Iranian Journal of Ichthyology
Volume:9 Issue: 1, Mar 2022

Production of cellulase is of great importance for industrially processes and developing the metabolic microbes used widely in different fields. Aspergillus,as one of fungal genera, serve to produce many enzymes such as cellulase. Twenty-three isolates of fungi belong to four species of Aspergilluswere obtained from central lab veterinary medicine in Basra, Iraq and screened for maximum cellulolytic activity. Screening of fungal species was done on Petri plate containing carboxymethyl cellulase growth media. Among 23 isolates of fungi, 20 fungal isolates revealed cellulolytic activity and three depicted zero cellulase activity. All isolates of A. nigershowed strong secretion of cellulolytic activity on agars followed by A. fumigatus, with two isolates of A. flavus and one isolateofA. terreus revealed zero cellulytic activity.The results of relative gene expression of Aspergillusspecies to five cellulase genes cbhb, exogluconase, endogluconase A, endogluconase B, endogluconase C and control B actin gene revealed over expression of A. nigercompared to other species.

This study aimed to study the effect of the reverse osmosis bottled water storage on its bacteriological, chemical and physical properties. After storing the bottled water for 90 days, the number of bacteria decreased from 49 to 9 CFU/1ml for aerobic bacteria and 3.6-1.1 MPN/100ml for the total number of total coliform. Fecal coliform and Escherichia colifor laboratory W1 ranged 7-16CFU/1ml for the total number of aerobic bacteria and from 1.1-2.2 MPN/100ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosafor the W3 laboratory.After 90 days of storage, an increase in temperature (20.8-43°C), decrease in pH (5-5.4), a high conductivity (125.1-119μS/cm), a rise in dissolved solid salts (77.4-81.2) and total hardness (24.2_29.1) were recorded. Calcium (9.8-12.7), magnesium (3.5-6.5), chlorides (14.7-18.1), sulfate (3.3-5.0), sodium (8.7-12.3), potassium (0.1-0.4) and high nitrate (0.6-3.3) mg/l also were recorded. The bacterial numbers increased during storage process and the storage process also affected all the physical and chemical properties of the bottled water bottles. The results showed significant differences between the studied laboratories as well as between the months at the level. It also showed significant differences between the bacterial and physicochemical treatsafter30, 60 and 90 days.

The present study was conducted during April to October 2018 to examine infection on the ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in cattles and sheep in Shattra District, Thi-QarProvince, south of Iraq. A total of 396 blood samples were collected from livestock. Two species of the hard ticks were identified as Hyalomma anatolicum and H.turanicumwith earlier predominant (64.7 vs. 35.3%). Of these ticks, 116 were female and 210 were males. The monthly infections werehigher in June(47.22 and 43.48%) but lower during July (16.67 and 20.00%) in cattle and sheep, respectively. The results revealed that 37.90% (n=83) and 31.07% (n=55) of the samples were positive toTheileriosis.

This study aimed to describe the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the estuary area of the River Don, by comparing the seasonal and spatial patterns. The temperature and pH were measured during phytoplankton growth periods in 3 seasons of 2019. Diatomsformed the largest taxa of the phytoplankton and biomass of phytoplankton (67.56% of the total species composition in spring at station 4). Total number of phytoplankton was 413.33 to 1030 (Cell*103/L), while phytoplankton biomass ranged 33.94-1028.03mg/l. In the early spring, Nitzschiasp. and N. scalaris, N. subtilis, Melosira varians, Cyclotella meneghiniana, in summer, N. distansand Cyclotella meneghiniana, M. varians, N. scalaris, eptocylindrus minimuswere dominant. Based on the results, the abundance peaks for blue-green algea occur in summer.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of two heavy metals of cadmium and lead on the behaviour of two fish species, viz. Cyprinus carpioand Oreochromis niloticus. Two behavioural models, including the mirror-biting test and the dark/light test. The results showed that a significant relationship between the social behaviour of the fish species and the exposure to the selected heavy metals. Fishes exposed to heavy metals showed a significant decrease (P<0.01) in the number of mirror bites in the mirror biting test. Moreover, the results of the dark/light test showed that there was a significant reduction (P<0.01) in the total time spent in by fishes exposed to heavy metals in the light compartment.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles and Moringaleaf extract on testicular histology and antioxidants parameters after a high-fat diet exposure in male rabbits. The experiment was conducted on 30 male white rabbits, which were assigned into 6 experimental groups. The levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) andthe diameter of seminiferous tubules and germinalepitheliumthickness were examined and compared. In blood serum of rabbits fed a high-fat diet noted an increased level of MOD. The addition of silver nanoparticles and Moringaleaf extract to the diet decreased the MOD level showed a beneficial effect. Rabbits fed a high-fat diet had a significant reduction in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and a decrease in the thickness of the germinalepithelium. The reduction was induced by supplementation with silver nanoparticles and Moringaleaf extract. Considering these results, it was possible to assume that exposure to silver nanoparticles and Moringaleaf extract have a possible protective effect on the reproductive system of male rabbits.

The genotoxicity of Cd, Ni, and Pb was studied on Ceratophyllum demersumL. in three concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/L. The results showed genotoxic as descending order of Cd > Pb≥ Ni. All concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Pb with the interference of three-elements showed genotoxic effects. Three out of five primers of the RAPD markers showed replication show replication. The total number of bands was 288, polymorphic bands of 11 and monomorphic band of 9 and rare bands of 4 with the polymorphism percentage of 46.36%.The results of the UPGMA for the twenty-two treatments using the RAPD marker showed two main clusters. It was found that the higher concentrations of the heavy metals have the lower the similarity ratio withthe control treatment.

