فصلنامه زن و جامعه
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 48، زمستان 1400)

Family structure is an influential factor in decision-making processes and women, due to their significant role in the family and the formation of family structure, are of particular importance in decision-making, especially when purchacing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the role of women and family structure on family purchasing decision-making styles.

This paper in terms of purpose is practical. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, in addition to library studies, field studies were conducted and the statistical population of the study was determined from among 8 metropolises of Iran with a population of over one million, four metropolises of Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan and Mashhad. 400 couples were selected by simple random sampling. In order to collect field data, the research questionnaire tool was designed based on theoretical foundations and interviews with experts and three pre-tests were designed with 68 questions and 5 Likert scale options. To test the research hypotheses, statistical methods of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used.

The results showed that Iranian couples when shopping have seven styles of brand seeker, quality seeker, confusion over information, value for money, style and prestige seeker, recreational / hedonistic and unplanned buyers, which according to the findings of multivariate analysis of variance there is a significance between the decision-making styles of buying families with a democratic structure and families with a patriarchal structure...

Emergence of the Reform Government in 1997 which gained political power through the slogan of political development and the expansion of civil liberties and by the significant participation of women in the electoral field, on the one hand, it has again raised and pursued the socio-political issues and demands of women with greater determination and at a wider level than in the past, and on the other hand, there is room for greater participation and participation of women in community affairs and government.

The main issue in the present study is coverage of the basic features of feminism in the newspapers attributed to the reform movement, which is a practical scientific method of analyzing the content of 8 titles of the leading newspapers in the period 1996 to 2000 And using the T test And two-way analysis of variance.

The findings show that despite developments in the field of women during this period, reformist newspapers still adopt a conservative approach and continue to have a patriarchal approach, focusing less on women's fundamental issues in politics, economics, society, art and media, the family, and the family , Education, legal affairs, sports and entertainment.

The purpose of this study was to study of satisfaction and consequences of Iranian women with Afghan men. The method of qualitative research was of a kind of phenomenology, in other words, the descriptive phenomenological approach (Husserl phenomenology) was chosen. Potential research participants were selected based on the principle of sampling with maximum diversity and the principle of sample saturation and were examined by in-dept semi-structured interview (31subjects of Fars Province).. Regarding the type of research, two main questions were considered during the interviews, including satisfaction of marriage and consequences of marriage. The analysis of the content of the interviews showed that there are 8 basic themes (feelings of humiliation, household economic needs, individual financial needs ...), 3 organizer themes (financial dissatisfaction, marital dissatisfaction, socio-cultural dissatisfaction) and 1 pervasive theme (dissatisfaction). In the study of social concequences, there were 33 basic themes (interaction with peers, interaction with family and family, non-acceptance in social situations, lack of social rights, ...), 13 organizer themes (family welfare, psychological well-being, legal protection, Cultural adaptability, etc.) and 5 pervasive themes (social isolation, socialization, social skills, children's harm, and social capital). According to the results, the necessity of attention and legal requirements for the marriage of Iranian women with foreign citizens is inevitable, and it is possible to prevent many personal and social harms by appropriate prevention

The purpose of this study was to model the indigenous pattern of psychosocial vulnerability to persistent depression in women in Tabriz. The present study was a qualitative research method and used the grounded theory. The study population consisted of 21-50 years old women with persistent depression, 20 of whom were purposefully and data saturated from among referrals to 3 counseling centers in Tabriz in year 2018-2019. The research tool was Beck Depression Inventory 21 Questionnaire, Structured Interview and Qualitative Interview

Data analysis was performed based on the coding of the contextual method and 3 major categories and 1 core category were obtained and a background theory was presented in the form of a model.

The results showed that two categories of factors: "having a traumatic psychological background" and "facing Non psychological challenges" lead to a traumatic individual / interpersonal psychological activity and eventually experience depression. At the end, it is recommended that culture-oriented issues along with treatment plannings should be taken into account.

