نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 71 (دی 1400)

India’s West Asia policy discourse has traditionally revolved around its energy dependency, security and the welfare of the 7 million Indians living in the region. In recent years, particularly since the coming of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to power in 2014, the issues of counterterrorism, security, defence cooperation and non-oil trade have gained in importance. This qualitative shift is partially guided and supported by both pragmatism and the ideological differences that the BJP and its predecessor, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), had been maintaining against the West Asia policy of the earlier governments led by the Congress party. Through explaining the ideological perspectives of the Indian National Congress (INC) and the BJP, this article argues that the changing global and West Asian landscape, the consolidation of Chinese influence in and around India’s land and maritime boundaries, the instability in the energy market and the insecurity of the Arab uprising–hit West Asian monarchies have provided the BJP government an opportune time to rethink and reorient India’s relations with West Asia. While ideological determinants dominate the public discourse, as the BJP’s top leadership elaborates in the public domain, the policy choices made are not always in tune with these. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has often preferred the pragmatic to the ideological, and this he has done over the expectations of his party and supporters.

With the development and transformation of societies, the criminal phenomena have also changed. The crime of money laundering is no exception to this rule due to the enactment of international laws related to it. In fact, money laundering can be analyzed as one of the crimes that has undergone changes in its implementation over the years, because it can affect different issues from importing foreign currencies to exporting foreign currencies which causes economic problems in a country and weakens the foundations of the investment system in a country. Therefore, one of the most important factors that has been discussed and investigated for many years is the subject of governmental decisions and laws regarding the entry of foreign currencies into the countries. The purpose of this article is to address the issue of importing foreign currencies into a country and its relationship with the crime of money laundering, which have been studied through descriptive-analytical and library methods. The results have been examined, such as the one which refers to the lack of transparency of laws and the import of foreign currencies into the country in an uncontrolled manner and without a special framework and law, which can strengthen the crime of money laundering in the country.

In fact, the main purpose of imposing economic sanctions is to prevent members of the international community from breaking the norms and to encourage to abide by these principles and norms. pursuant to Article 41 of the Charter in Chapter VII, the Security Council may respond to threats to international security and peace by imposing sanctions. and it is clear that the most practical and effective of these sanctions are the economic sanctions imposed by the Security Council on the basis of the Charter. on the other hand, countries also unilaterally impose sanctions on other countries with the aim of declaring the achievement of their national goals and interests. from this perspective, sanctions are seen as a tool for foreign policy purposes. Focusing on the study of economic sanctions from the perspective of international economic law, the present study tries to assess the legitimacy or illegitimacy of economic sanctions in the field of international economic law, whether economic sanctions have the necessary legitimacy in international economic law or not? economic sanctions do not seem to have legal legitimacy under international economic law. Thus, this study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and has been done using valid library sources and documents.

Multinational corporations are now part of the global economy and are present in most countries of the world. This article aims to examine the role and impact of multinational corporations on the global economy and specifically on the economies of the four countries of the United States, China, India and Japan. It also aims to determine the extent to which multinational corporations have contributed to the economic prosperity of the four countries in the post-Cold War era, which can clarify the specific path through which the developing countries interact with multinational corporations. In this article, the methods of deductive research, case study, and static research have been used. The findings indicate that multinational corporations can have various economic benefits for the parent and host countries, as well as benefits such as technology transfer for the host country, but on the other hand, it also has disadvantages such as endangering national economies and economic dependence for the host country. Finally, it can be concluded that multinational corporations have had many positive effects on the global economy and the export of goods, but at the same time they have negative dimensions such as the expansion of social and economic gaps.

Howard Zinn has been classified in a number of ways for his many social contributions. However, despite the breadth of his work, he has never been considered a criminologist. It is likely that this is the result of the inaccurate perceptions many Americans have about crime being a predominantly street-level social problem. Zinn maintains that the social harms caused by those in positions of political and economic power are in fact crimes against humanity that are far more destructive and violent than the actions our legal system has historically deemed criminal. He also points to the ways our criminal justice system is unjust and ineffective, and has demonstrated how social inequality ensures that the disadvantaged will be further subordinated by the criminal justice system. Zinn’s critical contributions about the most significant sources of social harm, the unjust nature of the American justice system, and the influence of social inequality offer an unorthodox criminological perspective that deserves special consideration. His unconventional criminology calls for increasing social justice by means of political dissent, social resistance, and civil disobedience.

The plural in Arabic has its own special uses and characteristics. The main barrier to learning is the inability of students and the inability to understand and generalize concepts and confuse the topic with other topics. The plural in Dari Arabic and Persian grammars is one of the topics that has been considered by many authors in their mental products. The purpose of this research is to depict the plural and its titles in both Arabic and Persian Dari languages. In this research, the method of summarizing Arabic nouns and its conditions, from which type of nouns and adjectives can be summarized, have been discussed more, as well as Arabic pronouns in Persian as well as in Arabic. It is used to be examined, The collective suffixes of the Dari Persian language, which are used in the compilation process and are also known as the Persian plural sign, are discussed in the Persian grammar; This research summarizes the following results, types of additions and summaries with its conditions in Arabic. Collective suffixes have been explored by summation, Arabic plurals in Persian, and additional and descriptive plurals in Persian.