فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 41 (پاییز 1400)

Today, due to the complexity of urban life and everyday problems of cities, including traffic and traffic jams, use of night time is suggested as a way of spending leisure time and responding to the presence and vitality of citizens; therefore, the purpose of this research was to plan and prepare strategies for realizing night city in Mashhad metropolis with an emphasis on urban vitality indicators. The research method used in this research was of descriptive-analytical type. At first, the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to urban vitality and night city were obtained by completing the questionnaire by 30 managers and experts from organizations and institutions related to urban issues. Then, the strategies were evaluated and prioritized by using SWOT and ANP techniques in Super Decision software. The research findings indicated that the three following strategies were selected as the main priorities for the realization of night city in Mashhad metropolis: 1. Preparation and improvement of existing infrastructure to create 24-hour urban services; 2. Designing suitable urban spaces to create a safe city throughout the day, especially in the central area of the city; and 3. Appropriate and purposeful lighting, along with decorating places and walking paths for the night presence of pilgrims and people. The results of this research showed that, given the annual millionaire entry of pilgrims and the presence of more than three million citizens in the city as well as having commercial, recreational, and religious activities including the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS) and other urban utilities, this city has the potential of creating a night city. If proper planning and active management system are implemented to create safe spaces and healthy activities in accordance with the needs and values of the community at night, the ground for the presence and vitality of the people in night city will be provided.

The city is always dynamic and changing. This dynamism is more intense in the central part of the city due to the variety of elements, actors and various processes that create the space; So that the planning of this valuable urban area has been associated with events, uncertainty and complexity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the processes, factors, mechanisms and actors affecting the complexities of spatial developments in the central part of Tehran and Introducing the theory of complexity as the basis theory in the study and planning of spatial dynamics in the central part of cities. The research method is based on the method of oriented qualitative content analysis and the information is collected in the form of documents and interviews. The statistical sample also includes 30 elite managers and experts working in the municipalities of District 12 and Districts 1 and 2 of District 11 (research area) who Are selected through purposive sampling. The results show that the four main parameters, namely space actors, processes, management and planning, and land use patterns affect the complex spatial evolution of the central part of Tehran and cause complexity features such as diversity, events, fractal nature, lack Certainty, nonlinear growth, etc. in the planning of this valuable urban area. As a result, the idea of the central part of cities is crystallized as a complex system. Also, despite the complexity of the system in the central part of Tehran and its upward trend over time, the planning of this complex system has been accompanied by the selection of comprehensive and detailed plans with reductionism, which has led to the decline and withering of the central part of Tehran. Accordingly, in studying and planning the transformations in the central part of cities, a new theoretical need is felt and that is the theory of complexity.

Flood is one of the most destructive natural hazards. Despite advances in engineering over the last century, different cities around the world are affected by floods every year. Today, human beings have not been able to completely control this natural phenomenon. For this reason, mankind is looking for a solution that can reduce the risks of flooding and increase its stability; this is called resilience today.The purpose of this study is to Explanation a model for measuring physical resilience against floods so that this model can improve physical performance over time. The present study is applied-descriptive in terms of purpose and in terms of method, it is descriptive-analytical.The statistical population of the study is urban affairs experts (Tonekabon District Water Authority, municipality, governorate, environment office).Then, content validity analysis (CVR) was used to identify the necessary variables and indicators. Flow simulation software (HEC_GEORAS) was also used to map the flood risk in the fabric around the Cheshmeh Kileh River.The structure of the proposed model and its evaluation algorithms are based on a statistical modeling in GIS software, which precisely maps the urban fabric around the river based on the risk intensity. They also specify the vulnerable points according to the ability of the variables to be deployed in each zone.This model rejects the current method by which the zones around the river are divided into two groups inside and outside the river privacy. In this model, each urban feature, whether road or building, is evaluated according to the severity of the hazard.

Flood is one of the most widespread and common natural hazards in the world. Depending on the severity of the rains and other factors affecting the flood, it can cause severe personal and financial damage to human. In this paper, Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar images and their application in flood spreading mapping along the Kashan River, Poledekhtar County, have been investigated. The purpose of this research is to produce a map that is extracted from the SAR images (sentinel 1), showing the extent of Kaskan river flooding in beginning of year 1398. The main data of the paper are Sentinel 1 (SAR), satellite images before (2019/03/28) and after (2019/04/03), the flood as well as Sentinel 2 satellite images. For this purpose, pre-processing and correction of different images were performed first. The Kashkan River Area was extracted using the NDWI Water Index from sentinel 2 image (2019/05/05). This image was used as a reference image. Then before and after the flood images were analyzed using Utso thresholding method and finally the flood area was extracted through image classification. SNAP and ArcGIS software were used for this purpose. Results show that in the study area, 7.99 km2 of the river banks has been submerged due to the April 1389 flooding. Also Radar image data can be used for flood surveillance because of imaging in all weather conditions, and the areas involved in flooding can be extracted from these images in the shortest possible time. It can also achieve detailed observations of 10m resolution for water extent using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery at an interval of several days (depending on latitude with a 5 or 6-day revisit and 12-day same orbit revisit time at the equator) to be used in future planning.

