach's coefficient of environmental sustainability is 0.773 and social capital is 0.892, which have the necessary reliability. The results showed that the average of environmental sustainability was relatively high. Environmental sustainability has been low, medium, and high among 32.9%, 29.4%, and 37.7% of young people, respectively. There is a positive and direct relationship between social capital and environmental sustainability. Pearson correlation coefficient is equal to 0.237. Environmental sustainability has three dimensions that their relationship with social capital is positive and significant. Social capital has the highest correlation with the dimension of environmental protection (0.282) and the lowest correlation with the dimension of recycling (0.155). So the more social capital, the greater the degree of environmental sustainability, and conversely, the less social capital, the lower the degree of environmental sustainability. The dimensions of social capital explain about 14.1% of the variance in environmental sustainability. The highest direct impact is social cohesion and social relations, respectively, and the highest indirect impact is social participation, and the highest overall impact is social cohesion on the degree of environmental sustainability. Increasing the amount of social capital and its dimensions and components are effective in environmental sustainability and people's attitudes towards the urban environment and environmental development of the border city of Bushehr.

Smart tourism, and in turn the creation of smart tourism villages in border areas, is a new modification that describes the growing dependence of tourism destinations on new forms of information and communication technology that make large volumes of data a valuable proposition. Therefore, understanding this goal, this study has tried to facilitate the feasibility of creating a smart tourism village in the border areas in the city of Astara. This study investigated the status of variables based on the Butler model in Astara port. The present research is applied based on purpose and studied based on the Butler model. In this study, in order to assess the need for intelligent tourism, the data have been prepared based on the official statistics of the Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization of the province and the results of a questionnaire. And after performing the analysis based on the indicators of sensitization and tourism using the measurement of Prescott Allen, stability has been finalized. The results show that the concentration of satisfaction with tourism activity in the tourist village in Astara has the highest rate of average growth of variables based on the Butler model. At the stage of tourism life, it indicates that the city of Astara in four areas of how to know the destination, the international perception of the destination, the negative environmental effects, and the concentration of satisfaction with tourism activities in tourist villages, have had a very high perspective. But only in the case of cyberinfrastructure in the field of tourism has been weak and at a low level, which indicates the lack of internet facilities and a variety of smart and electronic tools and insufficient attention to it in the field of tourism. Therefore, considering this port city's border and strategic role, the need to create the most up-to-date internet infrastructure should not be overlooked. Sustainability measurement by adapting to Prescott-Allen model was analyzed that Astara port has been stable in only three areas of destination recognition and negative environmental effects and concentration of satisfaction with tourism activities in the tourist village, and in most areas, unfortunately, it is almost unstable.

Today, achieving sustainable urban development is not possible without a clear strategy. The smart city is emerging as a vital strategy to reduce the problems caused by population and massive urbanization in border areas. No research has been done on sustainable development with the smart city approach in the border city of Urmia. Therefore, this study aims to develop a clear framework for sustainable urban development of Urmia based on the components of the smart city. The present research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of content and method. The statistical sample size was estimated through Sample Power software, which is equal to 125 people. It should be noted that the working method of Sample Power software is based on latent and obvious variables, and therefore, the size of the statistical population has no effect on estimating the sample size. The sampling method is also simple random. The results show that all six components of smart urban growth have a positive and significant effect on achieving sustainable urban development. Based on path analysis, the components of smart government with path coefficient (impact) of 0.440, smart economy with 0.242, smart mobility with 0.214, smart life with 0.212, smart citizen 0.164, and smart environment with 0.139, respectively, have the greatest impact on achieving sustainable development of Urmia. An important point seen in the findings is the component of smart government, which was ranked first and indicates the importance of good governance and cooperation and interaction of various institutions and requires special attention. Also, according to the model, in the case of estimating standard coefficients, it became clear that the consequence of sustainable urban development is physical stability with a coefficient of 0.883, economic stability with a coefficient of 0.867, socio-cultural stability coefficient with a coefficient of 0.814, and environmental stability coefficient with a coefficient of 0.637.

Urban tourism is an important economic activity that contributes significantly to the global economy. Coastal areas have made a significant contribution to this growth by attracting hundreds of millions of tourists each year and have had a considerable impact on the flow of visitors. But concerning the coastal city of Bushehr, this city is not one of the most popular tourist destinations. Given that the most productive ecosystems on Earth that have created many opportunities for recreation and tourism are water-coastal areas, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the factors affecting the development of tourism in the coastal city of Bushehr with a future studies approach. Various factors were first identified in this process by reviewing the research literature and interviewing experts in future research. Then, using the structural analysis method with Mick Mac software, the main factors affecting the future of tourism in Bushehr were extracted. The study of the distribution of variables affecting the city's tourism showed the system's instability. The factors were classified into four independent, dependent, two-dimensional and influential variables. Finally, by evaluating all the identified factors, the eight critical factors of the comprehensive tourism plan, ecotourism resorts, systematic and efficient planning, rules and powers of decision-making organizations, urban branding, beach recreation, globalization of culture, and its impact on the identity of tourism and the quality of the city's beaches, were identified as key factors affecting the development of tourism in Bushehr.