مجله تاریخ ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 89، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Economic historiography in Iran is generally expressed in the form of two epistemological approaches: Marxist-Leninist and theory of Asian mode of production. In these two approaches, despite trying to show the economic role of social classes and government in the history of Iran, historical ideas and experiences of feudal and capitalist economics in Europe have been extended to the economic history of Iran. This has caused the economic history of Iran to be considered in a situation unrelated to the historical experiences of Iranian society. This article investigates the problems and analytical limitations of the prevailing theoretical approaches in economic historiography of Iran in terms of intellectual and epistemological foundations. This article benefits from critical analysis method. The results show that the analytical models governing the periodization of Iran's economic history have a Eurocentric aspect; and due to ideology, the imposition of Eurocentric Meta-narratives and Anachronism, they have analytical limitations to understand the economic history of Iran. What has prevailed in the historiography and periodization of Iran's economic history through the socialist and Asian approaches is not derived from the characteristics and facts of the historical economy of Iranian society, but from a linear and evolutionary understanding of Iran's economic history based on the concept of progress in the historical thinking and experiences of the modern West.Keywords: Iran's economic history, historical time, historical periodization, Marxist-Leninist historiography, theory of Asian mode of production.

Reviewing the narration of Muhammad ibn Jarir Tabari (died: 310 AH) on Sāsān, the ancestor of the Sasanians and his connection with the fire temple of the goddess Anāhitā in Pars Istakhr and comparing this report with the Zoroastrian legal knowledge of the Sasanian period, Pedram Jam in a new study titled "Were Sasanians of Priestly Lineage?" concludes that Sāsān was “the Lord of Fire” and did not have a religious position in this temple. He also compares the Agathias’ report, a Byzantine historian, on the lineage and family background of Ardašīr son of Bābak (224-240 AD), the founder of the Sasanian Empire, with other historical sources and believes that Agathias' account has nothing to do with the priestly lineage of Ardašīr and his family. Thus, Jam assumes the view of Iranian and non-Iranian scholars on the priestly descent of the Sasanians and that according to Tabari, they considered Sāsān as a "mobed", " hērbed " or "guardian of the fire temple of Anāhitā" in Istkhar, Pars or that according to Agathias, they regarded Ardašīr as a clergy man, to be misinterpretations of the Tabari’s and Agathias’ narrations and he considers the ancestors of Ardašīr as local aristocrats of Pars province. Nevertheless, I believe that Jam's perceptions and conclusions are incorrect and Sasanians were indeed of priestly lineage. Analyzing the reports of Tabari and Agathias and also the views of some Iranian and non-Iranian scholars about the Sasanian descent and the identity and the status of Sāsān and Bābak and their connection with the Anāhitā fire temple in Istakhr, Pars, this study criticizes the recent view and approach of Jam on the aristocratic origin of Sasanians and non-priestly lineage of them.

Ahmad Majd-al-Eslam Kermani, one of the most influential Iranian journalists, and Intellectuals of the Iranian Constitution, played a significant role in educating Iranians and directing their attention to the constitution, and law. Due to the unfamiliarity of Iranians with the principles and structure of the constitution and its institutions and the view of the majority of constitutionalists and politicians who sought to redefine the constitution based on their views, Majd-al-Eslam made some of the most important efforts on the structure of the new government, explaining the issue in his four publications, titled, Nedaye Vatan, Al-Jamal, Kashkul and the Mohakemat (Trials(, as well as several books and articles. The decline of the first Iranian National Parliament and its consequences caused him to write a book on the history of the decline of the parliament, the first intellectual of the constitutional era to find the root causes of its decline; no research has been carried out his on works. Based on the method of historical research, this research explains Majdal-e-Islam's views by emphasizing the book on the history of the decline of the Majlis, Nedaye Vatan magazine and other sources in order to examine the causes of the decline of constitutionalism. Findings show that Kermani considers the lack of necessary political and social contexts in Iran and the unfamiliarity of Iranians with the components of the new government and foreign interference as the most important reasons for the decline of constitutionalism. According to him, this ignorance of the structure of the new government caused the interference of each group and institution in the work of each other, and created a fundamental difference between the three important elements of Iranian society at that time, namely, the government, the nation and the monarchy.

