فصلنامه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک
پیاپی 45 (پاییز 1400)

Because the occurrence of precipitation is directly related to the humidity in the atmosphere or precipitation systems, the study of humidity in the form of precipitable water and the transfer of water vapor is considered in atmospheric studies. Convergence Moisture flux is effective on precipitation, so its effect is much greater in the warmer months, especially in the lower atmosphere, than in the colder months of the year (Darand and Pajhoh, 2019a). Examination of convergence moisture flux in consecutive and inclusive precipitation events in Iran shows that the core of maximum precipitation in the Zagros highlands in southwestern Iran has the most concurrence with the convergence of mid-atmosphere moisture flux (775-700 hPa) (Darand and Pajhoh, 2019b). In some studies, the calculation of moisture flux is used as a tool to identify the phenomena of long and narrow filaments rich in large amounts of moisture called atmospheric river, which has a great impact on heavy rainfall. Esfandiari and Lashkari (2021), by identifying atmospheric rivers and their impact on heavy rainfall in Iran, showed that an average of 11 heavy rainfall per year in the cold season is related to atmospheric rivers. They are on average 20 to 50 percent effective in heavy rainfall each month.

This study received gridded data on precipitation and humidity flux components including specific humidity (q), wind zonal (u), and meridian (v) from the ECMWF database and applied the equation precipitable water (1) and moisture flux (2) and other related equations (3 to 11), which shows the transfer and supply of moisture as bellow: (1)   (2)   (3) qu (4) qv (5) qu+qv (6) IWV+u925+v925 (7) IWV+u850+v850 (8) IWV+u700+v700 (9) IWV+uv925 (10) IWV+uv850 (11) IWV+uv700 That IWV is Total Water vapor in atmospheric column or precipitable water, IVT: Vertical integral of water vapor transfer or moisture flux. q: Specific humidity in kg / kg, u and v: zonal meridian wind components in m/s, respectively, g: is gravity acceleration and dp: is the pressure difference between two adjacent pressure levels. After calculating the above equations, their relationship and correlation with gridded and surface precipitation in Iran were obtained through the coefficient of determination R2 (12): (12) .

Compared to water vapor transfer (IVT), daily rainfall in Iran is more related to the amount of water vapor (IWV).  The most correlation between the amount of water vapor and daily rainfall in Iran is observed in the western and eastern parts of Iran. In contrast, the most correlation between daily rainfall and IVT is observed in the west and southwest of Iran. Among the moisture zonal and meridional flux components, Iran's daily rainfall is most related to its meridional component which probably indicates the transfer of moisture from southern and tropical offerings to Iran. The highest correlation between daily rainfall and meridional moisture flux component is observed in western and southwestern Iran. In the relationship between daily precipitation and moisture transfer components in the lower and middle levels of the atmosphere, it was found that the level of 700 hPa has the highest correlation in the moisture transfer of precipitation in Iran. This relationship is more in the west and southwest of Iran than in other places. From the sum of zonal and meridional wind components and the amount of water vapor at 925 hPa and its relationship with daily rainfall, it was found that unlike the other two levels (700 and 850hpa), the strongest relationship is observed in the east (South Khorasan) and then southwest of Iran. In addition, this relationship is stronger in the East-West section than in other sections. The highest correlation is between seasonal precipitation and moisture flux and the amount of water vapor in winter. The highest correlation is related to the western, southwestern regions with most of Shahrekord and Yasuj (about 55%), and parts of the east (South Khorasan). It can be said that in winter, in terms of quantity and extent, there is a greater relationship between the parameters of moisture transfer and precipitation. And it shows the amount of humidity in winter more than in other seasons. These results can also be seen in relation to winter precipitation and the amount of water vapor.

