فصلنامه شهر پایدار
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 16، زمستان 1400)

Regulations and communication bans in order to prevent the spread of Covid-19 have changed the behavior of people in public spaces and have restricted the presence of people in public spaces. Therefore, people's way of life and activities have undergone forced changes and their meetings and social activities have stagnated. As a result, the dynamism, the sense of vitality, the social relations and the sense of security in public spaces have been lost, and as this situation continues, we will inevitably face a decrease in communication in all aspects of life. The city of Mashhad, despite the special socio-political and cultural spaces such as Shohada Square, Arg Street, etc., which is the destination of many pilgrims and tourists for various reasons, including pilgrimage; with the closure of shrines, parks, Restaurants, etc. has lost many collective activities in these spaces, and as a result, these spaces have become empty of the presence and gathering of people, and social events have also disappeared. This study, which aims to identify and evaluate the factors affected by the Covid-19 and their impact on the architecture of public spaces; with an emphasis on urban resilience and studying the short-term experience of the actions of governments and countries and also examining the background of similar conditions, has tried to identify the physical-behavioral factors of public spaces affected by the epidemic of Covid-19 and evaluate the effective measures on these factors and their importance in preventing the outbreak of the disease. Accordingly, the content of the research is divided into three general sections, namely: 1. design 2. perception, how to use and behave, which with an emphasis on sections one and two, it examines the design and use of space in times of crisis and concludes the discussion with an overview of the third section, namely inequality and deprivation. The background section, referring to the importance of public spaces from the past to the present, includes two main issues: 1. research on the impact of the disease crisis on public spaces and 2. current actions of governments and countries, which considering the consensus of all existing researches in the field of maintaining social distance and observing health protocols, finally seven  main effective indicators on public spaces were extracted, which include access, scale, social activities, warning elements, pollution, order and delimitation.

The research method of the present study is applied and with a quantitative-qualitative approach. The questions of questionnaire were designed based on the research background and considering the effective components resulting from the effect of Covid-19 on public spaces, with 41 items, based on five-point Likert scale. The validity of the questions was checked by five architecture-urban planning experts. Cronbach's alpha method was used in the reliability of the questionnaire. The selection of the statistical population is based on the purpose of the research and with emphasis on the views of philosophers in this field who believe that planning for such crisis conflicts should be examined from the perspective of experts in related fields such as public health, environmental psychology, architects and urban managers and by integrating those skills, it becomes a specialty. Accordingly, 84 people were selected from experts in the two fields of health-wellness and architecture-urban planning, based on non-random and judgmental sampling. A total of 41 effective factors were obtained which were evaluated by descriptive and analytical statistics. Descriptive statistics included frequency, mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis coefficients and in inferential statistics, exploratory factor analysis technique was used. Bartlett test was used to ensure the accuracy of the data. The output of this test shows the chi-square statistic, the degree of freedom and the level of significance, which, if significant, means that there is a correlation between the variables related to a factor. In addition, RII index was exerted to calculate the percentage related to the frequency of responses. 

The 41 mentioned factors were classified in 17 categories, as two physical and behavioral indicators. The results of the evaluations indicate all the physical elements and characteristics and their related factors, i.e. scale, accessibility, warning signs and furniture, density, green space, pollution, traffic, transportation, security and distance; In the physical part and the factors related to social and individual activities and sensory reactions, setting rules and regulations, order, supportive activities, monitoring and activities based on health, are included in the behavioral part which are introduced as  the most important factors affecting public spaces in order to improve the city. Among the physical factors "green spaces in neighborhoods", "reduction of tourist traffic in public spaces" and "building density" and among the behavioral factors "monitoring of official activities", "population density and feeling of congestion" and "creating regular queues" are the most important from the opinion of respondents. In this study, although there was an overview of the effect of the crisis on public spaces in Mashhad, what researchers need is the management of spaces on a local scale. Therefore, this research can be used as a basis in future research on a smaller scale.