In the second Pahlavi era, as a result of the coup of August 19, 1943, Iranian society suffered from failure and passivity in the field of political, party and social activities, and the Pahlavi regime also experienced a crisis of legitimacy. Therefore, Mohammad Reza Shah, in order to legitimize his government and find a solution to eliminate social gaps and save the crises that pervaded society during the internal and global developments in the process of modernization, sought to use a model based on the approach of archeology. What makes this research necessary is to know the model that Mohammad Reza Shah used to save his society from crises, especially the crisis of legitimacy. This study aims to answer the question of how the symbols of the Mehr religion were effective in the social organization of Pahlavi politics by using the method of historical analysis, which is based on the description and analysis of data, relying on sources. Findings of the research show that Mohammad Reza Shah tried to create a new social organization in Iran and give legitimacy to his rule by following the example of some symbols of Mehr religion such as invincibility, salvation and fair distribution of welfare and wealth, but this effort It was not entirely successful and could only partially resolve the crises of Iranian society and be useful in creating social empathy and dealing with crises and gaining legitimacy.

Port town of Termez, known as Great Khorasan in post-Islamic era, was an economical-political connection for Khorasan and Transoxiana. Due to its location, it has had a critical role in historical changes of Khorasan and central Asia during its ancient to contemporary time. In this research a descriptive-Analytical method based on primary historical and geographical data has been used to investigate economical and Geopolitical importance of Termez. This paper along with providing a descriptive report on Termez geography, investigates its historical changes during different dynasties ruling on Iran and Great Khorasan (khorasan and Central Asia) in a geographical point of view. Results show this historical pathway in the southernmost part of Uzbekistan had played a critical political-economic role in Iran's territorial integrity and economic prosperity or lack of prosperity of Big khorasan and areas such as Balkh and Marv. A topic that directly related to the different attitudes of the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud, Sultan Mohammad Khwarazmshah and Timur Gurkani, towards a significant role of Termez. Termez also has been a crucial economical bridge in the Big pathway known as khorasan or silk road which connects Iran to central Asia, China and India.

The third phase of land reform, along with government modernization and modernization policies in agriculture, included three parts: establishing agricultural joint stock companies, selling leases, and encouraging agro-industrial capitalism. The reduction of agricultural products after the first and second phases of land reform forced the government to take action and compensate with government capital and the use of mechanized methods to reduce agricultural production. One of the new methods of agriculture, the laws and regulations of which were passed in 1967, was the establishment of agricultural joint stock companies. The first agricultural joint stock company (Aria Mehr Company) was established in Fars in 1968 and after that 14 other companies were established in Fars. Most of these companies were built around Shiraz, Marvdasht and Firozabad. In this research, we try to study how the establishment and performance of Fars agricultural joint stock companies and the social and economic consequences of these companies. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical based on historical documents and sources. According to the research findings, the government, by creating agricultural joint stock companies, apart from the economic goals that were included in the establishment of these companies, established these companies in a special area and closed the passage of part of the tribes, by announcing the area of ​​the joint stock company. Agriculture led to the forced settlement of tribes and nomads within these companies. On the other hand, these companies, using more mechanized methods, made the farmers unemployed, and this led to the migration of more villagers to the city.

The value of the female body and how it was organized from the beginning of modernization in Iran under Reza Shah until now, was closely linked to the concepts of national identity based on the values of Western culture. The determination of the Pahlavi government to build a new society that represents itself through Western culture and symbols, along with the entry and influence of the beauty industry, had a lasting effect on the well-being of women's bodies, especially after the Unveiled. After this incident, the body, which had been hidden from view until then, became the place of government policy and the values of Western culture through the beauty industry that was advertised in government publications. This article examines how body management acted in the formation of the new identity of Iranian women during the reign of Reza Shah and, how the concept of the value of the female body led to the formation of jobs in this period. The research hypothesis, based on information newspaper articles and in a descriptive-analytical way, explains that the beauty industry and the transformation of the beautiful body into a source of power and dignity for women, led to the formation of the image of a new Iranian woman at least among the middle and upper urban class. For the first time, women's jobs revolved around body management.

Mozaffari Hospital was established in 1318 AH /1900 AD at the request of merchants and other Iranian dignitaries living in Istanbul and by order of Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar. With the establishment of this hospital with medical staff and modern tools and equipment, an important step was taken in order to provide medical and treatment assistance to the Iranians, especially the poor and needy Iranians. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the hospital as the first Iranian hospital outside Iran. This study wants to answer the question that what obstacles did Mozaffari Hospital face of goals, type and scope of operation during the period of activity from establishment to dissolution? This research is based on the method of historical research and using unpublished documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Archives of Iran and Persian language newspapers published by the Ottoman Empire. The result of this research is that this modern hospital was able to provide many services to different sections of Iranian and Ottoman society during its activity, and especially in a time when access to doctors and modern medical and surgical services was very limited, appropriate assistance was provided. Pay attention to the vulnerable and poor Iranians.

