نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال بیستم شماره 5 (پیاپی 89، آذر و دی 1400)

Job burnout among nurses is a global concern caused by frequent and round-the-clock encounters with stressful situations. This study aimed to specify the status of using a specific questionnaire in assessing the occupational burnout among the nurses.

This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study conducted on 637 Iranian nurses in 2019. The cluster sampling method was used to collect data. The data collection tool was a specific nursing burnout questionnaire. The frequency, mean, and standard deviation were assessed using SPSS- 16, and after proving abnormality with inferential tests such as Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-wallis tests, data were analyzed.

Most of the nurses participating in this study (85.4%) were female. The mean age and work experience of participants were 33.29±7.07 and 8.14±7.46 years, respectively. The mean score of job burnout among the participants was 123.60±18.20. The highest mean was related to the consequences (40.74±10.01) and organizational antecedents (32.76±4.38), whereas the lowest mean was related to the individual’s toughness (21.08±2.74). Regarding demographic variables, marital and employment status, the number of children, and working shifts had a significant relationship with job burnout (p<0.05).

The results of this study indicated that the mean of burnout among nurses was moderate, and most of the subscales related to burnout were seen under the subscales of consequences and organizational antecedents. Therefore, it is essential that nursing managers identify the causes of burnout and consider plans and workshops to reduce and eliminate the causes of burnout, and maintain the safety and physical and mental health of nurses.

Anemia is common in both age groups of 9-24 months and adolescence. Considering the fact that anemia in children is associated with various complications such as stunted growth, activity intolerance, behavioral changes, inattention, irritability and changes in the immune response, the aim of this study was to compare the frequency of anemia in infants with normal birth weight and LBW at 12 months of age.

This was an analytical study using the historical cohort method with a parallel design from February 2017 to July 2016. The study population was all the infants referred to health centers of Yazd at the age of 12 months for vaccination, who were monitored. 100 infants were selected and divided into two groups of 50 with normal birth weight (more than 2500 g) and the birth weight less than 2500 g by simple random sampling, and CBC and ferritin tests were run for them. In this study, the hemoglobin less than 11 was considered anemia, and finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software.

The results showed that the two groups of the LBW and the normal weight were not different in terms of sex, but the type of feeding was different, and infants of LBW group used more powdered milk. 22% of LBW infants and 38% of normal weight infants were anemic.

According to the results of the study, it seems that the rate of anemia is due to the use of powdered milk,  iron supplements with higher doses for LBW infants early on, and better and constant care compared to infants with normal weight. However, more comprehensive studies with larger sample sizes can be effective in explaining these anemia-related factors in LBW infants.

In this study, the relationship between psychosocial-social status and the academic achievement of the students from North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences was investigated in order to take steps in providing more effective services to the students.

This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on 423 students from North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, who were selected by a multistage sampling method (stratified and systematic random). Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire, general health questionnaire (GHQ-12), Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS), social health scale, and the life satisfaction scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 18 and descriptive-statistical tests.

The mean of the subjects’ age was 21/65±3/52, the mean of their GPA was 16/2±1/47, and the mean of their mental health was 23/46 ± 6/08. There was no significant relationship between the students' GPA and their mental health. However, there was a significant relationship between mental health and life satisfaction, social support, self-esteem, and social health. Girls' life satisfaction was higher than that of the boys (P=0/027). The girls’ perceived social support was lower than the boys' (P=0/025). The singles' level of life satisfaction was lower than that of the married couples (P>0/100). There was a significant difference in life satisfaction of the students with different majors (P=0/500). Their perceived social support also showed a significant difference (P=0/10).

According to the results of the study, in general, different dimensions of psychological and social status such as self-esteem, self-confidence, social support, social health, life satisfaction can affect the students' educational status. This relationship is usually reciprocal, meaning that social and psychological indicators affect the educational status, and the educational status is also effective in improving or deteriorating mental and social health.

Perceptual motor activities improve motor skills and learning. These skills play an effective role in receiving, interpreting and responding to the sensory stimuli. This study aimed to identify perceptual-motor problems in visually impaired people.

This qualitative research was conducted using a research synthesis method. Therefore, the analysis unit consisted of all the related scientific studies. With regard to the systematic research in internal and external databases based on the inclusion criteria, 1052 scientific studies were identified, and finally, according to the exclusion criteria, 71 studies were selected for the final analysis. To collect the required data, a researcher-made worksheet was used, and to ensure of the coding, two examiners were asked to reencode the findings. For data analysis, Roberts’ six-step research synthesis model with open and axial coding methods was used.

The results from this study led to the identification of 41 categories, which was eventually narrowed down to 14 codes of alternative concepts. The most common perceptual -motor problems of the blind were navigation, coordination of motor function, and balance disorders.

Success in implementing educational programs and its effectiveness on the blind requires providing solutions in line with their most important problems in order of priority. Providing appropriate infrastructure, proper preparation regarding knowledge, skill and attitude among students and professors, as well as appropriate designing of educational programs for the blind prioritizing their navigation, motor coordination, and balance problems are suggested.

