فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 84، زمستان 1399)

A comparative study on Western and Armenian church architecture, will give us precious information about the church early architecture. Armenian church is a sample of Christian architecture on Eastern context. This study will show that the two architectural cultures do not have the same origins, did not go through the same development process and are not common in dominant structures. Each of these two emanates from its historical and cultural context. Regarding this, the architecture of Western church mostly follows the Greco-Roman architecture and the Armenian one goes back to its own origins, beginning from Urartian period and even before. When talking about early architecture of church, one should notice that, despite of presenting both the linear and the central structures, Western church mostly obeyed the linear one. This geometrical structure was also dominant in pre-Christian period and was named the Christian Basilica afterwards. In contrast, Armenian church payed more attention to central structures, coming out of local Urartian and pre-Christian temples and going back to elder local housing prototypes. Central structures, limited to Roman and Byzantine round mausoleums and similar churches in West, are noticeably in focus of attention when studying Eastern architecture. However, the linear church types were wide spread in Armenia only at the beginning of church architecture (4th to 7th centuries) in two general types. The single nave or hall church goes back to Urartian and pre-Christian local temples and resembles them in dimensions as well as the other characteristics, and the three-nave hall or basilica, having some occasional features in common with the Syrian one, generally goes back to Urartian gathering halls. Thus, even the so-called basilica in Armenian church architecture has not the same origins with the Western one and should be conceived as an original church type, specially noticing its priority in time, for almost 25 years. Coming to central structures in Armenian architecture which are also the most developed and widespread types, one can see that being built from the beginning of forth century this genotype has merely local priors, both in shape of Urartian Square Temple and a central semi domed space in local houses. The latter prototype existed at least from the 5th millennium BC and was very typical of Urartian period. The central structures in Armenian church architecture can also be associated with the Eastern, mostly Iranian, fire temples. Besides the linear and the central structures in early church architecture there are some mixed and crucial types which belong to Byzantine period according to the most world architecture history sources. Studying the architecture of the same period in Armenia shows that the prior sample of the most famous types, as are the central domed church, the domed basilica, and the cross-in-square church with five domes, was created in Armenia in Tekor Cathedral (478 AD), Ejmiadzin Cathedral (301 AD) and the Avan Cathedral (6th century) in turn. Thus, the named church types, including the last as genotype of Eastern Orthodox Church from Greece to Russia, should be recognized originally Armenian.

In our country, during the last few decades, proposals have been made to improve the system of urban management in order to overcome fragmentation and achieve integrated management, but none of them have been implemented. Despite various debates, especially by politicians and executives, which have been done by using the terms such as coordinated urban management, integrated urban management and monistic urban management, clarity of them and organizational structures necessary for their realization are not provided. The main subject and purpose of this article is to examine the structures of coordination and inter-organizational integration and to evaluate the overall appropriate structures for achieving integration in the country's urban management. This evaluation has been done by designing the features of several structures and explaining the appropriateness of each of them with the existing context of Iran’s urban management. In this article, and with a deductive method, it is claimed that the structure or model of the “lead organization” is suitable for the transition to integrated urban management in the country. It seems that the structure of coordination among the organizations, which is called the “Lead Organization”, is most in line with the political and administrative structure of the country's urban management system. In this structure, the council and the municipality take the leadership and directing all the responsible institutions and organizations in the management of cities. The results of this study show that the municipality (council and city manager) in Iran, for various reasons such as being multi-functional, placed-based, democratic and elective institution, more than other public and governmental institutions have the most competence to assume the role of the lead organization in resources and organizations coordination of the city. It is possible and practical to undertake such a mission to achieve greater coordination in the management of cities, even without transferring more tasks to them, which has always faced resistance from public service organizations. Several arguments were put forward to justify the lead organization as a proper and preferred model of coordination and integration, the most important of which is the ability to implement it with less organizational change and at the same time more effectiveness than other studied models. This proposal can be justified by relying on the intrinsic values ​​of local governments on the one hand and their functional advantages, in comparison with other institutions and actors influential in urban management, on the other hand. Values ​​such as democracy and public participation, efficiency and local autonomy, which can be achieved by empowering municipalities as the main institution of urban management, and other functional advantages that balance the leadership of the urban management system, in competition with other existing institutions, in favor of municipalities. These advantages are multi-functionality of municipalities, their place-baseness, responsibility of municipalities along with the state institution in providing public goods and perceptions and public opinion, which holds the municipality responsible for improving the quality of urban life and achieving important cross-cutting goals.