The Danialiya Sect, led by Sheikh Daniel, is one of the most important Sufi Sects in the Garmsirat province of Fars. Its focal point is in khonj which is one of the caravan rest areas on the way to Shiraz towards Lar and Hormuz, witnessed the formation of intellectual centers. By borrowing from the ideas of Sheikh Abu Is’haq Kazeruni (352-462 AH), the founder of the Kazeruniyah sects, so far no independent research has been done on the personality of the founder and original sources about this sect. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical way, tries to answer the question of How did the Danialiya sects as a Suffid sect effected Socio-political of Garmsirat of Fars In the Middle Ages? The findings of this study indicates that the Danialiyah sect has played a direct and continuous role in the development of urbanization through the construction of Khanqahs and mosques by the dervishes in Khonj. In addition, at the court of the kings of Hormuz, the Danish dervishes played an active role in the conflict with the kings of Kish, and also causing the Development of a network of intellectual relations in the post-coastal areas of the Persian Gulf, through cultural contacts with other sects, including the "Qatali" and the "Shamsiyah".

Power in the Kurdish regions has historically existed between several centers, including; Tribes and nomads, Khans, hereditary governors, etc. In the post-constitutional period and the First World War, the dispersal of power and the emergence of new claimants expanded in an unprecedented way, and the influence of the central government was minimized. With the rise of Reza Khan and the establishment of government and military power, efforts to expand central authority and to suppress traditional centers of power, including in Kurdish areas, became a priority. Relations between central government forces and centers of power in Kurdish areas ranged from accompaniment and compromise to military confrontation. This research intends to investigate how the centers of power in these areas interact with the central government in the study period using a descriptive-analytical method and using unpublished archival documents and the press, and seeks to answer as what the work of structural transformation of power in the Kurdish regions was? The research results show: The centers of local power at this time were embroiled in traditional strife, although some of them for some time were able to pique the central government; not only did they not pose a serious threat to the newly established Pahlavi government, but it was the government which took advantage of the rivalries and disputes of traditional rulers and rulers to eliminate them one after another.

After the coming to power of Reza Shah, sport, like many other social phenomena, was considered. Meanwhile, in the continuation of the debate on the need for change in the social status of women, women's sports were emphasized as a serious phenomenon. The present study, relying on the press of the first Pahlavi era and descriptive-analytical method, examines the emergence of women's sports in the Reza Shah period, and the contexts of its development. The main question of the research is what obstacles did women's sports face and what factors contributed to its relative relative progress in the future? The research findings show a set of factors such as; The misunderstanding of society and even women themselves about sports has long prevented women from turning to sport, Eventually, in the second half of Reza Shah's rule, under the influence of institutions such as the Pioneer Organization, the Women's Center, and the instructions of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, it emerged as a social phenomenon and was progressing until the Allied invasion of Iran in September 1941 It stopped years later.

Iran and China have had strong cultural and artistic interactions for thousands of years. These relations expanded after the Seljuks period and increasingly continued during the Mongol-Ilkhanate era. Roads came under a unified rule, and steppe nomads were influenced by cultures and civilizations in China, Central Asia, Iran, and the Caucasus. This process had a great impact on various arts, painting, and book decoration in the territory of Islamic lands, especially in “Iranzamin (Persia).” From the 14th century in the late Ilkhanate era, painting and book decoration with various scientific fields were used, especially in Persian historiography and literature also reached their peak in the Timurid and Safavid ages. The decline of the Abbasid Caliphate and dismantling the cultural and political barriers had a great impact on artistic creations and the interactions between art, Persian historiography, and literature in the establishment of the Tabriz School of Miniature Painting. Some Iranian components were influential in the creation of this style: Iranshahr's political thought, The Myth of Farrah-i Izadi, Persian mythology, history and narrative heritage of ancient Iran, etc. Those components were used in miniatures of books on historiography, literature, and the natural sciences. This research examines the adequate reasons for the usage of painting in the historiography and literature of the Ilkhanate era by the method of explanation in history and interdisciplinary research in cultural history, art history, and historiography.