Public spaces are the focus and main pillar of keeping alive communications, interactions and exchanges in urban spaces, and attention to physical factors and the way people behave that will change due to pervasive crises affect the quality of these spaces. Therefore, this research is emphasis on accurate planning to face these spaces with pervasive crises, which are intended to increase the resilience of cities. On the other hand, it should be noted that the change in conditions that cause changes in the culture and habits of the people is not sudden and annoying, and such issues should be managed with the least harm to different segments of the people with different cultures, traditions and religions.

Combining the two approaches of urban good governance and social resilience, leads to the ability to create opportunities for citizens to express their wants and needs, the reconstruction of civil society to strengthen and enhance local communities, institutions, and organizations, improvement the quality of life and growth of stakeholders’s participation and cooperation in political and social processes within cities and even in the face of risks. This forms positive economic and social tendencies, and also the sustainability of life. In other words, social resilience stems from urban good governance. In recent decades, many crises (including earthquakes, floods, the spread of disease, etc.) have endangered the lives of citizens and made the city and its inhabitants vulnerable to natural and human threats. Thus, social resilience focuses more than anything else on the capacity of places and social systems to respond to threats and harms. Since the beginning of the New Year, a new pandemic called Covid-19 or Corona, unlike its predecessors (Plague, Cholera, Ebola, Influenza, etc.), not only, it has moved from east to west more rapidly; rather, it has changed the lifestyle, culture of interactions, and social interactions and has influenced the discussion of how to manage urban life. However, Iranian cities, including Tabriz, have not been spared from Covid-19 and have contracted the virus. Therefore, the present study seeks to analyze the effect of the components of urban good governance on the promotion of social resilience of citizens against the Covid-19 in the city of Tabriz and also to answer the following questions: What effect does good urban governance have on citizens' social resilience to the risks of Covid-19? Which of the components of urban good governance has promoted the social resilience of citizens against the risks of Covid-19 in the city of Tabriz?

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative-quantitative in aspects of the nature and method of research. The qualitative part includes identifying the effective components of urban good governance on the social resilience of citizens against the risks of Covid-19 in Tabriz by examining the theoretical foundations of research and Delphi analysis with the participation of 15 urban planning experts in universities and research centers as panel members. In order to sample experts and elites, the available method including scientific experience, willingness, and ability to participate in research has been used. Then the components of optimal urban governance are determined by the fuzzy Delphi method. In the quantitative part, using the structural equation analysis model and path analysis method in PLS software, the type of components has been determined according to the effectiveness and impressionability of other components. The used components in this study are the components of urban good governance. In order to select the components, in addition to studying the theoretical foundations and backgrounds, the opinions of experts in the field of urban good governance, as well as the opinions of university professors, have been exerted. In this regard and in this study, nine main components of urban good governance, including transparency, participation, legitimacy, justice, responsibility and accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, consensus, and flexibility have been exploited.

Findings from the questionnaire in the first round of Delphi and considering that the tolerance threshold is set at 0.7, indicate that out of 48 provided components to experts, in total, the fuzzy numerical value of 29 components, higher than 0.7, have been obtained and  confirmed as effective components on promoting social resilience and 19 components have obtained a value less than 0.7 which indicates that these components, are not approved by experts as an important factor in social resilience. In the second stage of the fuzzy Delphi method, 29 approved components by the experts from the first stage, in the form of other questionnaires, and to start the second phase of the fuzzy Delphi method has been provided to the experts. At this stage, after analyzing and comparing it with the results of the first period, the difference of experts should be less than the pre-threshold level of 0.2 to stop the polling process. According to the comparisons, the assembly of experts disagreed in two stages was less than 0.2, so Delphi will stop in the second round. According to the fuzzy numerical value in the second stage, 28 components have obtained a value higher than 0.7 and have been approved by experts.

