نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 43 (بهار 1400)

The goal of this study is to compare the effect of fatigue on decision-making and visual search behavior of novice and expert soccer players. Participants were 14 male novice soccer players (mean age= 22.5 years) and 14 experts (mean age= 27.4 years). Both groups watched films of 1 Vs. 1 attack situations. Then they announced their decision to move left, right, or shoot in two circumstances of not fatigue and fatigue. The results of t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the scores of decision making of both groups in pre-test and posttest. (P>0.05).The number and duration of fixation were evaluated by ANOVA. The results of the number of fixations showed that the main effect of skill level was significant (P<0.05), but the main effect of the test stages was not significant (P>0.05). Also, the interactive effect of skill level at the gaze points, skill interaction with the test stages, interaction between the gaze areas with the test stages and interaction between the level of skill in the gaze areas of the test stages were not significant (P>0.05). The results of fixation time showed that the main effect of skill level and test stages was not significant (P>0.05). The interactive effect of skill level in the test stages and interaction of skill level, gaze points in the test stages were significant (P<0.05). It is suggested that players to be trained to pay attention to critical points of opponents body in fatigue situations.

The purpose of this study was to compare the distance perception between indoor and outdoor sports athletes in the indoor and outdoor conditions at far and near distances. A total of 40 male athletes were selected (sports experience about 5 years and age range between 20 to 35 years), which included 10 taekwondo (individual and indoor), 10 tennis (individual and outdoor), 10 volleyball (team and indoor) and 10 football (team and outdoor). The standard Direct Blind Walking Test were used to measure distance perception. The test was performed in four different conditions (indoor and outdoor, at a distance of 3 and 10 meters). The error rate to achieve the target (distance perception indicator), and movement time and step length (performance indicator) was recorded. The results of combined analysis of variance with repeated measurements (2×2×4) showed that there was no significant difference between errors of the outdoor and indoor sports athletes, but the single athletes' error was significantly higher than the team athletes. The movement time of indoor and team athlete groups in outdoor and 10 distance conditions was significantly higher than outdoor and single groups respectively. There was no significant difference in the step length of the athletes in outdoor and indoor sports groups, but the step length of single athletes was significantly higher than that of the team group. These findings show that Sport type and exercise environment effect on development of athlete’s distance perception and performance.

 The identification of effective factors on fundamental movement skills, considered as the substructure of advanced movement skills, can be very important in superior sports talents’ identification and guidance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ACE and ACTN-3 genotypes on the development of fundamental movement skills in children. The statistical population of this study included 4-6 years old kindergarten children in Aleshtar and 50 of them were selected, using cluster sampling method, as the study samples. The data collection tools included the test of gross motor development (TGMD-2) and PCR for determination of ACE and ACTN-3 genotypes. A one-way analysis of variance and independent- t test at a significance level of p≤ 0.05 was used to analyze the study data. The findings showed that the D-allele of ACE carriers, (DD or ID genotype), had greater development of locomotors movement skills than II genotype carriers (p<0/001), and also ACTN-3 R-allele carriers (RR or RX genotype), had greater development of locomotors movement skills than XX genotype (p<0/000). However, none of these differences was observed in the development of object control motor skills (p> 0.05). Therefore, it can be said that the children carrying DD or ID genotype of ACE and RR or RX genotype of ACTN-3 had higher development level in locomotors motor skills performance and will be able to perform sport skills in higher levels if provided with desirable environmental conditions.