To investigate the amount of water vapor transfer as a predictor variable for daily rainfall in Iran, The coefficient of determination R2 was used for the relationship between water vapor components and daily precipitation in Iran. According to the results of Ralph et al. (2004), the relationship between moisture flux and precipitation is well seen in all annual maps. The zonal component alone is effective in transferring moisture from some of the rainfall in the southwest of the country (Yasuj and Shahrekord), while the meridional component of wind with specific humidity has a more effective relationship with daily rainfall in Iran. Similar to the results of Karimi and Farajzadeh (2011), Barati et al. (2014), and Darand and Pajooh (2019), the relationship between daily rainfall and moisture components at the levels of 700, 850, and 925 was found that the level of 700 hPa has a stronger relationship than the two another level. The maximum relationship between precipitation and moisture flux is located in southwestern Iran and the effect of zonal and meridional wind components on the moisture flux of this region is significant. The highest correlation between seasonal rainfall in Iran and the amount and transfer of water vapor is related to winter, which is consistent with the results of Lavres and Villarini (2014) in Europe. Finally, it can be said that the use of zonal and meridional moisture flux components can show the variability of precipitation. And be used as an indicator and predictor variable in precipitation in the study of daily precipitation in Iran.

In the current century, known as the century of cities, a significant part of the world's population lives in cities and the trend of increasing urbanization continues. In such circumstances, the important question is to what extent cities are suitable places for human life. Hence, the concept of urban livability and livable city has become one of the most widely used concepts in urban studies. A livable city is a city that provides suitable living conditions from various economic, social and environmental dimensions. A neighborhood or city is socially livable when it provides a sense of security, sense of belonging and place identity, social interactions, participation, social cohesion, and etc. Addressing livability indicators can be a criterion for the sustainability of cities, their success and a guide for urban planning and management. The main purpose of this study is to assess the situation of social livability in Qaen city and Interpretative structural modeling (ISM) of social livability components. Qaen city with a population of about 43,000 people (according to the 2016 census), is the second city in South Khorasan province located in east of Iran.

This study is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of approach. The field method has been used to measure the social livability status. The collection of data tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the population over 15 years old in Qaen city and the sample size is 360 people using Cochran's method. Components of social livability in this study include social trust, social participation, cohesion, social interaction, place attachment, feeling of security, social norms, education and public awareness. One-sample t-test was used to analyze and measure the status of these components, and interpretative structural modeling (ISM) was used for modelling of these components. For structural-interpretive modeling, the opinions of 20 experts were collected by a questionnaire.

A one-sample t-test was used to analyze the mean of each component of social livability. Considering that in the design of the questionnaire items, the 5 Likert spectrum including very low (with code 1), low (code 2), medium (code 3), high (code 4) and very high (code 5) has been used; in this test, the mean of the variables was compared with the mean (3), which is test value. The results of one-sample t-test showed that mean of components of security and place attachment in Qaen city are above test value (3). In fact, this city can be considered a city with high security and place attachment. In contrast, the components of social interaction, trust, cohesion, participation and social norms have mean below test value .Low levels of trust, cohesion and social participation could be considered as barriers to the development and livability of the city. Especially that, according to the results of this study, citizens' trust in urban management is low and this can be an obstacle for citizens to participate with urban management in urban development projects. The findings of this study also indicate that the component of education and awareness is at a moderate level.The interpretative structural modeling (ISM) indicated that the research model consists of 4 levels. The most effective is the fourth level, which includes two factors of social cohesion and sense of place attachment. This level directly affects the third level factors, namely social interactions and public awareness.  Third level also directly affects on the second level, which includes the observance of social norms in the community and social trust, and also the second level factor has a direct effect on the components of the first level, which is social participation and individual and social security.The results of MICMAC analysis of the identified components showed that components of social interaction, education and public awareness are in the autonomous cluster; these components have weak influence and dependence.
In the dependent cluster, the components are social participation, personal and social security, which have weak influence but high dependence and effectiveness. In the linkage cluster is social trust. Finally, the key cluster includes the components of a place attachment, cohesion, and social norms. These components have high driving power and low dependence; and these components are needed first to create social livability.

