Drought stress is one of the important non-biological stresses for plants such as beans because it affects the growth, development and yield of the plant. Therefore, identification of drought tolerant genotypes is very important. One of the effective ways in identifying drought tolerant genotypes is biochemical investigation and relative genes expression involved in drought stress. Therefore, the present study was performed on a number of bean genotypes including Khomein, COS-16, D81083 and KS-10012 as factorial complete randomized block design. Drought stress was applied at the levels of severe stress (25% field capacity), mild stress (75% field capacity) and normal irrigation (100% field capacity) and then the relative water content, electrolyte leakage, proline, malondialdehyde and gene expression (NCED, CDPK1, PIP1 and NAC) were evaluated. Results showed that the highest and lowest electrolyte leakage traits belonged to Khomein genotypes with 77.66% and COS-16 with 25%, respectively. The highest relative water content of leaf belonged to COS-16 genotype at mild stress of 80.66% and the lowest to khomein genotype at severe stress of 25%. Increasing trend of proline content was observed in all genotypes from 100% of irrigation to mild and severe stresses. Also, increasing trend of malondialdehyde was observed in severe stress compared to control, on the other hand, Khomein genotype with the highest malondialdehyde rank a and COS-16 genotype with the lowest malondialdehyde genotype f were considered with Tukey test. Relative increase of NCED, NAC and CDPK1 gene expression was observed in severe stress compared to mild stress. Different relative expression of PIP1 gene was also observed at different stress levels (75% and 25% of field capacity). In general, it can be concluded that among the genotypes studied, COS-16 had the highest and Khomein genotype had the least tolerance to drought stress.

Identify the freezing tolerant cultivars is a suitable approach for the success of lentil sowing in autumn. In this respect, an augmented experience was carried out to evaluate freezing tolerance of 259 lentil accessions during the 2016-2017 growing seasons in Mashhad. During the growing season, the phenologic growth stages of the plants and the survival percentage affected by winter hardiness were recorded, and at the end of the growing season, morphological traits, seed yield and components were determined. The lowest recorded temperature during the growing season was -13ºC. Survival percentage varied between 0 and 100% and the highest survival percentage (100%) and maximum plant height (53cm) were found in MLC13 MLC409, respectively. Six accessions (MLC424، MLC286, MLC409, MLC303، MLC334 and MLC407) were identified as freezing tolerant. Among freezing tolerant accessions, MLC424, MLC286, MLC409, MLC303, MLC334 and MLC407 had the highest seed yield (154, 192, 220, 144, 225 and 264 g.m،2), respectively. There was a high correlation between survival percentage and seed yield and components. Based on the results, more precise assessment of physiological processes involved in freezing tolerance of lentil accessions in the controlled condition and accessing to winter hardness genotyped is necessary.

Barley has two types of two-row and six-row with different characteristics, therefore due to different climatic conditions and different uses of this crop, better identification of these characteristics will lead to proper use of them. In this research, 707 barley genotypes including 210 two-row and 497 six-row barleies were selected from the germplasm collection of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran and were evaluated in the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj. The phenological, morphological and agronomic traits were recorded. According to the climatic characteristics of the origin of each genotype and the Gosan Xerotermic coefficient, genotypes were classified into four climatic groups. Results of one-way analysis of variance and mean comparison of evaluated traits indicated that, the two-row barley had a shorter vegetative period and reproductive growth, and had early maturity than the six rows. The average weight of 100 seeds in two-row barley genotypes was significantly higher than the six-row, which appears to be due to smaller seedlings of lateral florets in the six-row genotypes. The overall results showed that spike type in barley effects on morphological, agronomic and phonological traits of the crop and is related to climatic condition of origin, so, it seems that the type of spike like all other traits, has evolved to adapt to the climate of the plant's habitat.