Housing-related issues have always been a challenging topic in architectural research. Studying the history of Tehran’s housing architecture reflects a wide range of changes in the past century in the internal arrangement, mass-space, and the envelope of residential buildings. These transformations raise many questions such as the question of what factors are engaged in changing residential buildings. Even though many studies have tried to answer this question, the role of regulation in housing transformation seems less concerned. The objective of this paper is to investigate the principal factors responsible for housing transformation with an emphasis on the role of regulation in the process of change to fill this nitch in housing studies. In other words, this study tries to explain how the central courtyard houses transformed into row-type apartment buildings and what sort of concepts have changed in this process in the living environments. The hypothesis of this research is that regulations are mostly responsible for principle changes both in mass-space and internal arrangement of residential buildings. To test this hypothesis, first, the factors influenced housing transformation were identified based on historical study and then using content analysis method, some keywords representing the change have derived from the historical study. Putting these keywords in order of time shows a sequence of change which indicate regulation’s influence not only in mass-space but also in defining the internal arrangement of residential buildings. Findings of the historical study showed that residential buildings changed based on three aspects; physical aspects, socio-cultural aspects, and administrative aspects. Studying the administrative aspects, bureaucratic shifting found as one of the most impacting determinants in housing design. The bureaucratic shifting resulted in a change in authorities which revealed it’s impact by new legislation both for architecture and the urbanscape. Studies showed that in the first place, the origin of these legislations is under question but what hit residential architecture the most is the extent to which these legislations regarded. Investigation of this paper showed that in time of some authorities, regulations were neglected as much as one could pay for any illegal construction. Therefore, residential buildings got impacted not only because of mal-establishment of regulation but also because of its mal-implementation. Based on content analysis of the historical studies of this research, two terms of “Pattern-based” and “Regulation-base” residence have introduced as representative of different approaches toward housing design. Pattern-based residences described as houses shaped by following a framework called patterns which either used in historical houses in Iran or imported. A regulation-based residence identified as houses or apartments shaped by following the municipality regulations. The conclusion of this survey is that amongst technological and ideological changes as a result of the modern movement in the past century, regulation’s role in changing residential building’s architecture is very significant and life-changing. The dominance of regulation in housing design not only limited the answer to the question of design but also eliminated the role of the architect and his/her creativity in the design process.

Pathology of design studio education with a constructive approach to the nature of design knowledgeTeaching of design courses in workshops and the way of teaching them according to various design methods and theories have been the most important issue and concern of architecture schools. In this regard, issues such as the design process and the procedure to reach a design have been raised, which often do not reach the desired resultsDesign is one of the most complicated and at the same time the most important human creative activity that requires its own specific capacity and knowledge. Research in design has been around for several decades in ways early research has sought to provide practical design procedures; this is while recent studies have tended to the complexities of the work, described the problem space and the design process. . This dissertation has a constructive view of the nature of design knowledge and examines education in architecture workshops and pathology of conventional method in architecture workshops with an emphasis on the constructive approach. The most important question in this regard is how we can explain a framework for pathology of workshop education by analyzing the nature of knowledge. It begins with a discussion of architectural education, introduces architectural education courses, and the characteristics of each course, and finally it refers to studies conducted on pathology. Then, design-research studies and design process models were introduced for better understanding of the design practice and knowledge required for design. Relying on the postmodern approach, appropriate knowledge and teaching methods for design workshops were introduced. Since the research method of this dissertation was grounded theory, to increase the validity of the research, data were collected using a consensus of three methods (valid sources and documents, interviews with professors and field study of architectural workshops). In the first method, using meta-analytic research, it was found that the appropriate approach for teaching in design workshops is constructive learning, since design knowledge must be constructed and not transferable. Relying on the interviews, the findings showed that knowledge is constructed in architectural workshops and also the disadvantages of education in knowledge construction in architectural workshops were expressed. In field observation, with a rich description (using Schaefer's model (2003)) as well as findings obtained from the previous two methods, categories such as knowledge construction in architectural workshops, the role of teacher and student in knowledge construction, and a constructive approach in architectural workshops were extracted. There is no pre-determined knowledge for design, but design knowledge is constructed simultaneously with designing during the design process based on the various factors that exist. Thus, in design workshops, they should seek to construct knowledge. One of the important factors in constructing design knowledge is teamwork and an interaction between group members. Lack of effective teamwork in design workshops is one of its shortcomings. In the final evaluation, lack of paying attention to individual abilities and the final comparison of each person with other students in the workshop are among the harms of these environments.