Breast milk is the best, most useful and most effective food for the baby. On the other hand, contamination of milk with various toxic elements can have adverse effects on children's health. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and performance of breastfeeding women referring to Abarkooh health centers regarding heavy metals transferred from breast milk.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in October ,2019, in which 250 breastfeeding women referred to health centers in Abarkooh were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected through a 4-part questionnaire(demographic, knowledge, attitude, performance) used in a similar study. Finally, data were coded using SPSS 24 software and descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The mean scores of knowledge, attitude and performance of the women were 5.24 ± 3.18, 16.25 ± 5.28 and 15.17 ± 5.39, respectively. There was a significant difference between the mean and standard deviation of the variables of knowledge, attitude and performance in the women under the study regarding demographic variables. There was only a significant difference between knowledge and education level of women (P = 0.01). There was also a significant positive correlation between women's knowledge, attitude and performance.

Low awareness of heavy metals transferred from breast milk, can increase the  risks associated with various types of breast milk poisoning in infants; therefore, educational programs ,such as programs and workshops related to proper nutrition, lifestyle and health behaviors for breastfeeding mothers can be effective in increasing the level of awareness in women. It should be noted that training programs should be designed to lead to appropriate attitudes and performances.

Excessive consumption of disposable containers, and specifically the plastic ones, has adverse effects on ecosystem and the community's health. To identify ecological factors (individual, interpersonal and social) related to these containers, this study aimed to specify the most important factors according to the participants.

This was a qualitative content analysis  conducted through interviews with participants in different age and gender groups in Khomeini Shahr, Esfahan, in 2021, and continued until data saturation with 37 participants was reached. Data analysis was performed by qualitative content analysis method, based on the steps suggested by Elo in MAXQDA20 software.

The results demonstrated that the factors affecting the use of disposable containers were divided into two main categories of individual factors including four subcategories: preferences and priorities, personal beliefs, information and knowledge, fear and negative emotions. The interpersonal and social factors included nine subcategories: force of using, conflict between economic advantages and health, features and efficiency, putting foodstuff in disposable containers, hygiene elements related to health, factors related to families, social norms, the effect of advertisements, and increasing places using disposable containers.

The results of this study indicated that comfort of use, being light and unbreakabl, ease of transportation, welfare and observing hygiene issues increased the use of containers, but paying attention to the health issues and effective educational sessions on the proper consumption of these disposable containers, can decrease the use of these containers.

Infertility has various and innumerable causes, which pointing them out one by one is difficult and out of the scope of this paper. Infertility causes are different between males and females, and each case requires a separate and thorough research. The present study aimed to identify the male infertility causes.

This study was conducted using a qualitative method, which analyzed the infertile males' accounts regarding their problem. For this purpose, couples suffering from infertility were interviewed 13 times .In all these cases, men were responsible for infertility, but both men and women experienced the issues related to infertility. Interviews were analyzed using Glaser approach.

Various causes regarding male infertility were discussed, the most important of which was infertility as a consequence of previous diseases. Furthermore, in addition to the cultural view of women as the ones responsible for infertility, infertile males unconsciously, affected the fertility of their female partners, where ,in time they also became infertile.

In general, all the points discussed, were classified into five categories including: “genetic infertility,” “physiological infertility,” “gender stereotypes of infertility,” “reproduction of male infertility,” and “genesis of infertility,” from which the core concept of “the challenges of infertility”  was derived.

Paying attention to oral health of the vulnerable groups, including pregnant women, is of particular importance. Because self-efficacy is a predictor of behaviors related to oral and dental health, this study was conducted to determine the effect of educational intervention on the self-efficacy related to the oral and hygiene among pregnant mothers.

This was a quasi-experimental study performed on 100 pregnant women who referred to Yazd Karami General Health Center in 2020. Samples were objective-oriented and randomly divided into case and control groups (50 people in each group). The demographic questionnaire and Oral Hygiene Self-efficacy Questionnaire (OHSQ) were used. It included 19 items related to self-efficacy ,such as: brushing, flossing and visiting the dentist (with a score range of 0-76).The intervention was done during one month in four 60-minute training sessions. One month later, data from both groups were collected again. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 21 software and paired t-test, independent t-test and Chi-square.

There was a significant increase in the mean of self-efficacy regarding flossing in the case group before (11.26 ±5.66) and after the intervention (14.06 ± 5.79) (P = 0.03). The difference in self-efficacy of flossing between the case and control groups (11.64 ±6.83) after the intervention was significant, as well. (P = 0.04). The total self-efficacy in the case group increased significantly before (41.00 ± 9.18) and after the intervention (46.34 ± 10.10) (P = 0.04), and between the case and control groups (41.32 ± 13.45) after the intervention, too, became significant (P = 0.04).

Educational intervention can increase the self-efficacy related to oral and dental hygiene among pregnant mothers, especially with regard to the use of dental floss, and can be effective in maintaining their oral and dental health during pregnancy.