نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 19 (پاییز 1400)

Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the prominent figures of the pre-Islamic era of the Hashemite dynasty, with convertion to Islam, on the one hand, provided important support for the Prophet, On the other hand, he changed the pattern of the polytheists' trade with the Prophet and the Muslims, and this category placed him in a different position. But what causes and factors or motives led to his Islamization is debatable, especially since the time of his conversion to Islam was linked to an event that seemed to be the main factor in his decision. This article critiques the three challenging elements of infamy, bigotry, and exploitation with the hypothesis that the truth-seeking element was his main and central motivation in converting to Islam, and offers the appropriate answer to the above question through historical semantics and content analysis. Although this acknowledges that such explanations are always subject to criticism and competing theories. Although there has been a flurry of talk about Hamza and he has been mentioned in the history books, ‌ but with the focus on the issue, ‌ no research has been done. Therefore, addressing it seems necessary.

The present article examines the relationship between the growth of science and technology by distinguishing between science and technology and defining each one separately. The main question of this article is why the scientific progress of Muslims in the fifth to seventh centuries AH did not lead to their advancement in technology. Conversely, Westerners, who had made significant scientific advances in the post-Renaissance centuries, could make advances in technology. With this hypothesis, this article examines the reasons for the scientific progress of Muslims and their lack of progress in technology, unlike the Western world. The method of the article is explanatory and analytical and the method of data collection is library. Such things as the humanist spirit in the West and the difference between expectation from science, financial independence of technology in the West, the use of mathematical language, the weakness of the Islamic education system, the prevalence of corticalism and Sufism in Islam and finally the Mongol invasion are the reasons for this fact. Finally, two suggestions for the continuation of this scientific-comparative work are presented.

The Seljuk made some attacks to the land of Anatolia and Levant with their religious, political and economic motivations after conquering Iran. These attacks caused establishment of two local governments on those region. Roman (Anatolia) and Levant, as the local governments had simultaneous period with the Great Seljuk as well the limited relationship with central government which were political mostly. This paper tends to determine the factors that affected such relationships as well as investigating the roles of the factors in their relationships with descriptive-analytic approach. The findings of this research show that the relationships of the Great Seljuk and Levant Seljuk was affected by the crusades and expansionism of the Levant Seljuk and the relationship of the Great Seljuk and Roman Seljuk was affected by Abbasid Caliphate and controversies of the power claimants in the Levant. The efforts of Roman and Levant to become Great Seljuk Sultan were a joint factor in the relationships of those two with Great Seljuk. These factors are made tensions naturally, so they made enmity between the Great Seljuk and Roman and Levant. However, some of the factors made friendships between them.

The backwardness and decline of Islamic societies is one of the important issues that many Muslim thinkers have addressed and offered solutions to overcome it. Khair al-Din al-Tunisi is one of the political thinkers who, considering the progress of Muslims and the decline of Europeans in the past on the one hand, observing the decline of Islamic societies and the progress of Europeans in his time on the other hand, has presented relatively different views on this issue. Aqum al-Masalak fi Maarefa Ahwal al-Mamalak »has been reflected, but so far these views have not been properly examined. The question is what is the way out of Islamic societies from the state of civilizational decline in the thought of Khair al-Din Tunisia? The present paper has been organized based on the above book to obtain the Tunisian solution by descriptive method. Findings show that he considers the way out of backwardness of Islamic societies to return to the legacy of Islamic civilization, practice the rule of interaction and adaptation of civilization, the establishment of a political system based on justice, freedom and salinity.

Hamza Ibn Abdulmutallab is one of the most central figures in the history of Islam who has had a significant presence and influence in many events of the time of the Prophet (PBUH), especially during the period of the Besat. It seems that recognizing his position and role in the upheavals of the Besat period can be a criterion for understanding the position of the family of the Prophet (PBUH) in fulfilling the mission. The main issue of the research is that how the authors of the Leiden Encyclopedia of Islam, which is the most famous and most complete encyclopedia in the world, have shown a picture of Hazrat Hamza. In this article, by examining the content of Hamza's three editions written by Henry Lamens, Meredith Owens and Najm Haidar, it was shown that none of these three articles are as encyclopedic as they should be and do not conform to conventional scientific methods. Because these articles are written without a precise reference to historical sources and with a one-sided and prejudicial view. The three authors of Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib's article in the three editions of the Encyclopedia of Islam not only did not use appropriate sources and researches of Muslims, especially Shiites, but even they did not correctly reflect the works and researches of the West writers about Hamzah.