A two-year experiment was conducted as completely randomized block design with three replicates on the field conditions, at the Agricultural Research Institute of Atomic Energy Organization in Karaj (2014-2015) and Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran in Karaj (2016-2017). Treatments included 14 barley and two triticale cultivars. Based on the results, there were significant differences between measured traits in the most of the studied cultivars. In both years of the experiment, the newer, six rows and dwarf cultivars (Fajr 30 and Reyhan 03) and Roudasht (improved with gamma-irradiated) had higher grain and biological yields and harvest index and more essential morphological traits than older cultivars and they were more suitable for cultivation in Alborz province. Result also showed that in most traits, triticale cultivars (Sanabad and Joualino) had considerable advantage over barley cultivars in case of most traits. Therefore, it can be considered as an alternative or complementary plant for providing human food as well as livestock feed in Alborz province. In the new barley cultivars, grain yield and the number of fertile tiller in plant and spikes per unite area increase and a plant height decrease improved the harvest index. Therefore, in the triticale cultivars, both biological and grain yields increases, followed by an increase in the number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight, plant height and spike and peduncle lengths, improved the harvest index. Due to the grouping of high yielding cultivars (Fajr 30, Reyhan 03, Roudasht) and triticale cultivars in separate clusters at Euclidean distance 10, and considering that these cultivars had suitable traits related to yield, so it could be cross these cultivars with low yield cultivars as parents in breeding programs to introduce cultivars with suitable crossing characteristics and better than parrents.

Identification of bean genotypes in terms of water use efficiency is important in developing a breeding program to improve cultivars efficient in water use under water deficit conditions. Different indicators are used to better understand the response of cultivars to water scarcity. One of the indicators that can help in selecting the best genotypes under stress conditions is the yield efficiency index. Therefore, to determine the yield, yield components and efficiency index of beans under water deficit condition, this experiment was performed as split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Irrigation conditions (normal and stress) in the main plots and eight bean genotypes in the sub-plots were investigated. Analysis of variance of traits showed that growth period, yield and yield components were significantly different in the evaluated genotypes. Water deficit stress reduced grain yield of genotypes by 47%. AND1007 and COS16 genotypes had the highest grain yield efficiency index, respectively. These two genotypes, along with MCD4011 and WA4502-1, were classified as efficient water consumers. Based on susceptibility and resistance indices, the best genotypes were AND1007, COS16 and MCD4011. In general, the grain yield efficiency index is a good criterion for determining the response of bean genotypes to water deficit stress. Cultivars that produce higher yields under stress conditions and respond well to optimal irrigation are the most desirable genotypes because they are able to maintain their high yield potential over a wide range of available water.

To evaluate the effect of two species of mycorrhiza on physiological characteristics and yield of two wheat cultivars under salinity stress, a field experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years (2014-2016) in Isfahan. Irrigation of plants with two saline water (3 and 11 dS/m electrical conductivity) were main plots and mycorrhiza (G. intraradices, G. mossea and non-application) and two wheat cultivars (Arg and Parsi) were subplots. The results of combined analysis showed that salinity decreased the maximum leaf area index, SPAD index, root colonization and yield by 8.5, 20.7, 17 and 35.5%, respectively, and increased the shoot sodium 84%. Application of mycorrhiza decreased shoot sodium by 33% and an increaseed SPAD, proline and yield by 10, 21.5 and 14.4%, respectively. Salinity caused 22% reduction in the maximum leaf area index of Parsi cultivar. Mossea species caused 6% reduction in the Arg maximum leaf area index and 37% increase in the total leaf protein of both cultivars. In most of the studied traits, both species of mycorrhiza showed high usefulness in comparison with non-inoculation treatment, and of course, the species of G. mossea had a significant effect on increasing grain yield. In general, under salinity stress, mycorrhiza fungus application, especially mossea and Arg cultivar, is recommended.