Given the prevalence of Covid-19 in the world and the subsequent epidemic of this disease in Iranian cities, including Tabriz, the need to pay attention to the principles of urban good governance to manage this crisis and promote social resilience of citizens against the risks of Covid-19, is important. Therefore, in this study, to explain the effects of urban good governance on the social resilience of citizens against the Covid-19 epidemic in Tabriz, first, the effective components in this field were identified by fuzzy Delphi method and then by structural equation analysis model and path analysis method in PLS software, the type of components is determined according to the effectiveness and impressionability on other components. According to the results, the components of governance at the level of significance p <0/05 have a positive and significant effect on social resilience that the component of participation with the most impact with a coefficient of 0.396 in the first place and after those components of responsibility with a coefficient of 0.395 and accountability with a coefficient of 0.355 are in the next ranks. Therefore, in increasing the social resilience of citizens to deal with the Corona crisis in the city of Tabriz, participation with items such as the possibility of institutional capacity building in the management of Covid-19 crisis, creating a neighborhood, the amount of education of citizenship rights and duties and promoting a culture of participation has been most effective on countering Covid-19.

Today, with the growing population and the expansion of cities, assessing the quality of urban life is of great importance. These evaluations give organizations and city managers a good perspective for future planning and budget allocation. In the meantime, there are various methods for assessing the urban quality of life, among which the combined use of GIS-MCDA can provide an assessment of the quality of urban life with unique capabilities of GIS. 

In this study, OWA method, which is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods with two local and global approaches, was used to evaluate the quality of urban life. OWA is a method in which multi-criteria analysis is performed based on multiple and contradictory criteria and the best solution is selected. In fact, the OWA method is a risk-based approach in MCDA. In other words, this method introduces a new concept of Boolean decision-making method and weighted linear combination that has different degrees of risk (risk-taking). The OWA operation develops a variety of strategies, from the highly pessimistic mode defined in AND to the highly optimistic mode defined as OR in Boolean logic. The risk level can be adjusted by determining the degree of ORness from 0 to 1. 

To select the evaluation criteria, first the available resources in this field were examined and then the opinions of experts were collected. Because local conditions are different and people in different places may have different criteria for the quality of life, similar criteria were combined and criteria were localized. Finally, these data were collected in six layers including: traffic, population density, access to green space, access to health services, sidewalk condition and air pollution. Then, the weights of each layer were calculated using the AHP method with an inconsistency rate of 0.08. In the second phase, raster layers with pixels of 15, 30 and 60 were obtained, each of which covers an area of 225, 900 and 3600 square meters, respectively. This change in the size of different pixels and its sizes was calculated according to the area of each neighborhood and reaching the appropriate pixel size for the study area. The reason for this variation in the pixel size of the layers produced is to study the effect of scale and achieve a scale suitable for the study area because over-shrinking the pixel size increases the cost of collecting field data while increasing processing time and data collection. Also, the large size of the pixels will cause merging and generalization and will make the ranking of places unrealistic. Therefore, the necessary care must be taken in the size of the pixels. Surveys on six neighborhoods including: Islamic Revolution, Valiasr, University of Tehran, Ghaem Magham, Behjatabad and Laleh Park and layers of air pollution, traffic, access to health services, sidewalk quality, access to green space and population density showed the use of local and global approach, Changes in pixel size and varying degrees of risk-taking can each have a direct and enormous direct effect on the results of the urban quality assessment process. With the change of each of the cases, while a significant change in the classification area in many cases occurs, the ranking of the regions also changed. In examining different approaches, using a degree of risk-taking of 0.7 and pixel sizes of 30 and 60 with a 5 * 5 filter has given better results. Therefore, due to the high sensitivity of the expressed variables and the direct effect of the weight of each layer, high care must be taken in selecting the variables and the weight of the experts. 

Comparing the two approaches, it can be seen that in the local approach, in general, "completely undesirable" areas are more scattered in the center and southeast. While in the global method, the dispersion of "completely undesirable" areas does not have a fixed cumulative pattern in the area and its effect can be seen throughout the neighborhoods in the form of small and large spots. It is evident from the results that "Fully desirable" areas in this approach are mostly seen on the outskirts of parks and boulevards. According to the results, the highest percentage of "perfectly desirable" floor area compared to the area itself is related to conditions with a degree of risk of 0.7, 3 * 3 window and a pixel size of the input layers of 15 meters.