Basra has had a cultural beginning for the Shiites since its establishment, especially when Imam Ali (as) entered the city during the Battle of Jamal. However, it is rumored that the city of Basra is Sunni. As a result, the question arises that: what is the fact of Shiism in Basra(in cultural case) and what is the role of Imam Ali (as) in it?Those who follow this issue closely and carefully believe that cultural Shiism in Basra, and especially in the level of religious and literary heritage, in addition to being original and rooted, has also been active in the cultural arena and has established a cultural path and reformed it, especially in connection with the scientific renaissance and cultural depth.Imam Ali (PBUH) was the first to directly take the lead in this field, and those who played a role in establishing and consolidating the concept of culture, were influenced by him and his method. The culture had its own first-level men and founders, which started from Imam Ali (as) and after passing through his companions such as Ibn Abbas, Abi Al-Aswad Doli and others, had continued by their students who had this great responsibility and many of them were among the first Shiites.Therefore, Imam Ali (as) after the Battle of Jamal could create a wilayah culture different from the previous culture. His active presence was a turning point and a starting point in the new cultural mentality that he developed in order to create an all-encompassing thought and mentality for the cultural and epistemological movement, and during his stay there, he presented a lot of information that was very effective in reshaping thoughts and beliefs and even advocacy.If Imam Ali (as) had not been present as a teacher of generations of Muslims to encourage them to learn science and knowledge and its writing, the religious and literary heritage would not have been formed. If there were not scientific and epistemological revolution led by Imam Ali (as), this great scientific heritage would not have existed for Muslims in terms of quantity and content. Our research is focused on collecting and examining historical documents with their various aspects.Our method in this research is analytic-descriptive.We want to try to find Shiite culture, in the hope that we will find clear reasons in Shiite culture and see the role of Imam Ali (as) in creating it.

The report of Andalusian historians about Hamza Seyyed al-Shohada is different in different periods. This news has been influenced by historians until the fifth century, especially in the Umayyad era, and has not been fully reported. The question of this research is what role or effect the Umayyad rule had in reflecting these reports. To answer this question in a historical way and using historical sources and data analysis, it is hypothesized that in the works of Andalusian historians at this time a strange attempt has been made to hide the role of Hamza's killers and his position with the Prophet (PBUH). In such a way that some people, despite going into the details of the events of the beginning of Islam, refrain from referring to the news of Hamza and even the Uhud campaign, and some of them purposefully try to hide its main angles. In a way, India has ignored the role of Abu Sufyan's wife in killing Hamza, and some have only mentioned her mutilation, and some have referred to the mutilation of Muslims as a group.

After the period of relative stability and political authority during the reign of Shah Abbas II 1052-1077 AH / 1642-1666 AD, the Safavid government entered a period of political transformation by relying on incompetent and incompetent statesmen who had no plan to get out of the political and economic crisis. However, with the coming to power of Sheikh Ali Khan Zanganeh 1079-1100 AH, sparks of hope, light and shock appeared once again on the sphere of Iranian politics. Suleiman 1077-1105 AH / 1666-1694 AD, based on a historical study and descriptive-analytical method to answer the question, what strategic policies to adopt due to the political decline and economic turmoil of the government after Shah Abbas II, Sheikh Ali Khan Zanganeh Was the government able to save the Safavids from the abyss of political misery and economic crisis? The main hypothesis of the research is that he carried out financial reforms (paying attention to domestic production capacities such as agricultural products, measures to increase the value of the national currency), military reforms (increasing the combat capability of the Safavid army), foreign policy reforms (stabilizing security Borders, creating a policy of balance in the degree of influence of European powers) was able to take effective measures for the political peace and economic prosperity of Safavid Iran

One of the ways of spreading Islam in India has been the religious atmosphere of Muslim seafaring. Muslim ships had a large number of passengers and crew of different ethnicities, nationalities and strata. Sea voyages have often been long, and in a critical situation, it has taken for months. The sailors faced storms, hindrances and problems. The question is what was the cultural and religious situation on Muslim ships and what effect did this have on the spread of Islam in India? This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library sources, especially relying on the Ajayeb Al-Hind book Indicates that Muslim ships, both in normal and critical situations, were full of manifestations of culture, beliefs and prayer around the clock. In dangerous situations, the human heart becomes more aware of the Creator of the universe. In such a situation, Muslims resorted to certain rituals such as reciting the Qur'an and praying. The combination of these behaviors and other moral and personality traits of the Muslim passengers of the ships and the Muslim captains and the activities after leaving the ship in different ports and regions of India conveyed the message of Islam and spread it throughout India.

However, research has been done on the historical aspect of the heroes of classical literary works, less effort has been made to identify literary works, especially the characters and heroes of medieval fiction with regard to its cultural aspects, in order to explain the factors and context of the main discourses and cultural sub-discourses of such works. The subject of this article is the study of the discourse systems in Hamznameh, one of the most important and influential works in the medieval history of the Islamic world, what is its relationship with other cultural, religious and even political discourses and other stories of that era such as Abu Muslimnameh. To do this, it must be described, interpreted and explained in an appropriate way. It seems that Laclau and Moff's theory, which is suitable for analyzing literary and fictional works, and with the help of three-stage semiotics (Soltani, 2014) can represent the hidden layers of this work and with providing a suitable model, can observe the reasons for the formation of this story and sub-discourses of Islamic, Iranian, and Arabic culture in the context of two Shiite-Sunni discourses that how storytellers of different religions have shown the intellectual and religious confrontations of their own period in this work. This article intends to describe and explain the three aspects of Hamza historical, epic-religious and fictional (story) that led to the formation of one of the most important stories in the Middle Ages of the Islamic world and its narrative covers a wide range of several centuries with the help of library sources.