A two-year experiment (2017-2019) was conducted at Karaj, Iran, to investigate the effect of ammonium and potassium sulfates on the physiological traits and seed and oil yields of camelina under late-season deficit irrigation conditions. The experiment was carried out as a split plot-factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and irrigation regimes (full irrigation, restricted irrigation from flowering and siliqueformation stages) as the main plots and a combination of ammonium sulfate (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg ha-1) and potassium sulfate (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg ha-1) fertilizers as the subplots. Leaf relative water content, canopy temperature, stomata resistance, proline, carbohydrate, chlorophyll and seed and oil yields were affected by the three-way interaction between irrigation regime, ammonium and potassium sulfates. Camelina seed and oil yields were 2470 and 833 kg ha-1 in full irrigation, 613 and 118 kg ha-1 in restricted irrigation from the flowering stage, and 1320 and 407 kg ha-1 in restricted irrigation from the silique formation stages, respectively. Application of ammonium and potassium sulfates increased seed and oil yields in all irrigation treatments. The maximum seed and oil yields were obtained from 75 kg ha-1 ammonium + 75 kg ha-1 potassium sulfates with the averages of 1950 and 643 kg ha-1, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the application of 75 kg ha-1 ammonium + 75 kg ha-1 potassium sulfates can improve the camelina seed and oil yields under full irrigation and late-season drought stress treatments.

Since potassium plays an important role in the vital activities of the plant and is one of the inhibitors of the destructive effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of potassium nano-chelated on some physiological and morphological characteristics of wheat in drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized basic design with three replications was performed in potted culture in the greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The factors include the first factor of drought stress at three levels of osmotic potential (0, -4 and -8 Bar), the second factor of wheat cultivars (Rasad and Gascogn) and the third factor including nano-chelated potassium (non-application of nano-chelated potassium, 35 and 65 mg /litr). Foliar application of nano-chelated potassium and drought stress with polyethylene glycol 6000 was applied simultaneously to plants in three to five leaves stage for five days and then samples were taken from control and treated samples. Foliar application of nano-chelated potassium increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments, leaf chlorophyll index, quantum yield, height of aerial and terrestrial organs, dry and wet weight of stems and roots. Drought stress reduced maximum fluorescence, quantum yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll and the average stem length, internode length, leaf length, root length and also reduced wet and dry stem weight. Among the studied cultivars, the highest amount of measured physiological and morphological traits under drought condition was related to Gascogn cultivar. In other words, this cultivar showed a better response to drought stress under foliar application of potassium nano-chelated, which indicates greater tolerance of this cultivar to drought stress. In general, the application of nano-chelated potassium at a concentration of 35 mg / l moderated the damaging effects of drought stress and increased plant defense mechanisms, especially improving the plant's photosynthetic system.

In order to evaluate the effect of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in saffron rhizosphere on some of saffron agronomic traits under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as split plots factorial in a randomized completely design with three replications at the Institute of Soil and Water Research, Karaj, Iran. The treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes (normal irrigation (control), irrigation cut off at the beginning of the growing season and at the beginning and middle of the growing season) as the main factors, three organic planting media (no organic fertilizer, vermicompost (20 t.ha-1) and biochar (10 t.ha-1) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal in three levels (no application, isolate a and isolate b) as a sub factors. Molecular findings indicated that, both strains isolated from saffron rhizosphere belonged to Rhizophagus irregularis. The results showed that the interaction effect of water stress and planting media on economic yield and also, the interaction effect of water stress, planting media and R. irregularis fungus on leaf number, fresh and dry weights and corm weight and diameter per pot were significant. The highest yield (0.062 g/pot) belonged to the full irrigation with biochar. Meanwhile, the highest leaves number (180), fresh and dry weights (90.2 and 23.96 g, respectively) and corm weight (7.67 g) and diameter (2.38 cm) per pot were obtained at full irrigation with biochar and Rhizophagus irregularis isolate b. In general, the use of biochar fertilizer with Rhizophagus irregularis isolate b had the greatest effect on the measured traits of saffron in different irrigation regimes.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different methods of weed control on lettuce yield and its components, in the spring of 2014. The experiment was performed on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the educational and research field of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Tehran. Treatments were black polyethylene mulch, wheat straw mulch, trifluralin (2 L/ha), trifluralin (2 L/ha) + hand weeding, pendimethalin (2 L/ha), pendimethalin (2 L/ha) + hand weeding, paraquat (2 L/ha) (protected, just between rows), cultivation, two stages of hand weeding and a weed infested plot. Results showed that different treatments influenced lettuce head (weight, number of leaves, stem weight) and weed dry matter significantly. Black polyethylene mulch with 100%, pendimethalin + hand weeding with 89% , two stages of hand weeding with 88% and trifluralin + hand weeding with 86% influence were the best treatments in term of weed control, while cultivation with 40%, showed lowest impact on weed control compare to weed infested plot. The highest yield of lettuce head was observed in black polyethylene mulch (1063 g), pendimethalin + hand weeding (984 g) and two stages of hand weeding (999 g) which were economically practical.

