فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات
پیاپی 64 (پاییز 1400)

The emergence and expansion of new, quick, inexpensive and simple tools for processing and transferring data in today's world has raised a wide range of legal issues that undoubtedly have to be addressed by professionals. The issues and problems that the international community must find is a way to resolve them. In addition, digital technology allows users to manipulate, modify and distort copyrighted literary and artistic works. In this way, cyberspace threatens both categories of economic and spiritual rights of creators of copyrighted works or holders. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of policies on the protection of intellectual property rights of cybercafe publications and books. The statistical population of this research is the authors, publishers and experts of the field of the book. The results of the study showed that, according to the one sample t-test, all four dimensions of media, legal, philosophical and technical policy affect the preservation of intellectual property rights. Friedman's test also showed, in importance, legal policy, philosophical policy, media policy and technical policy, respectively.Keyword: Intellectual Property Rights, Copyright, Cyberspace

The changes in the status of women are related to subjectivity and women's self-consciousness. Women in today's society have the opportunity to selectively pursue a wide range of leading opportunities and pursue their desire to effectively observe the family-social atmosphere, and provide more choices for themselves and highlight their distinction. This research has been conducted to explore the gendered world of actors and their interpretation of their gender and gender perspective. The findings also reveal how the diversity of women's self-awareness reveals how diverse their perceptions and images of gender are. The approach of this research is phenomenological and is carried out qualitatively. The data collection tool is a semi-structured dialogue with 22 girls in Tehran who have at least one term of university education. Analysis of data was done by Colaizzi method. The three approaches of nature, compilation and gender equality are the main themes derived from this study.

The important issues which also affect the efficiency of the education, in general, are the quality and achievement of university curricula. From a constructive perspective in which learning is considered to be a complex multidimensional behavior, inclusive of learners and teachers' interactions, curricula, as well as their implementations and achievements are as important as their evaluation is necessary. The goal of this research is the evaluation of academic education through the study of entrepreneurship establishment based on the educational interactive processes. This non-experimental assessment is based on the case study in CIPP model . By proper checklists and questionnaires a broadband data including programs, graduates, students, faculties and department administrators have been collected. All tools were designed and built by author as well as tested, validated and their reliability was calculated. The results showed that innovation and entrepreneurship is not a main concern in any of the current educational programs. Also the relationship between the university and market, in terms of interactive relationship, is not as expected. Despite existing interest in innovation, the respondents have been criticizing the lack of current university organizations efforts for engaging modern training methods, improving knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship, and communication with outside institutions.

How do people choose to be apathetic while confronting unfavorable situations? Agents make decision about their reaction in the wide range of interactive situations which they experience in their daily lives on the basis of three fundamental factors: personality traits, social position and cultural context. This paper aims at investigating the influence of cultural context on cultural logic as a platform to explain the reasons behind choosing apathy while people confronting unfavorable situations. The study applies Garfinkel and Sikorel's ethno-methodological theories to outline this target.This data has been collected through, semi-structured interviews and reviewing research studies. referring to the results, agents create social apathy as a social phenomena regarding cultural values and norms which gradually had been formed during their unique background. In the same way, interviewees willingness to act apathetically against unfavorable situations is being made in a united network of cultural context which is shaped by three main elements: “Distinguish”, “Expediency” and “effectiveness”.

The present study examines unofficial calendars that were published by social groups either explicitly or without permission. The official calendar, published and monitored by political power, reflects the attitude and narrative of political power over the past, and therefore ignores or eliminates many of the narratives in society. Faced with this approach by various social groups, they try to create alternative memories by publishing calendars in which they register their intended occasions in order to build a collective identity or revive and strengthen existing one.The main purpose of the present study is to study the unoffical calendars in comparison with the official calendars published in the years after the revolution. It intends to check out the relationship between the memory built by them and the identity of the social groups that they employ, through the review of calendars. The research has been done using a case study method. The findings of the research indicate that there are many differences between the memories created by the official calendar and the unofficial calendars as well as the unofficial calendars themselves. Based on the findings, one can hypothesize that the breakdown between the internal memory of the post-revolutionary society gradually increased and indicates the formation of a kind of identity disruption in society.

In this paper, it has been attempted from three perspectives for television, namely, the audience, content of the program and production system, by examining the system of production of religious TV programs, policies and approaches to the production of religious programs to be revealed. The groundwork or theoretical framework of this study is the hegemony theory that can be controlled through cultural consensus; it is even pursued in dialogue programs that provide the possibilities of presenting different viewpoints. The method for achieving this goal is a qualitative study in which in-depth interviews which are conducted in different levels with the planners of religious programs production on the other hand, in a way that an appropriate perspective can be attained as a whole in this regard. It can be concluded from these discussions series that in religious dialogue programs of IRIB goal setting, designing and panel experts are in a way that all lead to intended hegemony stabilization and not allow any harm, Which, of course, also does not meet Islamic standards of dialogue.

Tradition is one of the most important and controversial concepts in humanities and social sciences that has different implications within the lens of media representation. The current research seeks to analyze the discoursive formation of the concept of "tradition" in Kurdistan T.V. This analysis is based on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis and Stuart Hall's constructivist theory of representatio. In this regard, "Cherikay Shaw"(melody of night), a T.V show program, which has many viewers among the Kurdish people in Iran, has been analyzed as an example. To this end, the central sign, the "Tradition", which fluctuates between the contrasting and reproductive patterns of "tradition", is analyzed in various parts of the program, including dialogues and characterization, stage-shooting and imaging in relation to the "chain of equivalence" and the "discoursivity" field. Discourse analysis of the mentioned program shows that, as far as tradition is articulated around the signs such as uniformity and simplicity, historical inertia, and naturalism, so the discourse that articulates the central sign has been the discourse of "ideological traditionalism". In the analyzed programm, the discourse of "ideological traditionalism" formulates the concept of "tradition" in line with its disciplinary order by excluding competing discourses.