Poverty, inequality and the inability of some groups in the community to provide adequate housing and the shortcomings of the urban planning and management system in creating the necessary conditions for these groups to enjoy adequate housing led to the formation of informal settlements and slums. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes of spatial distribution of poverty and urban deprivation among informal neighborhoods and settlements in Ahvaz. 

The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of type and theoretical-applied in terms of purpose. In order to collect information for the necessary theoretical insight and review the literature on the subject, documentary and library methods and for other data, 12389 blocks of data taken from the data of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016 have been used. To investigate the spatial distribution of urban poverty in informal settlements in Ahvaz, first poverty indicators are calculated using Excel software and factor analysis is examined using SPSS software. To perform the spatial analysis, the methods of spatial autocorrelation analysis of general Moran statistic, G general statistic, hot spots and Morris's time index of development in GIS software environment were exerted. In this regard, 29 urban poverty indicators have been defined and calculated and scaled by fuzzy method in Excel software environment, and then transferred to SPSS software environment. 

In order to analyze and explain the blocks of Ahvaz city, 28 indicators were defined. In factor analysis, those with a specific value greater than one remain in the components, and if the values are less than one, they are separated from the other components. After analyzing the hot spots of poor neighborhoods, the Morris index of each factor was calculated and converted into a map and poverty zoning maps were prepared according to seven factors. The first factor affecting poverty areas are scattered in the center and western half of Ahvaz. Al-Safi, Hasirabad, Manbae Ab, Alavi alley, Razmandegan, Krishan, Malashieh, Siyahi and the same two are among the nine marginal neighborhoods that have the highest percentage of the population in the middle class with 29.2% and the poor with 53.6%. It is noteworthy that the highest employment ratio in the three middle classes was 31.47, poor 34.98 and very poor with 39.94% more than the employment ratio in the affluent class with 24.8% and the economic participation rate in the middle classes with 37.90, poor 40.24 and very poor with 43.56 percent more than the affluent class with 30.92 percent. This can be due to the employment of the poor population in service and informal activities such as employment in construction, sales, repairs, wholesale and retail, transportation and other service activities. The reason for the employment of this group in low levels of services is often due to lack of sufficient skills and education. In terms of geographical distribution, Ein Do, Seyahi, Koi Alavi, Goldasht, Golbahar, Malashieh, Krishan and Razmandegan towns are located on the western outskirts of Ahvaz. As a result, it is observed that a high percentage of the area of Ahvaz city is at the average level of net dependency with 54.4%. Despite this, the net support of the poor is estimated at 2.10 percent. In the fourth factor of Mauritius, which emphasizes the population index, it is observed that the rate of population density in slums is higher than affluent and moderate neighborhoods. Distribution of social index, percentage of divorced men to all men aged 10 and over and percentage of divorced women to total women aged 10 and over in the eastern half of Ahvaz, especially in suburban areas such as Ain Do, Malachieh, Goldasht, Golbahar and Sayyahi. According to the findings, the percentage of divorced women to the total number of women aged 10 and over in all classes is higher than the percentage of divorced men to the total number of men aged 10 and over because many men marry after the divorce. In poor areas, including the poor with 2.58 and the very poor with 4.90, there is the highest percentage of divorced women out of the total number of women aged 10 and over. 

The highest percentage of city blocks with 44.4% is in the middle class and the lowest with 8.1% is in the very poor class. The highest percentage of the city area is in the middle and poor clusters with 36.28 and 34.28%, respectively. It seems that the poor and middle class in the city of Ahvaz with a high percentage of population and households are scattered in most parts of the city, but the affluent class with a very small population of 0.037% 23.8% of the city area. The high rate of economic participation in informal settlements indicates that a significant percentage of the population of working age is present in the informal labor market which in fact, this group is excluded from the active population. The amount of net dependency burden is one of the valid economic indicators that shows each employed person is responsible for the living expenses of several dependents. In the very poor class with 2.10 and the poor class with 0.36 percent of the burden of care, it shows that this class bears more economic burden than the employees of other neighborhoods. Among the fifth factor indicators, the high percentage of divorced women to the total number of women aged 10 and over, poor and very poor, with 4.90 and 2.58%, which completely cover the slums, indicate the vulnerability of female-headed households in the community which needs to be considered by planners and policy-makers.