Tocopherols (Vitamin E) are an important group of organic compounds that realize vital activities in plant cells. They protect the photosynthetic system from photooxidation damages and prevent the lipid peroxidation of the chloroplast membrane. The presence of this plant organic compound in human nutrition is essential. In this research, six genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of vitamin E including HPPD/ PDS1, VTE5, HPT/ VTE2, VTE3/ APG1/ IE35, TC/ VTE1, γ-TMT/ VTE4 and their products are identified in lentil plant using databases and bioinformatics software. After this identification, genes are implemented for breeding purposes of lentil through traditional breeding or modern biotechnology methods. According to the phylogenetic tree obtained by the MEGA 7 program, it was observed that most of these genes in the lentil have high homology to legume plants such as chickpea and alfalfa. In addition, the prediction of the presence of conserved domains revealed that the HPPD protein had two domains and one subdomain, and each of the proteins γ-TMT and VTE3 had only one conserved domain. Moreover, the results of the proteins description using ProtParam tool showed that the highest frequency with respect to the amino acids belonged to leucine, serine and glycine; by contrast, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine had the lowest frequency. The use of the DeepLoc-1.0 program predicted that only HPPD proteins were soluble in the cytoplasm, while five other proteins were located in the intermembrane space.

Rice breeding with genetic background of Iranian cultivars provides an opportunity to improve these cultivars that have high adaptability to the environment and favorable marketability. Therefore, seven promising lines, orginiated from cross combinations of Iranian and exotic rice genotypes, along with two check varieties including Tarom-Mahali and Shiroudi were evaluated in four experimental fields in Mazandaran provinces located in east zone (Behshahr), centre (Babol), west (Tonekabon) and Rice Research Instutute (Amol) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates during 2016-2017 (totally eight environments). Results of simple variance analysis showed that there were significant differences between genotypes for number of days to 50% of flowering, plant height, number of fertile tillers and grain yield. Combined analysis variance indicated that the effect of genotype and interaction effects of year and location and also year and location and genotype on grain yield were siginificant. G5 genotype had the highest yield in all environments and G1 genotype was in the second place in terms of yield. Stability analysis through AMMI method indicated that rice promising line G5 (DAH, originated from cross between Dasht and Ahlami-tarom) showed high of grain yield (5888.7 Kg/ha in average) and performed stable situation over environments, G1 genotype (AHS, a cross between Ahlami-tarom and Sepidroud) with 5312.1 Kg grain yield /ha in average, showed moderate stability in most of the environments.

