فصلنامه روان شناسی کاربردی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 61، بهار 1401)

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of the possible selves in the relationship between time perspective and students' test anxiety. The research method was descriptive structural equation modeling and the statistical population of the present study included all high school students in Tehran who were studying in the academic year of 2019-2020, among them, 255 students were selected by convenience sampling method. Research tools include the Test Anxiety Scale by Sarason et al. (1958); the Possible Selves’ Questionnaire by Zadshir et al. (2020) and the Time Perspective Inventory by Zimbardo and Boyd (1999). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. In the present study, the indirect path coefficient between future (p<0.01, β=-0.176), hedonistic present (p<0.01, β=-0.179), and positive past (p<0.01, β=-0.076) time perspectives with test anxiety were negative, and significant at the level of 0.01. The indirect path coefficient between negative past perspective with test anxiety (p<0.01, β=0.053) was positive and significant at the level of 0.01. It seems that the time perspective causes a person to plan for his long-term goals, this planning increases hopeful thinking, having enough and effective coping resources for purposeful thinking and familiarity with the necessary paths to meet the goals, which ultimately causes the student not to experience test anxiety.

Prospection is a set of cognitive abilities that includes predicting possible future states and needs. This skill helps people to plan, overcome obstacles and achieve success. One of the novel tools for measuring the ability of future-oriented thinking in children is the Children’s Future Thinking Questionnaire (Mazachowsky & Mahy, 2020), the psychometric properties of which have not been studied for use in the Iranian child population. This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of elementary school students (139 boys and 61 girls) who were studying in the academic year 1399-1400 and the questionnaire along with the demographic checklist was provided to their parents online. Confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency of subscales, Guttman split-half, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of Children’s Future Thinking Questionnaire (CFTQ) using LISREL8.8 and SPSS24 statistical analysis software. The content analysis of the CFTQ showed that the five-factor model has a moderate fit scale and validity construct. Also, Cronbach's alpha values and, Guttman split-half for the total score of the questionnaire were 0.89 and 0.85, respectively, which indicates the appropriate reliability of this questionnaire. It can be concluded that the CFTQ has good validity and reliability in the Iranian population and the present researchers recommend Persian version of the CFTQ to assess cognitive abilities related to future-oriented in Iranian children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and Sluggish cognitive tempo in individuals with ADHD Symptoms with emphasis on the moderating role of child abuse and the mediating role of experiential avoidance.

In this correlational study, the statistical population included 312 patients with ADHD in the age range of 18 to 60 years-old in Isfahan who had Barkley Adult ADHD rating scale (BAARS) of Z=+1 scores. Then, in order to assess the moderating role of child abuse, the subjects were divided into two separate groups (Z <0 including those who were not diagnosed with child abuse and Z> 0 including those who were diagnosed with child abuse).

The results showed that child abuse modulates the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and Sluggish cognitive tempo (t = 1.97, P <0.05) and experience avoidance does not mediate this relationship (The standard coefficient of indirect effect in the group who experienced child abuse is equal to 0.17 (P = 0.466), and in the group without that experience is equal to 0.12 (P = 0.411)).

According to the research findings, child abuse affects the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and Sluggish cognitive tempo and therefore can play a role in the development of Sluggish cognitive tempo.

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate psychometric properties of the Teachers’ Achievement Goals in Work Questionnaire (TAGWQ, Papaioannou & Christodoulidis, 2007) among Iranian male and female teachers.

In this correlational study, 360 teachers (200 female and 160 male) completed the Teachers’ Achievement Goals in Work Questionnaire,  and the Teacher Emotion Inventory (TEM, Chen, 2016) and the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS, Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Specter, P. E., & Kelloway, 2000). The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to determine the TAGWQ's factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the TAGWQ, correlations between different dimensions of TAGWQ with scales of teacher emotions and career well-being was calculated.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis based on AMOS software showed that 3-factor structure of the mastery goal orientation, performance goal orientation and avoidance goal orientation in the Iranian sample had good fit with the data. Correlational analyses between different dimensions of TAGWQ with scales of teacher emotions and career well-being provided initial evidence for the TAGWQ construct validity. Internal consistency for the mastery goal orientation, performance goal orientation and avoidance goal orientation subscales was 0/80, 0/79 & 0/78 respectively.

In sum, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the TAGWQ as an instrument for measuring motivational construct of goal orientations among Iranian male and female teachers.

The aim of the present study was to construct and validate the scale of early emotional needs based on Yang theory of schema therapy.

This research was conducted by a combined qualitative-quantitative method. The first (qualitative) step was performed by data triangulation method. The required data were collected through interviews, available texts, receiving expert opinions, and through the method of grounded theory, the steps of coding, categorization, follow-up to saturation. In the second (quantitative) stage, the statistical population of Tehran students was selected in 1399. Among the Islamic Azad universities of Tehran, universities were selected from 5 districts of Tehran and 15 faculties were randomly selected to assess the questionnaires and the questionnaires were administered to 376 students of different levels and both sexes. Confirmatory factor analysis and maximum likelihood estimation (ML) methods were used to analyze the data.

Six needs and their related items were extracted. Analysis of standardized factor loads of all components on the total factor, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all early needs was greater than 0.7. All the needs of the researcher-made questionnaire were positively and at a significance level of 0.01 correlated with the five domains of Young's early maladaptive schemas.

Based on the findings, the ability of items to measure the six components of early needs was confirmed and the items of each need had the desired internal consistency, and the needs scale had convergent validity.