Investigating the micro-climatic conditions of the city based on data from professional meteorological stations reveals more tangible realities from the urban heat island. In this study, urban heat island was analyzed based on hourly and daily temperature data of automated air-polluting stations under the supervision of Isfahan Municipality's Air Monitoring and Control Center. The validity and accuracy of the data of these stations were confirmed by the correlation and graphical test with the data of the Meteorological Organization's ozone meter station at 99% confidence level. Then the thermal island of the city was obtained based on the temperature difference between the urban and suburban surfaces. The results showed that the annual mean of the thermal island was UHIA = -1.27, indicating no thermal island formation at the annual scale. The minimum heat island in summer is UHIS = -1.55 and the maximum in winter is UHIW = 0.96. Thus, only in winter the average temperature in the city is higher than in the suburbs. Investigation of circadian temperature regime at urban and non-urban levels showed that city temperature at night is higher than the peripheral environment due to higher concentration of urban pollutants due to lower night temperature and temperature inversions especially in cold season. However, due to the reflection of more urban surfaces, the surface temperature of the city is lower than the surrounding environment. Thus, the urban island occurs seasonally in the cold season and in terms of day and night changes. Locally, the isotherm of the urban thermal island is denser and more prominent, mainly in the east and northeast of Isfahan, and the center of the thermal island is concentrated in the northeast of Isfahan.

The flood phenomenon as a hydro-climatic event and one of the most important natural hazards in Iran, the preparation of maps of areas vulnerable to this danger in urban areas is one of the most important concerns of environmental crisis planners. To achieve this goal, researchers must use appropriate data and hydrology models with the best efficiency. In fact, one of the most important issues affecting the results of various hydrological models that determine the risk areas of floods is the role of digital elevation model and roughness factor. Roughness factor coefficient is one of the important characteristics in studying the characteristics of river flow, and determining the appropriate roughness coefficient that represents the real conditions of the river is of special importance. In this study, the HEC-RAS model was used in WMS software, which used the most practical hydrological models. In this model, the effect of digital elevation model with different resolution and sensitivity of the model to determine the Manning roughness coefficient in the exact area of flooded areas (flooding levels) in the model output has been investigated. The study area of this study is the Kashkan River watershed with an area of 9276 km, part of which has been studied. The results of this study show that increasing the resolution of the digital elevation model in determining the vulnerable areas of flooding is very effective in the accuracy of this model, reducing the accuracy of the range is very low so that it does not correspond to environmental reality. The HEC-RAS-WMS model was also sensitive to changes in the Manning roughness factor and in order to determine the flood zones in this model, the changes in the roughness factor must be carefully adjusted. the importance of this issue, researchers in this field should be careful enough to use the data used in such topics to have the results of appropriate application in urban and regional planning.

Nowadays, tourism, as one of the most dynamic industries in the world, it occupies an important part of the economic and productive activities of developed and developing countries. Therefore, strategic planning in order to form and develop tourism in its various types, has been proposed as a basic strategy in spatial planning projects of many countries. Given the importance of the issue, the aim of the present study is providing a model for the development of health tourism with futures studies approach in Tabriz metropolis. The research method in the present study is mixed and combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches with the nature of a futures studies, which has been used in order to collect information, from the Delphi technique of elites and city managers (20 experts in the field of tourism) and for the purpose of data analysis, cross-effects analysis technique in MICMAC software. The results indicate that the future development of health tourism in the Tabriz metropolis will be strongly influenced by the privatization of health tourism services; create harmony and integration between relevant agencies in health tourism; and evaluation of the current treatment status (potentials, facilities and shortcomings). Also, the results of stability/instability evaluation of the system and the drivers affecting the development of health tourism in Tabriz metropolis indicate that the system and drivers are invariable and stable and in most criteria need to be upgraded, and some criteria need to change procedure and strategic planning in various social dimensions, institutional-managerial capacity building, coherence of coherent laws and privatization of health tourism services are felt with the support and supervision of government agencies in order to achieve sustainable development of health tourism.