The aim of this study was to study the lived experience of female students at Shiraz about leisure time. The research approach used in the study was qualitative and also strategy was phenomenology. Potential participants in the study were female students at Shiraz University who were studied through purposive sampling based on the theoretical saturation rule. Data collection tool was semi-structured interviews and also thematic analysis technique was used to analyze the data. Findings indicate that individual-oriented leisure orientation, limitation of community structures on leisure time, discriminatory leisure contexts, insecurity in leisure and economy-oriented leisure orientation are the main themes in the leisure patterns of Shiraz University students. Based on the research findings, the tendency to choose passive leisure and freely and selectively leisure orientations are the factors that explain the individual-oriented leisure orientation. Religious limitations, customary-cultural limitations, and political structure limitations have been identified as limitations on community structures over leisure time. Allocation of unequal facilities, limitations on leisure diversity and cultural perspectives are discriminatory leisure time. Mental-structural insecurity and nonsecurity in space and time explain the limitations of female students from insecurity in leisure time. Class distinction and leisure orientation also introduce students' economy-oriented leisure time. According to the research results it is expected that policy makers in the field of culture in general and policy makers in higher education based on research results to provide spaces to improve students' leisure time.

One of the desirable mechanisms for a quick and appropriate response to the increasing developments in the legal space is to create different privileges, the link between rights and rights on the one hand and politics and social life on the other, human beings and human societies with important concepts Humanity faces political and social rights, especially women's rights in society is one of the signs of civilization and human development. The events and legal affairs of the people in the society are so diverse that not even the most complete law can express the verdict of each case, so inevitably the means of interpretation must be used in order to apply the law to the cases. This article addresses the barriers to participation in the effective presence of women in the interpretation of the constitution. This research is based on a descriptive, exploratory study and with a developmental approach, applied to analyze the data from a qualitative approach and based on a combined algorithm of soft systems methodology and cognitive mapping and in a small part of Factor analysis was used, by studying the background of the subject and in-depth interviews with experts, the required dimensions and components of the subject were identified. The sample of the qualitative part of this research was selected using purposive judgmental sampling method and in order to validate the required data system was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Then the components were confirmed using factor analysis method.

In the contemporary world, child marriage occurred in the context of some societies, and as a multidimensional phenomenon, includes those marriages took place below certain ages, according to law, religious codes or common sense. Official statistics show that East Azerbaijan has the second largest number of child marriages among the provinces of the Iran. The present study aimed at investigating the underlying causes of early/child marriage among Tabriz City’s married women, as the center of the province, it has great social, cultural and religious diversity.This study uses a qualitative methodology and thematic analysis to collect and analyze the lived experiences of women aged 15 to 35 who have child marriage experience. A purposive sampling approach is used to include 21 women in the study with various social and economic backgrounds and according to theoretical saturation criteria. Based on the content analysis used to extract the data from the interviews, 21 sub-themes and 7 macro-themes were obtained. According to these findings, early puberty, Larger body than age, patriarchy, religious prejudice, geographic location, economic poverty and living with stepchildren are the main underlying causes of child marriage in Tabriz.Precocious puberty and physical structure are more influenced by genetic characteristics, but the results of the study show, the Child marriage practice is mainly under the influence of social and cultural factors, therefore, any proper intervention to manage the problem should be socially or culturally defined, constructed, and implemented.

Women as a large part of society have an important role in lifestyle modification. The aim of this study was to explain the effectiveness of lifestyle modification on improving the typology of integration and pathology of women among women in Rostam city. The statistical population of this study included all women living in the city of Rostam in 1399 and the statistical sample of 60 women in the city of Rostam in the form of two groups of 30 people were considered as evidence and experiments that were selected by available sampling method. Samani process and content questionnaire was used to assess the typology of integration and pathology of women. And Cronbach's alpha of all questionnaires is approved. Findings showed that the first hypothesis: lifestyle modification has a significant effect on the improvement of family species. The mean values ​​of process scores and family content in the experimental group and in the post-test stage increased significantly compared to the pre-test stage. Therefore, it can be said that lifestyle modification has a significant effect on improving family species. Hypothesis 2: Lifestyle modification has a significant effect on improving family integration. Hypothesis 3: Lifestyle modification has a significant effect on improving women's pathology. Therefore, the effect of group variable on dependent variable (process dimensions) based on the existence of significant differences is positive, so we conclude that there is a significant difference between groups in at least one dimension.