According to this study, in general, the level of social livability in the city of Qaen is assessed as moderate level. Among the eight components of social livability, the two components have a higher than average mean: sense of security and place attachment. Awareness and education are moderate, and the components of participation, interaction, norms, and social cohesion are low.
The results of the interpretive structural modeling of social livability of this city showed that among these components, sense of place attachment and social cohesion are the most basic components affecting on urban social livability that should be emphasized at the first level.

The compact city as a tool to limit energy consumption and urban sprawl is a key element in the sustainable city debate. The purpose of this research is Identify and investigate the drivers to use the compact city in Ahvaz city. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes 10 city managers and researchers in Ahvaz. The ANP technique has been used as a tool to prioritize the drivers. The results show that the population growth driver has earned the highest rating and then respectively located low building density in the city, increased migration, long distances from services and commercial centers, need for housing, More spatial disintegration, internal deterioration, hot weather, the presence of vacant lands, decreased security due to vacant lands, reduced surveillance and increased crime in suburban areas, pollution due to improper location of heavy polluting industries in urban areas, pollution caused by private cars, inadequate water and sewage services in law-density neighborhoods and suburbs, Increased surface runoff due to expansion of impermeable areas, loss of palms and agricultural lands, cost of construction for the owner, inadequate service of the bus organization in the suburbs, increasing energy costs, high cost of facilities and infrastructure, increasing travel costs, increasing flood vulnerability due to construction along the river, youth population and desire for urban life, young households 'demand for housing, low-income households' desire to live in apartments, the tendency of owners and peddlers to increase the number of floors, inadequate service of taxi drivers in low-density neighborhoods and suburbs, suitable slope for construction, inadequate service of cultural centers in low-density neighborhoods and suburbs.

The process of entrepreneurship and creativity, which is the basis of change and transformation, plays a very fundamental and determining role in this field. So, in recent years, the only effective solution in the field of employment and rural economy of the country is the prosperity of en.trepreneurship from the path of innovation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting innovation and its impact on the entrepreneurship process in Farouj County, in order to take a step towards the development of rural areas.

The statistical population included all entrepreneurs and successful individuals in the villages of the city who were 63 farmers as gardeners and farmers. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by expertschr('39') opinions and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient (α = 0.898).

The descriptive statistics of the research indicate that the individual characteristics index with 3.37 and the cultural and legislative index with the 3.29 statistic have the highest mean as structural indicators of rural innovation. According to Pearson correlation results, there is a positive and significant relationship between individual indicators, education and research, economic and infrastructural with their entrepreneurial level. Based on the results of the path analysis, the individual index with a coefficient of influence of 0.334 and then the education and research index with a coefficient of 0.238 and finally economic index with a coefficient of 0.131 have the most impact on the formation of rural entrepreneurship

Land vulnerability one of the major global challenges as an objective case of degradation of arid, semi-arid and semi-humid ecosystems caused by natural processes and human activities. However, in order to assess the vulnerability of the land, it is necessary to know exactly the degree of tolerance of ecosystems and the use of indigenous knowledge systems to external conditions.The present study was based on the IDI hybrid index algorithm to assess the severity of Khorasan Razavi vulnerability over a 16-year period (2001-2016). For this purpose, two indicators of vegetation status (VCI) (MOD13Q1) and temperature status (TCI) (MOD11A2) based on the opinion of experts, and according to the availability of these indicators, based on satellite data and in The desired time period was selected. Then, the images of Modis sensor products were prepared and normalized, and the indices were scaled in the range of zero and one, and the hierarchical method in EDRISI software was used to evaluate the weights. Using 250 ground harvest points, the accuracy of the model was determined using kappa coefficient for vegetation status. Then, using IDI combination model and implementation of the model, the area has very low vulnerability (0-15 . 0), low vulnerability (0.3-0.3), medium vulnerability (3.5-3.0) 0), high vulnerability (0.5-0.7) and very high vulnerability (1-7 . 0). The results showed that the highest vulnerability in 2001 with more than 50 percent of the province's average in the middle class and in 2016, the highest vulnerability in the two medium and high classes is approximately equal to the proportion of 44 percent. The overall accuracy of the model for the IDI combination model was 78.6% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.7.