In a world that is moving towards globalization, cities are increasingly competing to attract new businessmen, investors, tourists and citizens to their region. Many of these regions use branding techniques to differentiate their identities from others or use this method to make what they offer unique. The urban brand has been adapted from the world of business and has been used to promote urban development and the quality of life of citizens. Therefore, in this research in Zanjan city (case study), all urban spaces are highlighted according to the time and place dimension and the way of functioning in the city. And this city, which is a city for travelers crossing the northwest of the country through the capital, becomes a travel destination. The historical background of the people living in the city, how they use urban spaces and how they interact with travelers are among the factors that can be effective in expressing the principles of branding in Zanjan. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the situation of urban branding components in Zanjan to identify the potentials and weaknesses of this city for urban branding. The present study was conducted in response to the question of whether the development of an urban branding has an effect on increasing revenue and capital management in Zanjan?

The present study is part of applied research in terms of purpose and is part of descriptive in terms of implementation or strategy. This study is a mixed research consisting of two quantitative and qualitative parts. The data collection method in the present study is based on quantitative and qualitative data, semi-structured interview and questionnaire. The effective factors on branding were identified using semi-structured interviews. The results of fuzzy hierarchical analysis and strategic analysis were presented using quantitative data obtained from the pairwise comparison questionnaire and Porter’s Five Forces Model. The statistical sample of the present study was 20 specialists and 20 urban managers who were selected using snowball sampling method. According to the value of 0.29 based on the CVR table, ‌ it can be said that the data collection tool has good validity in the present study. In the present study, Cohen's Kappa coefficient method was exerted to the reliability of data collection tools. Based on the calculations, Cohen's Kappa coefficient in the present study is equal to 0.74, which indicates the appropriate level of reliability for data collection tools.

The method of analysis at this stage of the research consists of two main parts as following: First, internal and external forces were determined according to the views and opinions of the experts, and thus, the final weight was given to each factor. Finally, the necessary strategy and Zanjan brand will be developed. Experts have been used to formulate the Potter strategy. In this way, they were asked to mention solutions to improve the forces aligned and eliminate the danger of the forces opposed to urban branding, based on all internal and external forces aligned and opposed to urban branding. Revenue and investment management of Zanjan city has been identified in the form of historical and cultural identity. Therefore, the brand identity of Zanjan city can be searched in the history and culture of this city. According to them, presenting the brand to the stakeholders along with advertising is essential for the brand. In the present study, after selecting and presenting the brand name of Zanjan city, the logo of Zanjan city has been presented based on the opinion of experts in the field of marketing and logo design. In presenting the present brand logo, an attempt has been made to show the cultural and historical identity of Zanjan, which was described in the previous parts of the research.

The highest priority among foreign forces in line with the explanation of urban brand in Zanjan is proximity to Tehran as the most important center of capital and income of the country, location on the route of the northern and northwestern provinces of the country, and the existence of suitable air, rail and road infrastructures for domestic and foreign visitors. Also, the lowest priority was to create new job opportunities and restaurants and hotels full of travelers, the possibility of expanding skills training for new forces to enter the sector compared to other economic sectors and the existence of rituals and religious places of interest to the public. Also, among the foreign forces opposed to the definition of urban brand in Zanjan, the high cost of competition with the attractions of neighbouring provinces has the highest priority and the lack of positive imagery and attractive branding of the cities of the province is in the lowest priority. The score obtained from the evaluation of the effective internal factors on the urban branding in Zanjan is 1.42, which indicates the dominance of strengths over weaknesses in the domestic environment. Also, achieving a final score of 1.62 in the evaluation of the effective external factors on the explanation of the urban branding in Zanjan, shows the dominance of opportunities over existing threats in the external environment. Accordingly, the application of scores obtained from the evaluation of internal and external factors indicates the position of "growth and development" to explain the urban brand in Zanjan.