Given that women have an important role in social, political and economic developments in any period, and since women as male partners and half of the body of society, in fact, occupy half the life of a historical period, The author decided to study the role of women in the educational system of southern Iran, especially Hormozgan province in the Pahlavi era, and considering the culture of the people and their attitudes and views towards women, their role in the development of the educational system in this era.

This article analyzes the role of women in the Pahlavi era with a descriptive-analytical method and relies on documentary-library resources and seeks to answer the question of what was the position of women's society in general and Hormozgan women in Reza Shah's educational system.  

Preliminary research shows that from 1319 onwards, education began to operate in the districts and villages of Hormozgan, and what is very noticeable is that the role of donors (men and women) and The Board of Trustees in the establishment and expansion of schools of different levels in this period in Hormozgan province has sometimes been more colorful than the role of the government, and secondly, among different schools, the name of girls' schools is relatively appropriate. The first girls' primary school in Bandar Abbas in 1311 AH. It was established under the management and teaching of Ms. Talat Basti, and the role of Hormozgan women in promoting the culture and education of local graduates is a lasting one.

The individual's perception of being a social activist and his assessment of the relationship between the distribution of power and wealth is a factor that can lead to social solidarity, increased commitment and belonging to society. The aim of this study is to identify women's social motivation of social justice and their perception of this concept.

The method was by grounded Theory. The sampling method is purposeful of the maximum difference type that in-depth interviews with 22 women of Ardabil province continued until theoretical saturation. Data analysis method was performed by entering textual data into Maxqda software in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding.

The results showed that the degree of social motivation of social justice was different among women and they expressed their sensitivity towards the establishment of social justice with the two categories of destiny and demand. With four main categories, they introduced the determinants of the phenomenon of social justice, which are: 1- The structure of the family organization, 2- Self-awareness, 3- Financial ability, 4- Intellectual deposits. Women also interpreted social justice with two core categories: 1- equitable social justice that is the distribution of resources with the merit and prevalence of diseases.2- Equal social justice, which considers women as the parasite of man and society.

This study aimed to investigate the barriers to political socialization of cultural women by survey method.

The statistical population of cultural women in Ahvaz includes 8763 people and the sample size based on Cochran's formula is 368 people, which have been determined as a sample and have been studied using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Face validity was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha was used to determine its reliability. The results of the research are presented in two descriptive and inferential parts through SPSS 18 software.

The research findings show that there is a significant relationship between women's political socialization and gender socialization variables, value preferences, political self-confidence, and power structure in the paternal family. The correlation coefficients between them are 0.138, 0.440, 0.158, and -0.184, respectively, and their significance levels are 0.05, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.01, respectively.

We conclude that different gender socialization of women, value preferences, women's self-confidence, and power structure in the paternal family are among the barriers to political socialization.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the loyalty of women participating in recreational-sport activities.
The research method was applied and targeted. 361 students from Bushehr province who participated in recreational sports were selected based on Cochran formula and sampling method as a statistical sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that set up in four parts of sports factors (13 questions), recreational factors (14 questions), cultural factors (7 questions), art factors (8 questions) and loyalty (13 questions) Became. The questionnaires were provided to the statistical sample after confirmation of content validity and its structural analysis. The research data were analyzed using structural equation model in the PLS software.
The results showed that sport, recreational and cultural factors had a direct and significant effect with path coefficient (0.478), (0.285) and (0.390) on the loyalty of students participating in recreational sports. It was also found that art factors did not have a significant effect on loyalty variable.

This study was an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the knowledge base of female in-service English teachers in Iranian teacher education programs.

This study was qualitative research using causal-comparative technique. The Knowledge Base Effectiveness Questionnaire (KBEQ) designed by Jadidi and Bagheri (2014) was used (8). Content validity and reliability were used as sources of evidence to support the validity of the questionnaire. Participants were 160 female in-service English teachers who were selected through purposive sampling. Participants were asked to indicate the effectiveness of the knowledge areas introduced in the questionnaire for language teaching.

The findings of this study showed that among the seven components extracted from the questionnaire, based on the views of female in-service teachers, post-method indicators and linguistic concepts constitute the most and least useful issues. Novice and experienced teachers were also compared to find their perceptions of the effectiveness of basic knowledge areas. The results showed that there is a significant difference in their views on issues such as research skills and post-method indicators.