To watch television by aging more than any other age segment and because of that the elderly has grown substantially in recent years in the country and challenges posed by this increase, television has a potential impact on successful and active person's lives by producing and presenting effective TV programs with suitable content and structure toward the elderly.This research analyses the role of television in supporting the elderly's lives in the Metropolitan of Tehran. The data collection gathered by surveying. The statistical population was the elderly from 22 Tehran regions. The statistical sample was 400 elderly in 22 Tehran regions selected by the sampling method of three-stage clustering. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was content and formal validity and its reliability were calculated by Cronbach's Alpha 0.8964. The findings showed that 84 percent of the Tehran elderly watched television programs. According to the data from the survey, the majority of them watched TV programs for "entertainment and pastime", and then for "information and news", and the minority did for "education". Tehran elderly viewers were interested in "news", "serial", "movie", "documentary", "lecture" and "music" respectively. Overall women spent more time watching TV "serial" and "movie" than men and men interested more in viewing "news", "documentary" and "music" than women.

The purpose of this study is to study the impact of "intimacy", "belonging" and "forgiveness" on "marital satisfaction". Based on the two theories of "Hierarchy of Needs" and "Dynamic Goal of Marital Satisfaction", this study seeks to answer two questions: Is there a significant relationship between marital satisfaction and demographic variables? And what is the relationship between the three conceptual variables of “belonging”, “intimacy” and “forgiveness” with “marital satisfaction”? The method of the study was a survey and the research tool was a questionnaire. The population of the study was married women in Mashhad and a total of 468 respondents participated in this survey. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there is no significant relationship between marital satisfaction and demographic variables (income, Number of children, level of study, etc.). The results of regression analysis also showed that the three conceptual variables "intimacy", "belonging", and "forgiveness" in addition to having a significant relationship with "marital satisfaction", can also predict 18% of the variance of marital satisfaction.

The Muslim Brotherhood is the most important Islamist organization of the twentieth century, which has undergone a transition from moderate fundamentalism to Hassan al-Banna to radical fundamentalism of Sayyid Qottab, and then has experienced the gradual movement towards Islamism based on the values of civil society. The present research focuses on the evolution of the theoretical and practical approach of Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood since its inception in 1928 until the Egyptian revolution in 2011.The invitation and guidance that was cleverly provided with relief provided a base for popular understanding and social interaction of the Brotherhood. Multilateral relations with the Egypt's Khadivi autocratic government and the totalitarian republic after the coup and the nationalists of pan-Arabism and communist forces and Islamism parties, was inclined the organization to kind of social and political Tolerance. The unbridled repressions and illegal punishment of the Brotherhood by the pre and post-coup regime, Increased the Brotherhood's belief in legalism and led them to formulate a law based on the defense of the rights of all groups and citizens with any tendency. Eventually, the social realism of the organization led to a major transformation in the view of the Brotherhood toward its desirable government. The Muslim Brotherhood, several days before the victory of the 2011 Revolution, called for the establishment of a civil government with the authority of Islam.The present article has been done through descriptive-exploratory research through documentary gathering.

Future and ideal are something problematic now more than every day before. In this frustrating fog occupying everywhere, all attempts have been assigned to individual needs, personal successes and close future. Collective ideal and far future have become secondary goals. In such conditions “self” will cut its ties from social context, will alienated from the society, from history and from itself and will tend to reification. What role university and academic training will play here? The specific question of this article is how each of the two approaches of natural sciences and human sciences will relate in this alienation? Social faculty of Tehran university has been selected as representative of human sciences and engineering faculty of Tehran university as representative of natural sciences. 15 students of each faculty were interviewed about their ideals, wishes and futures. According to the results, linear determinative scientific causal law dominated on natural sciences in engineering faculty will permeate to the world of human relations. In the sphere of these disciplines society is not an independent totality but just sum of the singular individuals. Ideal and future have seen as not more than just personal success. In contrast in the fluid and multi-paradigm world of human sciences, relation between individual and society will be understood as complicated, multilateral and dialectical. Personal success and collective ideal will be seen as interwoven; and ideal will not know as just personal success inside the status quo, but the will of the change in the status quo itself.

Iranian female journalists have worked with a lot of difficulties in press. Journalism is an insecure and low pay job, still the number of female journalists interested in writing is increasing. This article works on the reasons of the women’s presence in the press and staying in this job. The analysis is based on intensive interviews with female and male journalists of the Iranian press. The collected data is analyzed according to grounded theory Based on results of the study the journalistic experience assists the female (educated) journalists firstly to get financially independent, secondly to bargain a better professional job position and payment. Values of the contemporary Iranian society (like rule of law and democracy) on one hand, and the specific capacities of journalism like its high social status on the other hand, have helped the women to tolerate difficulties and prevent leaving the job. These two factors build a new feature of the women resistance to achieve sexual equality in Iran. Faith- and family based beliefs of the female journalists have motivated them to continue working in the press; however, what motivate them mainly is their career agency. The career agency is their main factor to fight against the sexual discrimination.