Today, due to the dramatic increase in urban population, urban spaces have encountered numerous economic, social, environmental and physical challenges. These challenges have led scientists in various sciences to agree on the importance that the current society going through a long period of instability. Urban instability in its various dimensions has caused the city and contemporary urbanism face new challenges such as diminishing identity and place attachment. However, one of the main bases for paying attention to the sustainability of living in urban spaces is the one's place attachment and activity in urban spaces. This attachment is the factor that turns a space into a place with special sensory and behavioral characteristics for certain individuals. Place attachment not only causes a sense of comfort from an environment, but also makes the achievement of identity for individuals. Place attachment with components such as natural elements and environmental comfort, spatial qualities, accessibility and permeability, functions and activities, furniture and equipment, identity, readability, beauty and symbolism, social interactions and time in urban spaces play an effective role in economic, social and environmental-physical sustainability.  Regarding the spatial differences between urban spaces and historical textures of different cities, investigating the situation of a place attachment in the historical and new textures of each city can play an important role in planning different urban textures.

The present research is applied and quantitative in terms of purpose and methodology, respectively. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect the required data. The statistical sample size was estimated using Bartlett et al. (2001) table. In the historical texture which included 2046 households, 190 individuals were considered as a statistical sample and in the new texture with 6406 households, 209 individuals were considered as a statistical sample. The main research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that has been extracted based on theoretical foundations and research records. The first part of the questionnaire is allocated to the individual characteristics of the respondents and the second and third parts are allocated to the dimensions, components, indicators and variables of place attachment in the historical texture and the new texture of Bandar Lengeh. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the opinions of university professors and experts. Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicated the reliability of the tools used.

The average age of the historical texture’s residents was 44 years (the youngest and the eldest were 23 and 67 years, respectively). The average monthly income status was 2.5 million Tomans and the average residence period of the residents of the historical texture was 26 years. 136 respondents were male and 54 female. 8% of the respondents were illiterate, 18% had primary education, 24% secondary education, 32% diploma and 18% had a university education. The average age of the new texture residents of Bandar Lengeh was 46 years and the youngest and eldest were 19 and 59 years, respectively. The average monthly income status was 3 million Tomans and the average residence period of the new texture residents was 5 years. 142 respondents were male and 67 were female. 5% of the respondents were illiterate, 14% had primary education, 21% secondary education, 28% diploma and 32% had a university education. 

The results of the present study showed that the place attachment in the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh is in a proper condition. The result obtained is consistent with the findings of Montazer Al-Hijja et al. (2016) regarding the sense of place in the historical neighborhoods of Yazd, Ananhad et al. (2019) about the place attachment in the old neighborhood of Sagharisazan Rasht, and Yazdani et al (2019) on the place attachment in the outskirts of Ardabil. The results showed that in contrast to the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh, the general situation and most of its components in the new texture of this city are in an unfavorable situation. The results of the study are consistent with the studies of Bezi et al. (2014), Sarai et al. (2016), and Mohammad Moradi et al. (2019) who have pointed to the unfavorable situation of the place attachment. Regarding the comparison of the place attachment in the historical and new texture of Bandar Lengeh, the results showed that at the level of 95% confidence, the place attachment status in the historical texture is better than the new texture of this city which is consistent with the results of Montazer Al-Hijja et al. (2016) regarding the place attachment of historical and new neighborhoods of Yazd. According to the results of the proper condition of the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh in comparison with the new texture in terms of the place attachment and its components, preservation, and recreation of the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh is necessary and inevitable. It is suggested that in designing and developing the new texture of this city, more attention be paid to the components of the place attachment, especially natural elements and environmental comfort, etc., and the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh be used as a model for the planning and managing new urban texture. Limitations of the research include the prevalence of Covid19 and the reluctance of citizens to complete the questionnaire. In order to increase the coherence of the subject under study and fill the gap in this field, according to the results, the suggestions are the study of factors affecting the place attachment in the historical context of Bandar Lengeh in the form of a native model; Identifying the key drivers affecting the place attachment in the historical context of Bandar Lengeh with a future research approach.