A huge influx of tourists on weekends from overcrowded metropolitan cities unable to provide tourists with the leisure needs of parks and natural areas to take advantage of the tourism potential of planners has led planners to capacity-building tourism development and location. Because the expansion of tourism has been accompanied by environmental and ecological incompatibilities. The capacity to find suitable places in this type of tourism is considered not only as a means of promoting the socio-economic levels of indigenous peoples, but also because of its conservation practices as a management strategy experienced in the fields of natural resources, its conservation and protection. Provides.  It can be said that optimal and principled utilization of land natural resources and land use regulation based on its (ecological) natural ability play an important role in managing and preventing environmental degradation in the direction of sustainable development. In this study, it has been attempted to identify suitable areas for tourism development within the Potas Khor and Biobank Complex by applying GIS and ECO assessment. Finally, estimate the actual tourist reception capacity in the area.

This research is a kind of applied research and spatial-comparative analysis.
Combining library studies, ground data and climatic statistics for meteorological stations and field surveys were used to collect the data. Data analysis and final evaluation of the environmental potential of the area in terms of identifying potential areas of extensive recreation based on the ecological model of tourism development. To achieve the purpose of the study, GIS and Layer Overlay technique were used as a suitable tool for land evaluation and site feasibility. For this purpose, first, the data of slope parameters, slope direction, soil grade, bedrock, vegetation, temperature, sunshine hours, constraints and accessibility were obtained. Appropriate areas were plotted from the perspective of each parameter. Then, by integrating the maps of the prone areas, the final development plan of the ecotourism was developed. In addition, tourism reception capacity has been evaluated and measured in two dimensions, physical and effective reception capacity.

In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to describe and evaluate the state of the environment and resources prior to any planning. The importance of land evaluation is that if the land does not have the potential ecologically appropriate for a particular land use, the implementation of that plan will not only improve the condition of the area but will also result in greater environmental degradation. Since tourism is closely related to the environment, assessing the environmental potential in this area, if properly implemented, will modify plans and prevent failure in the development of the tourism industry, as well as unpredictable environmental degradation. Reduces and prevents it. To this end, it is inevitable to conduct preparatory studies in any type of land use, including ecotourism. One of the most important stages of ecotourism preparation is determining the ecological potential of the land for tourism development. Evaluating the ecological potential of tourism development involves predicting or measuring the quality of land for the establishment and expansion of recreational land uses and determining its management needs. In addition, tolerable capacity is one of the methods used to estimate the amount of permitted activity in tourism areas. In other words, the concept of Sustainable Capacity was used as one of the methods of control and monitoring of destination land in order to optimize and adjust the threshold of acceptable environmental changes in the host areas. The capacity of the board at the ecosystem level is the level or extent at which a process or environmental variable within a given ecosystem can be changed without the structure and function of that ecosystem going beyond acceptable limits. Therefore, in this study tourism reception capacity has been evaluated and measured in two dimensions of physical and effective reception capacity. Physical reception capacity is the maximum number of visitors who can be physically present at a given location and time. Actual board capacity is the maximum number of visitors to a resort that, given the limiting factors resulting from the specific conditions of that location and the impact of these factors on the physical board capacity, are permitted to visit that place.

Based on the results of the study, the study area has ecological potential for natural tourism development, so that the zones are very suitable and capable of tourism development of 1764 km. 3316 km of the area are zones that are in good condition for tourism development. The average tourism development capability is 20% of the area. Also 2260 km with poor capability and 1403 km with no capability for tourism development. The results of calculating the actual tourism reception capacity in the region indicate the acceptability of 8894 tourists in the study area.