Land surface temperature is one of the essential parameters in land use change studies, energy balance, climatology studies. In this study, Landsat 8 satellite images and weather station data during 2013 and 2019 in Zanjan have been used. Also to estimate the land surface temperature from four algorithms; Single channel, Mono window, Planck Equation and radiation transfer equation in PyQGIS open source software environment and support vector machine algorithm in Google Earth engine platform were used to prepare land use maps. Error Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage (MAPE) statistical methods were used to select the best algorithm for estimating the land surface temperature. The results obtained from the comparison of land surface temperature estimation algorithms, single channel algorithm in 2013 and 2019 have the lowest RMSE and MAPE and the highest accuracy. In 2013, RMSE and MAPE of this algorithm were equal to 1.472 and 5.579, respectively, and in 2019, 0.131 and 0.537. The high accuracy of this method can be due to the direct use of atmospheric transmittance coefficients in the single channel method process. In terms of accuracy, the Planck function, Mono window and the radiation transfer equation are in the next position. Based on the results of accuracy assessment of land use maps, kappa coefficient of 0.94 and 0.98 were obtained for 2013 and 2019, respectively. The results of studying the temperature changes of different land uses in 2013 and 2019 showed that fallow lands with an average temperature of 49.86 and 45.16, respectively, and Rainfed and rangeland land uses are in the next categories in terms of maximum temperature. Areas without vegetation have higher surface temperatures than areas with vegetation. In general, according to the results, it is clear that impermeable surfaces have a heating effect through absorption and storage of solar energy and heat production, as well as pollution and soil production through absorption and storage of solar energy, while vegetation through heat balance to Evaporator - transpiration and shade production have a cooling effect.

This study seeks to analyze the distribution of herbal perfumes in Mashhad over time, relying on temporal-spatial analysis and in the framework of spatial diffusion theory. The study method is descriptive-analytical and based on spatial analysis models. For this purpose, while referring to the database of guilds in Mashhad, all perfumeries, including 1205 stores, were identified. Then, by creating a spatial database in ARC-GIS environment, they were spatially based on the location address. The results show that over the past 30 years, perfumeries with a "expansion" pattern have grown rapidly in the city. Also, the population index for each perfumer in the 60s and 70s has increased from 726,000 to 2,700 in 1398. The use of the "temporal-spatial cubes" model is a special feature of this study, according to which a certain number of perfumers in a particular situation and according to time intervals to form multiple cubes according to the time factor. The output of this model shows the increasing trend of these uses over time with a value of 3.3227 and a significance level of 99%. On the other hand, this model represents 16 scattering patterns that "new hot", "hot oscillation" and "consecutive" patterns are the most common. Complementary results in this section show that unlike the fields of modern medicine, which are formed in a chain together, the fields of traditional medicine do not tend to form together and wherever it is possible to establish them, and on the other hand, the intensity of formation. In short periods of time, they indicate the fungal growth of these land uses in the city, which makes it difficult to monitor them.

The worn-out fabric of cities, while being one of the most valuable urban textures, also has a high vulnerability to earthquakes, and therefore their resilience to natural hazards, including earthquakes, is of great importance. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with the nature of developmental-applied and descriptive-analytical method with the aim of evaluating the resilience of Shahrekord worn tissue against earthquakes. In this study, the required data were collected using library studies and field surveys at the household level and the sample size was estimated at 341 households according to the Cochran's formula. After collecting data using quantitative and statistical methods such as multiple regression, structural equations and fuzzy multivariate analysis in GIS environment, to evaluate the degree of urban resilience and prioritize the resilience indices of worn-out neighborhoods Earthquake has been dealt with in Shahrekord. A total of 44 urban resilience indicators were examined in the form of 4 hidden physical, economic, institutional and social indicators. Using factor load tests in LISREL software, explicit indicators are prioritized and summarized based on their degree of importance and effectiveness, and a fuzzy logic model in the form of GIS is used to map effective indicators. The results show that there is a big difference between Shahrekord neighborhoods in terms of resilience; Thus, the neighborhoods located in the east and south of Shahrekord, the neighborhoods of the central part and the neighborhoods of the southeast have very high, medium and low resilience. In terms of having resilience indices, the priority of physical index with 67.2 percent, economic index with 38 percent, institutional index with 36.9 percent and social index with 36.2 percent have had the most role in resilience in Shahrekord, respectively. Which indicates the importance of the physical dimension compared to other dimensions.