Evaluating the efficiency and performance of urban management in providing urban services is very important because of its impact on people's living standards. Given the importance of this issue and the fact that the city of Ardabil as the center of the province, has many problems that could be turned into a developed and advanced city with proper management, this study evaluates the level of citizen satisfaction with the performance of urban management (city municipality) Ardabil) in four dimensions of socio-cultural, environmental, economic and physical in 24 studied areas of Ardabil using the method of structural equations, which according to studies can gather the most useful information about the intended purpose. Therefore, this study seeks to answer the following question: what is the evaluation of the performance of urban management from the perspective of the citizens of Ardabil?

The nature of the present research is applied and the research method is descriptive and analytical. The method of data collection is based on library and field studies. In library studies, the relevant theoretical foundations, national and global experiences have been referred to and in field studies, questionnaire tools have been used. The study area is 24 central neighborhoods of Ardabil. Due to the large population living in these neighborhoods (65,774 people), sampling has been done. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula and a total of 383 samples were selected and a questionnaire was randomly classified (proportional to the population of each neighborhood) and distributed. Questionnaire questions were divided into two categories; the first category is related to demographic characteristics and descriptive information and the second category is related to the evaluation factors of urban management in sustainable urban development from the citizens' point of view in four dimensions: socio-cultural, economic-managerial, environmental and physical-physical; all questions are based on the Likert scale (five options). In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to obtain the reliability of the questionnaires. The coefficient obtained is 0.838, which indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed based on Logical method which has been approved by a group of experts. Finally, the Smart PLS model has been exploited to analyze the obtained data and evaluate the factors affecting citizens' satisfaction in urban management in sustainable urban development. The Smart PLS method consists of two parts. In the first part, the measurement model, i.e. the reliability of convergent and divergent identification and validity of research structures and tools, is examined, and in the second part, the structural model is tested and hypotheses are tested. Diagnostic reliability, convergent validity and divergent validity are discussed in examining the measurement model. 

First, the reliability of the indicators, convergent validity and divergent validity were used in the research findings section to measure the fit of the measurement model. Reliability of indicators for measuring internal reliability includes three criteria: factor load coefficients, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability. The data show that all Cronbach's alpha values ​​are greater than 0.7, which indicates that the reliability is desirable, and the composite reliability values ​​are more than 0.7, and all research variables have a AVE value greater than 0.5. This indicates that the convergent validity of the research variables is appropriate. Combined reliability criterion is another evaluation criterion for determining the reliability of structures in the partial least squares method. This criterion should also be more than 0.7, which in the results also shows the appropriate combination reliability. Fornell-Larker criterion was used to validate the divergence of the measurement model. According to this criterion, the acceptable divergence validity of a model indicates that one structure in the model has more interaction with its characteristics than other structures. Divergence validity is at an acceptable level when the average amount of variance extracted for each structure is greater than the shared variance between that structure and the other ones in the model. According to this criterion, a latent variable compared to other ones, should have a greater dispersion among its observable, to say that the latent variable has a high diagnostic validity and Ardabil Municipality performance evaluation indicators have a high diagnostic validity.

The results of structural equations showed that socio-cultural, economic-managerial, environmental and physical dimensions affect urban performance and these relationships are statistically confirmed. Based on structural equations, physical and environmental dimensions are the first and second priority, and economic - managerial and socio-cultural are the third and fourth priorities. In this regard, the results of this study are consistent with the results of research by Khakpour et al. (2015) on the effect of socio-cultural sustainability of Piranshahr neighborhoods on the performance of urban management. The results of determining the strategy of Ardabil citizens 'satisfaction with the evaluation of the performance of Ardabil metropolitan municipality have shown that citizens' satisfaction with the performance of Ardabil municipality in all four dimensions of socio-cultural, Environmental, economic - managerial and physical, is effective and meaningful, and also citizens are familiar with the importance of these indicators and have evaluated them in terms of significant satisfaction, so in terms of all dimensions of the study, Ardabil metropolitan municipality should base its action on new and optimal strategy and management in the areas studied in the present study to improve the sustainability situation.