In this paper, the local indigenous games have been studied on motor proficiency of 10-13-year-old boys with high and low emotional intelligence. A total of 30 children with a mean age of (11.46 ± 1.04) were selected from the schools of District 7 of Tehran via purposeful method, and based on the general score of emotional intelligence from Shoot et al. The participants were divided into two groups of 15 people with high and low emotional intelligence, and there was no significant difference in motor proficiency between the two groups. To assess emotional intelligence, the Shoot et al. questionnaire and for motor proficiency Bruninx-Oseretsky test were used. Exercise interventions were performed for 8 weeks in a gym in the same way for both groups. These exercises were three sessions per week with each session lasting 90 minutes, consisting of 20 minutes of warm-up, 15 minutes to cool down at the end, and the remaining 55 minutes in between for game interventions. The results of independent t-test revealed a significant difference between the two groups after the intervention. Specifically, the children with a high emotional intelligence had greater Motor Proficiency. Hence, based on the advantage of the chosen motor games, use of this practice in schools can be helpful. Also, sports educators can consider emotional intelligence as an effective variable in supporting children towards high levels of athletic performance.

Type of attentional focus on physiological and psychological state of people can be effective running time. Although the role of external attention approaches in forming optimal movement has been approved for several times, the role of associative and dissociative factors with movement has not been known in the case of manipulating the different tasks and individual constraints. Therefore, the presents study examined the role of associative and dissociative attentional focus with internal and external dimensions on running economy of beginners.Twelve beginner women (aged 18 to 30 years old) ran on the treadmill. To measure Vmax of participants, the starting speed was set at 6 km/h and increased to 2 km/h per minute. The process was continued until voluntary fatigue. The speed used in each of the five test conditions (internal associative, external associative, internal dissociative, external dissociative, control) was 70% of the maximum speed of each individual. The results of repeated- measure ANOVA revealed that associative attentional focus with internal/external dimension resulted in higher oxygen consumption and blood lactate, which caused lower running economy in beginners. The results of internal/external dissociative attention indicated lower consumption of oxygen and less amount of blood lactate (higher economy). Based on the results of the present study, dissociative attention is the most economical method for running in beginners.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of traditional training and situational game models on tactical knowledge and situational interest in boys aged 10-12 in football. The study subjects were 24 football school students with a mean age 110±./73. The study consisted of four stages of pre-test, two SGTSP and traditional positional play models, post-test and delayed retention. Subjects in two groups paticipated in 12 sessions trainings in accordance with their training approach. Situational game practice included training based on a 5-step game-based model. . Traditional training also included: training with an emphasis on skill and technique. Tactical knowledge scales and situational interest were completed by learners at all stages of the Descriptive statistics, ANOVA with repeated measures, covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for data analysis. The results show that the tactical knowledge of the SGTSP group is greater than the traditional group. In addition, the scores of situational interest for the SGTSP group showed an increasing in the post-test compared to the pre-test that in challenge, need for attention, innovation, was a significant difference between the two groups. Given that Situational Learning Model with Game Scenarios is a creative educational model presented for sports education in physical education classrooms,The use of this new game-based approach may be able to increase interest, quality of motivation and level of physical activity of students, in addition to enhancing the level of play and learning.

Lack of physical fitness measurement tools is still felt, especially in different groups, mainly the elderly. Therefore, considering the role and importance of physical fitness measurement in the elderly, the aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of Farsi version of physical fitness measurement tools among elderly. Research method of present study was developmental. Statistical population were Iranian elderly that 250 men and women were selected from Tabriz and Tehran by random cluster sampling. Measurement tools included Short Form (36) Health Survey, Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity, Self-Reported Physical Fitness Survey, Senior fitness test. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Spearman Brown correlation coefficient and SPSS software version 22. The results showed that concurrent criterion validity was confirmed by correlation between objective and subjective physical fitness measures, and construct validity between some objective and subjective physical fitness factors with physical indices and physical activity. Construct validity was also confirmed between some factors of objective physical fitness and quality of life. The results of Cronbach's alpha reliability for objective physical fitness were 0.69 and subjective physical fitness 0.67. Split half reliability was 0.65 and 0.69. Accordingly, it can be said that the objective and subjective physical fitness measurement tools examined in this study have acceptable validity and reliability in Iranian elderly population. Therefore, we can use these tests in appropriate conditions to evaluate the physical fitness of the elderly alternatively.