To study the effect of slow release hydrogel-urea complex (SRHUC) on chlorophyll fluorescence and morphological parameters of barley under drought stress, an experiment was performed in 2017-2018 as factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in the greenhouse of Aburaihan campus of University of Tehran. The combination of factorial levels were as fertilization factor containing nitrogen (N) from urea source in five levels of no N application, equivalent 125 and 65 kg.ha-1 N without and with SRHUC as CU-N125, CU-N65, SRHUC-N125 and SRHUC-N65, respectivly and drought stress in three levels of 70, 50 and 30% FC. Drought stress decreased flag leaf area and the lowest value (13.12 cm2) belonged to 30% FC. Furthermoreit decreased flag leaf dry weight, total number of tiller and SPAD index. SRHUC-N125, SRHUC-N65 and CU-N125 have showed the highest values of maximum (Fm) and variable (Fv) fluorescences. In 50% FC, N-containing treatmenats had the highest Fv/Fo and SRHUC treatments showed the highest performance index based on absorption (PIABS) that were equal to 1.66 and 1.60. In 30% FC, the lowest value (10913) of minimum fluorescence (Fo) was related to SRHUC-N125. SRHUC-N125 caused the highest flag leaf area (16.8cm2), stem diameter (4.2 mm) and SPAD index (43.6). It can be concluded that better N availability in Goharan cultivar, had favorable effects on chlorophyll fluorescence and growth parameters, especially in drought stress, and SRHUC application might result in more appropriate chlorophyll fluorescence and growth characteristics.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most valuable agricultural products, mainly cultivated for edible oil. Phosphorus is a suitable nutrient in plants that plays key roles in several cellular structures and catalytic functions of enzymes involved in metabolism. In order to produce and develop phosphorus-efficient cultivars, 100 sunflower lines from different parts of the world were evaluated in an experiment based on agro-morphological traits under two optimal and phosphorus deficient conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications in pots in 2017-18 cropping season. Based on results of descriptive statistics, the average of most studied traits was reduced in phosphorus deficient compared to optimal conditions, and the most damage caused by phosphorus deficiency were observed in plant phosphorus percentage, grain yield per plant and head and plant dried weights, respectively. In population structure analysis based on 128 IRAP and 120 REMAP markers, two sub-populations (K=2) were identified in association panel and amount of linkage disequilibrium for the retrotransposon based molecular markers was 3.4%. In association analysis using MLM model, 17 and 19 markers were identified for traits in optimal and phosphorus deficient conditions, respectively and the cfcr8-1 marker was common between traits in optimal and phosphorus deficient conditions. The results obtained from this study present valuable information on the genetic basis of studied traits that can be used for breeding and developing high performance varieties in sunflower.

In this study, 12 promising lentil genotypes along with Kimia and Gachsaran cultivars were cultivated during three cropping years (2010-2011) in Gachsaran, Gonbad, Khorramabad and Moghan regions. AMMI analysis of variance showed that the effects of environment, genotype and their interaction and the first six main components were significant. Genotype 4 (1196 kg / ha) had the highest grain yield. 8, 11, 14, 10 and 6 genotypes based on ASV index, 9, 14, 11, 10 and 12 genotypes based on SIPC index, 9, 12, 14, 10 and 4 genotypes based on EV index, selected genotypes 14, 11, 9, 8 and 6 based on ZA index and 11, 14, 8, 6 and 1 genotypes based on WAAS index were selected as the most stable genotypes. The best genotypes in terms of yield and stability were  4, 8, 6, 10 and 7 genotypes based on ssiASV, 9, 4, 6 and 8 genotypes based on ssiSIPC index, 4, 9 and 12 genotypes based on ssiEV index, 6, 8, 9 and 4 genotypes based on ssiZA index and 4, 6 and 8 genotypes based on ssiWAAS index.  Based on AMMI1 biplot, 6, 4 and 8 genotypes with mean grain yield higher than total yield average and lowest values of IPCA1 were identified as stable genotypes with high general compatibility. In AMMI2 biplot, 4, 8, 9 and 12 genotypes high general stability and higher grain yield than the total average. The most stable genotypes in the superiority index were 4 and 6 genotypes. In general, based on different indices, 4, 6 and 8 genotypes had high yield in many environments and in the most methods, had good stability and could be candidates for introduction of new cultivars.