The resistance against disease is granted by one incompletely dominant gene existing on chromosome eleventh. Gray leaf spot is caused by Stemphylium sp.. This study aimed to distinguish the cultivar resistant alleles or susceptible alleles bymolecular marker linked to Resistance Gene (Sm gene) using Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) inbreeding. In this study, we used eight tomato cultivars farmed in Iraq. The results showed that the codominant marker InDe, after PCR amplification, produced a 122bp fragment for resistance in seven genotypes and a 140bp fragment of susceptible alleles in one genotype, respectively could be utilized in MAS for resistance disease of gray leaf spot.

The blood pressure in male mice were measured at 16h, and 14, 28, 40 days after adaptation, where the standard was six days after shipping in ICR male mice. The experimental group was delivered overnight, for period of 16 hr. After 16hr from transport, the blood pressure was significantly higher than 14 and 40 days. Furthermore, 28 days after shipping, we recorded mid hypertension in ICR male mice. Systolic blood using the tail-cuff method, mice had significant mild high blood pressure. Experimental group adapted for 14 days after shipment, second for 28 days after transportation, and third until 40 days after transportation. Systolic blood pressure in the experiment group was 135±0.8mm Hg one week after delivery. Because this was far greater than previously reported for this strain, acclimatization took longer. Systolic blood pressure was measured 40 days after shipment was 120±0.03mm Hg. Throughout this time, heart rate also dropped from 531±0.5 in the experimental group to 380±0.2bpm in 40 days(P<0.05). Systolic blood pressure in the two control groups was also lower than in the experiment group 14 and 28 days after shipment.

Due to an increased resistance to antifungal medicines, the prevalence of hospital-acquired fungal infection has recently increased. This study aimed to determine the virulence features that assist in increasing the pathogenicity of clinical yeast isolates.For this purpose, 61 clinical yeast isolates were usedto examine their enzymatic activity (proteinase, phospholipase, and hemolysin), potential to form biofilms, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. The results indicated that majority of the yeast isolates exhibited potential proteinase activity, with 24.6% exhibiting weak activity, 19.7% moderate activity, and 9.8% high activity, while 45.9% phospholipase activity, with 16.4% weak activity, 24.6% exhibiting moderate activity, and 4.9% strong activity. Whilehemolysin production was demonstrated in 85.2%, that 59.0% were strong, 21.3% moderate, and 4.9% weak. Additionally, it was possible to identify biofilm development, which occurred in 90.2% of isolates. All isolates showed sensitivityto the antifungals tested, with the exception of one Candida glabrataisolate that demonstrated resistance to voriconazol and two Candida parapsilosisisolates resistance to flucytosine. The results also revealed no significant changes in proteinase activity or drug susceptibility profile, but significant variations in phospholipase, hemolysin, and biofilm generation amongst yeast isolates.

Urinary tract infections due to urinary pathogenicity Escherichia coli(UPEC) is one of the most important diseases in the world.Escherichia coliencodes a wide range of virulence factors that are closely related to bacterial etiology. The purpose of the current study was to assess the presence of various phenotypic pathogenic markers in UPEC isolates and determine their correlation with antibioticresistance patterns. Twenty-four uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates were collected from patients with various clinical manifestations of urinary tract infections and the isolates were identified by Vitek 2 automated system. Antibiotic susceptibility was measured using the disc diffusion method. Following biofilm, capsule, and hemolysin production, the csgA, tos A, and class 1 intgrons genes were detected, and finally the tosAgene sequence was executed. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to ten different antibiotics was tested, and the bacteria varied in their resistance to these tested antibiotics, as all bacterial isolates were multi-resistant to antibiotics multi-drug resistance (MDR).The results of the formation of biofilms by the tube method showed a variation in terms of biofilm formation. The number of isolates that formed a strong biofilm was 8 (33.3%), which formed an average biofilm of 10 (41.7%), and finally the number of isolates that formed a weak biofilm was 6 (25%).DNA was obtained from all isolates under study and investigate the genes of virulence factors by using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that 100% of the Escherichia coliisolates contained the gene, tos A,csg Agene and class 1 integrons.

The experiment was carried out in the city of Kut, Al-Karadiya zone, Iraq on 9th May and 18thFebruary 2020, to investigate the effect of corpse weight and temperature on the attraction ofCalliphoravicina. The speed and density of C. vicinaadults were recorded on May 9th, 2020 where the density of insects was 9.5% in the corpse weighing 20-15kg, while the best time was morning (39±2°C), with an average of 9-12 insects. The percentage of presence in the corpse weighing 5-3kg was 3.3%, while the best time for their presence was morning (39±2°C) with an average of 3-5 insects. The temperature had a clear effect on the attraction of C. vicinato the carrions, where 39±2°C (morning) was the most appropriate degree for the attraction for all weights (7.1%), while 42±2°C (noon) was the lowest (4.8%). On the 8th of February, the presence rate of C. vicinaon the carrion 20-15kg was 3.0%, with the best time at noon (18±2°C) with an average of 4 insects. The percentage of its presence on the corpse 5-3kg was 0.3%, with the best time at noon (18±2°C), with an average was 1 insect. The temperature of 18±2°C (noon) was the best in all weights of the carrion, with a rate of 2.6%, while its presence was 1.3% at 16±2°C (morning).