After the 1970s and World War II, strong reactions began to the overgrowth of cities, these reactions led to the formation of movements such as smart growth, new-urbanism, creation of places, compact city, and so on. On a smaller scale, these movements have proposed some types of development, including support for transportation-oriented development, mixed-use development, and infill development. With the emergence of new ideas, urban growth and development has been intelligently proposed and infill development is a part of it. Especially with the expansion of the concept of sustainable urban development, in which it recommends the effective and sustainable use of development capacities abandoned within urban areas, it has gained special importance. Generally, infill development is a practical solution for preventing the physical expansion of the city in undeveloped lands around the city and the development of vacant and abandoned land within urban areas. Infill development has increased investment in urban revitalization and uses all the existing capacities in the city development and creating mixed uses. But in the cities of Iran, despite the boundless expansion of the city on the horizon and finally destruction of agricultural lands and the emergence of other environmental problems, infill development is less used as a solution to reduce urban development problems and it needs more researches. In this research, we discuss the infill development capacity of residential development in Shariati neighborhood of Tabriz metropolis as an old and dilapidated neighborhood in order to answer the question of whether these old neighborhoods have the capacity for infill development? If there is the development capacity in these neighborhoods, how much is it? Therefore, the present article seeks to measure the capacity of residential development with an infill development approach in Shariati neighborhood to be a step towards sustainable development in this neighborhood.

According to the research objectives and components, the research method is analytical-descriptive. The required data and information for the research have been obtained and processed through library and field studies. First, the required information is prepared from various documents and field surveys and then based on them, maps were prepared related to each index through ArcGIS software. Then, the weights are indexed using the combined method (AHP-Fuzzy TOPSIS), Finally, through ArcGIS software, the combination of raster maps is done based on the used method.

The used indicators in this research are: Empty and barren lands, quality of buildings, impermeability, fineness of parts, number of buildings floors, relative value of land and type of building materials (building skeleton). The first used criterion, is the amount of empty and barren lands. This criterion is considered because it is closer to scalability than other factors. Another indicator in infill development, is the study of building quality. In the building quality index, buildings are classified into four, new, usable, renovated and destroyed groups. In the study area about 8.39% are destroyed ones, 52.30% are usable ones, 30.68% are renovated ones and 8.63% are new ones. The next studied indicator in this research, is accessibility and permeability. To examine this index, neighborhoods are classified into four groups according to access to the thoroughfares which the results show 26.43% of parts with high impermeability, 12.56 medium impermeability, 15.58 low impermeability and 44.43 very low impermeability. According to the obtained result, the studied neighborhood has a great potential for infill development. Another studied indicator, is the floors of buildings.  In the studied neighborhood of all floors, 79.13% are 2 floors and less, 16.38% of them are 3 and 4 floors, 3.20% are 5 and 6 floors and 1.29% has been built above 6 floors. The latest studied indicators are the used materials (building skeletons) in buildings. In order to analyze the development capacity of the building skeleton index, buildings with reinforced concrete materials in the low development capacity class, steel structures in the medium development capacity class, composites materials such as raw clay, brick and wood, etc. are in the category of high development capacity.

The results of the research show that the capacity for residential infill development in Shariati neighborhood has been very high. According to the obtained results in the GIS environment, 34.04% of the neighborhood area has very high potential, 37.42% has high potential, 23.37% has medium potential, and 5.7% has low potential. These results mean that Shariati neighborhood has full potential for revitalization and redevelopment to increase the capacity of residential land use. Based on the results, it can be said that the studied neighborhood, which is now one of the most dilapidated neighborhoods of Tabriz metropolis, needs an urgent need for planning in order to improve and renovate. The use of infill development strategy with smart growth approach can be one of the most important scenarios for urban planners. Considering the two groups of very high and high scalability, it can be said that more than half of the total area of ​​the studied area, is prone to infill development, which is necessary to develop appropriate planning based on the principles of smart growth.