The quality and quantity of saffron are affected by several factors, including climatic and environmental conditions. In order to investigate the effects of corm transfer date and weight on qualitative characteristics and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was carried out as a split factorial in time based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in two harvests at the Southern Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Sfandagheh station) in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments were three corm transfer dates (4 June, 5 August and 5 September) and four corm weights (6-8, 8-10, 10-12 and 12-20 g). Crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal contents, flower number and dried stigma yield were measured. The results showed that the effect of corm transfer date and weight and their interaction were significant on the all traits during two years. A separate analysis of the studied factors in two years showed that in the first year, the effect of corm transfer date was significant on taste, aroma, number of flowers and saffron yield but not significant on its pigment content. Effect of corm weight and interaction of corm weight and transfer date were significant on all quality and yield traits of saffron. The results in second year showed that the effect of corm transfer date and weight and their interaction were significant on color and flavor, but for flower traits and yield, only the effect of corm transfer date was significant. Qualitative traits were affected by the corm size and its transfer date. 12-20 g corms had the highest safranal, picrocrocin and crocin content compared to other weight groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that, for the production of high-yield and quality saffron (premium saffron), it is recommended to use large mother corms (above 10 grams) and cultivation in June.

In order to investigate the effect of biochar and salicylic acid on phytoremediation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) to lead heavy metal (Pb), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2019. Treatments were five levels of lead (0, 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 mg Pb kg-1 soil), two levels of biochar (no-consumption and consumption of 20 g biochar kg-1soil) and two levels of salicylic acid (no-foliar application and 2 mM foliar application). Shoot and root dry weights, tolerance index, Pb concentration in shoot, root and soil, transfer and bioaccumulation factors and Pb uptake in the shoot were measured. The results showed that the application of biochar and salicylic acid reduced the negative effect of Pb on dry weight of sorghum and improved traits related to phytoremediation. The highest Pb concentration in shoot and root (671.17 and 398.70 mg Pb kg-1 dry matter, respectively) were obtained in the combined treatment of biochar and salicylic acid application at 1600 mg Pb kg-1 soil. Generally, the results showed that biochar and salicylic acid application in sorghum improves Pb phytoextraction in contaminated soil.

Diosgenin is one of the most important medicinal compounds in the world; however, little information is available on the biosynthetic pathway of this valuable metabolite in fenugreek. Given the importance of increasing the production of diosgenin, the application of various stimulants to enhance its production might be an interesting research topic. The aim of this study was to increase the expression of some genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of diosgenin in fenugreek plants treated with salinity stress and different levels of melatonin. Treatments in this experiment included different salinity levels (0, 150 and 300 mM), different levels of melatonin (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppm) and a combination of different levels of salinity and melatonin. The expression of Cycloartenol synthase، 26-o-Beta glucosidase ,C4-demethylase in 150 mM and 60 ppm melatonin salinity treatments increased 7, 5 and 4 times compared to the control treatment (no melatonin application and salinity stress), respectively. The expression of C22-hydroxylase and Δ7-reductase genes was less affected by all experimental treatments. Overall, the results of the present study showed that the application of melatonin in fenugreek under salinity stress substantially increases the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of diosgenin as a suitable functional stimulus.  The results of this research could be used in the pathway engineering of this valuable medicinal metabolite.

Strictosidine synthase protein is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant alkaloids. To date, no information on strictosidine synthase sequences of Papaver somniferum has been recorded in various databases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate the complete ORF sequence of strictosidine gene, bioinformatics analysis of this gene and study its expression in different organs of Papaver somniferum and Papaver bracteatum. The consensus sequence of strictosidine gene with 1179 bp was obtained after identifying the consensus sequence resulting from assembling similar readings in related species. Also, the strong sequence conservation was observed in the terminal parts of the strictosidine synthase enzyme. Due to the isolation of the full length of the consensus sequence, the prediction of its third protein structure was performed using the comparative method obtained from the Modeller program and its molecular dynamics was predicted and simulated using the GROMACS software. The results of prediction and evaluation of the third structure indicated the structural stability of the predicted model. Finally, the expression of strictosidine synthase gene expression in the leaf, stem and capsule tissues of Papaver somniferum was 12, 4.09 and 1.3 times more than the root as a control, respectively. Also, in Papaver bracteatum, the root had the highest expression (5 times than the capsule) and the stem (3 times than the capsule) and the leaf (2.5 times than the capsule) took the next ranks. The results of this study provide the possibility of STR gene manipulating with the aim of engineering the pathway of Papaver alkaloids.