Due to the rapid urbanization, urban planning is faced with increasingly complex problems. One such overwhelming issue is urban resilience that has created challenges both for the planners and city managers. Technologies such as IoT, Big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence etc., however, have provided new opportunities to facilitate urban planning efforts. Hence, the smart cities concept, as an innovative mix of technologies and social structure, can be seen as a solution toward making cities more livable. The technologies used in this arena provide open, massive, diverse and accessible data that can be analyzed by reliable and real-time methods to support better planning and decision-making. In this regard, many researchers have found interest in “smart resilience city (SRC)”. This paper is a systematic literature review of such studies in order to provide a new theoretical frame for SRC planning. Here, we have analyzed the mechanism of smart resilience city and its relation with smart city and urban resilience. A sample of 42 related research documents, which were published in 2010-2020, are selected for our study. In the literature, SRC attempts to connect the smart cities concept with resilience: a) to understand the major steps of creating a smart city: design and planning, modelling and simulation, implementation, technology management and evaluation; and b) to contribute to the urban resilience methods such as computational, non-computational, evaluation-based and recovery methods and their applicability in pre-, during, and post-disaster situations. The literature review showed that 35 percent of the research covered design and planning of smart city themes and nearly 75 percent discussed the non-computational methods of urban resilience. Also, they are mainly focused on proactive methods. Our review has uncovered the inadequacy of studies in both smart cities concept and urban resilience. Planning a smart resilience city entails both substance and procedure. “substance” consists of the hard dimension (technology, resources and procedures) and the soft dimension (people, institutions and activities). Moreover, it is revealed that the substance of SRC is formed based on 13 common characteristics: Awareness, Networking, modularity, redundancy, innovation, creativity, learning and predictability, participation, flexibility, collaboration, adaptability, efficiency and diversity. The “procedure” of SRC deals with three major approaches, including the general, thematic and local ones. The general approach explains the frameworks of SRC or a process to achieve it. The thematic approach contains different methods and technologies to ascertain part of SRC. The Local approach concentrates on evaluating and lesson learned from the practical cases around the world. It is proved that the procedural approach is highly related to the expertise of researchers. In conclusion, to plan for SRC, we ask the following questions: (a) How is the plan of SRC related to the steps of creating a smart city?; (b) How is it related to the states of resiliency?; (c) Which methods of resiliency are used in the SRC planning process?; and (d) What are the basic characteristics of the new SRC plan. Finally, the procedure should be designed by a multidisciplinary group based on the redefined content.

Tourism is one of the most important and key industries in urban communities that is one of the main agendas of urban planning. Tourism as the biggest and most diverse industry in the world has been able to have a major contribution to the economic growth in developing countries in the past few decades. The rise in the number of cities due to the global urbanization has increased the diversity of tourist destinations, which has created a competitive environment in urban tourism industry. So that every city tourist destination is planning to attract more tourists. Considering the competition in urban tourism and the increasing importance of this industry in creating economic benefits for cities, it seems that cities need to go beyond tourist satisfaction and try to identify the factors affecting the attachment and loyalty of tourists. At present, the first visit of groups of tourists to a destination alone is not considered a success, but in the existing competitive environment to attract tourists, the number of repeated visits to a place by tourists is an important factor. Although the satisfaction of tourists causes them to visit the destination again, as well as the continuity and stability of tourism and the prosperity of the urban economy, the attachment and loyalty of tourists as a major driving force and an important indicator of success in tourism marketing should be considered more than before. Examining the factors affecting the attachment and loyalty of tourists can make city managers aware of the needs of tourists and lead to the growth and development of sustainable tourism. this study aims to explain the criteria of tourist attachment and loyalty to Rasht city. In the first step, this study examines the relationship between tourist satisfaction as a mediating variable, including five indicators (perceived value, perceived quality, experience quality, destination image, and destination brand image) with tourists' attachment. Then, in the second step, tourists 'attachment has been used as a mediating variable in examining the relationship between tourist satisfaction and tourists' loyalty to Rasht as a tourism destination. The statistical population of this study includes all tourists who have traveled to Rasht at least once. Research information has been obtained from the completion of 404 questionnaires by these tourists. This information is analyzed by SPSS and Smart PLS3 software. The results showed that the quality of experience, perceived value, and destination image had a positive and significant effect on tourist satisfaction and they explain a total of 81.3% of the variance of tourist satisfaction. Also, the perceived quality and image of the destination brand did not have a significant relationship with tourists 'satisfaction and, as a result, tourists' attachment and loyalty. In the second step, the results showed that tourist satisfaction has a positive and significant relationship with tourists' attachment and consequently their loyalty to Rasht. Therefore, these indicators at two levels, and mediated by satisfaction and then attachment indicators, have been able to explain 70/0 % of the variance of the tourist loyalty variable, which is a significant and desirable rate.