This study aimed to compared the effectiveness of group positivity training on social adequacy and academic resilience in female students.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and one-month follow-up with the control group. The statistical population included all female high school students in public high schools and the public sample in Zahedan. 45 of them were enrolled in the study. They were selected through multi-stage random cluster sampling and divided into experimental and control groups. 15 people each) were replaced. Flanner et al.'s (1990) Social Adequacy Scale and the Samuels (2004) Academic Equality Questionnaire were used to collect data. The experimental group received positivity training for 8 consecutive weeks in two months and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed by SPSS software through repeated measures test.

The results of analysis of variance of repeated measures showed that group positivity training had a significant effect on social adequacy and academic resilience, and the mean score of cognitive skills and motivational motivations of the positive experimental group were significantly different (p<0.05) has been reported and also positive intervention has been effective in increasing the overall score of academic resilience and subscales of communication skills, future orientation and problem orientation.

Therefore, it can be concluded that group positivity training can have a significant effect on social adequacy and resilience of female adolescents and their academic effectiveness.

Enjoying the suffering of others can occur in the form of a Schadenfreude in most people, or it can manifest itself in a more stable form: Sadistic personality traits. This study was about the structural relationships between the Big Five and Sadism through the role of Schadenfreude.

364 people from the 24,000-student population of Tabriz University (169 males and 167 females) in 2020 were selected by available sampling. They answered the Milon III, NEO-FFI, and Schadenfreude Scenario Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-24 and Amos.

Evaluation of the hypothetical research model using fit indices showed that the measured model fits.

Agreeableness among the Big Five mediated by Schadenfreude has a significant effect on the symptoms of Sadism. The findings, along with supporting the hypothetical model for the symptoms of Sadistic personality traits, provide a suitable framework for the etiology of this personality disorder. The common denominator of the three factors of the present model is their social element. Agreeableness can be considered as the most social factor of Big Five that affects Schadenfreude as a social emotion and Sadism as a personality type based on the presence of others. That means people with higher Agreeableness are less likely to experience enjoying others suffering because of greater empathy. The results are useful in understanding social behaviors, especially in situations where empathy is expected but behaviors that indicate sadism or enjoyment of the suffering of others occur.

This study aimed to investigate the mediatory role of the early maladaptive schemas in relationship attachment styles and corona anxiety.

The study design was descriptive-correlational through structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all Undergraduate students Poldokhtar Higher Education Center in the academic year 2020-2021, who were selected to a statistical sample group with a sufficient number to test the model according to Klein (2015) for each variable 20 Samples were considered. The sampling method was non-probability and an online questionnaire. The instruments used in the study included the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), and Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). SPSS-22 and AMOS-24 software were used for statistical analysis.

In regards to the fitness indices, the results of the structural equation modeling indicate that the presented model has an appropriate fitness (RMSEA = 0.08, GFI = 0.90, AGFI = 0.91). Avoidant attachment style (β = 0.23) and maladaptive schemas (β = 0.78) have a direct and significant effect on corona anxiety.  Also indirect pathway results showed that secure attachment style mediated by maladaptive schemas could reduce corona anxiety; but avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles mediated by maladaptive schemas can add to students' corona anxiety.

The study showed that with increasing avoidant attachment style, corona anxiety decreased, and maladaptive schemas had a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles with corona anxiety and increased this effect.

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between defense mechanisms and adolescent suicidal ideation.

The study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all adolescents in Karaj in the fall of 2019, of which 270 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years (125 boys and 143 girls) were selected by available sampling method from educational areas 3 and 7. The study tools were included Defense Style Questionnaire-40 by Andrews et al., (1993) (DSQ-40); Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale by Gratz & Roemer (2004) (ERDS); Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire by Gámez et al., (2011) (MEAQ) and Suicide Cognitions Scale by Rudd et al. (2010) (SCS). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.

In the present study, the direct relationship between mature (β=-0.348, P=0.001) and immature (β=-0.440, P=0.001) mechanisms with suicidal ideation was significant. The direct relationship between experimental avoidance with suicidal ideation was significant (β=-0.224, P=0.001). The direct relationship between emotion regulation difficulty and suicidal ideation was significant (β=0.439, P=0.001). The indirect relationship between mature defense mechanisms and suicidal ideation was significant (β=-0.295, P=0.001). The indirect relationship between immature defense mechanisms and suicidal ideation was significant (β=0.314, P=0.001).

Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that in the treatment of suicidal adolescents, defense mechanisms, experiential avoidance, and emotion regulation strategies be considered.

the present study aimed to investigate the existential crises of unfaithful men and examine the effectiveness of indigenous counseling based on marital infidelity tendency.

the research had a exploratory mixed-method design and included both qualitative and quantitative phases. The interpretive phenomenology method was used in the qualitative phase. Eighteen unfaithful men of Shahindej city, Iran, were selected by purposive sampling and interviewed in the qualitative phase. The data were analyzed by Colaizzi’s method. As a result, six categories (i.e., delay contemplation, existential emptiness avoidance, not accepting fate, pathological value change, sexual and desire-based love, and struggling with existential loneliness). Then, the initial model of counseling was designed based on these crises. The model matching method was used to evaluate the theoretical validity of the model. The model was given to 12 experts to confirm its face and content validity, and after approval, it was finalized in the form of 12 sessions. The single case method was used in the quantitative phase. three unfaithful men were purposively selected in the quantitative phase. The model was implemented in three baselines, intervention, and follow-ups. The data were collected by the Attitudes toward Infidelity Scale (ATIS) and analyzed by visual analysis, statistical and clinical significance.

The results revealed that the model significantly reduced marital infidelity tendency (p<0.01).

Therapists can use the model reduce the tendency to infidelity in the individuals or couples engaged in marital infidelity.