نشریه قلمروهای جغرافیایی قرن جدید
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The growing relations between Iran and Turkey do not meant alignment in the attitudes and orientations of the regional and foreign policies of two countries, and the strategic security- defense positions and views of two countries are different from their declared policy, Turkey is closely following Iran's missile development and nuclear activities program, and Turkey's military cooperation with the Zionist regime is a concern for countries in the region, In particular by Iran. Turkey's membership in NATO and its pro-Western stance, the construction of a missile shield on the border with Syria, and the support of Syrian opposition terrorists, given the level of Iran-Syria relations, have left Iran's relations with Turkey in a state of ambiguity. The main question of this study is: what are the components and indicators of security defense affecting Iran's relations with Turkey? The results of this study show that the nature and level of political relations between two countries affected by domestic needs, geopolitical conditions, quality and structure of the international system of political orientations and other variables, can be included from unity and convergence to strategic relationship, bilateral cooperation, competitive cooperation , Political severance, political tension, conflict, etc. . Turkey is an important and influential neighbor in Iran's political, security, defense, economic and cultural issues due to its territorial and border commonalities, the role of cultural factors, etc. Will be effective. This research is an applied-developmental type that has been prepared by descriptive-analytic-case-based method and with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative) and through in-depth interviews and distribution of questionnaires in the sample community to 55 strategic experts in the field. The defense and political forces of the Iranian Armed Forces have been completed, and two main factors and nineteen indicators have been approved.

In the Persian Gulf, there are about ninety small Island, out of which thirty and four Islands belong to Iran. The Lavan Island is located in the western part of Hormozgan province and in the geographical coordinates of 35 61 90e, 91 92 01N. The Island is among the most important islands of the Persian Gulf, which has been reputed earlier to Sheikh Sha'aib, Bushaib or Bushoayb. However, the main question of this research is: What is the importance of the geopolitical Island of Lavan in the Persian Gulf? The area of the Lavan Island is about 8167 km and sea water depth near the island is between 67 and 99 meters. The island is the largest Iranian island in the Persian Gulf after the Qeshm and Kish Islands. The island is known as the Gulf’s secret pearl. In terms of country divisions, the Lavan Island is part of the Hormozgan province, the city of Bandar Lengeh, the Kish section, with an area of about 688 square kilometers from two villages in the name of Lavan and Kish, in such a way that most of the Gulf states wish to have such an Island with the mentioned position. The results of the study show that the island had a geostrategic, geopolitical, geo-economical position (6561 billion barrels of oil, 60621 of global oil reserves and 93692 trillion cubic meters, 611 of the world gas reserves), ranked first south West Asia and the second of the world and in the world's energy ellipse, which is part of Iran's energy sources in the Lavan region. Also, the tourism, political, and military status along with the maritime border with neighbors, as well as joint energy sources with the United Arab Emirates, are of extraordinary significance. This research has been carried out through interview and library resources and applied a descriptive and analytical method. In addition, the GIS software has been utilized to prepare the maps.

The distribution of water resources in the low water geography of Iran is an important factor in creating and shaping political boundaries at different levels and, consequently, planning to achieve land development, so it should be considered by thinkers, especially geographers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of water resources factor in prioritizing and paying attention to the political division of space. The present research is theoretical and from the point of view of nature and descriptive-analytical method has been done using library resources. In this research, while evaluating the current situation of catchments, political units at the provincial level as the spatial domain of the study have been studied. The results show that water resources and catchments along with the structural factors of the natural- ecological, social, cultural, economic environment as well as settlements have an important place in the political division of space and should be considered more than before.

The issue of balance in the global system is one of the most important factors influencing regional and international security. Therefore, global powers are pursuing special sensitivity. Certainly, their acquisition strategies are developed according to this internationally accepted principle. One of the areas where large powers from the old people have had special attention to the issue of the balance of power in the Middle East. This area was in a relatively reasonable balance of four powers of Iran, Turkey, Israel and Arab countries led by Egypt, which encountered a major challenge in the Trump government. Hence, the maximum pressure policy of Trump against Iran and the Arab-Hebrew coalition, as well as Turkey's movements in the South Caucasus, in the interest of Iran's regional rivals and to the harm of Iran, was creating instability in the region. However, with the emergence of the new government in the United States, the pattern of their traditional behavior, as well as the will of this state to restore the situation created in order to establish a reasonable regional balance, hopes and opportunities facing Iran to make new approaches Including foreign policy based on the supply of national interests from the Islamic Republic. Therefore, the present study with a descriptive-analytic approach seeks to answer the question that the recent strategic changes in the Middle East; What opportunities are made in maintaining the geopolitical benefits of Iran? Research findings show that two issues abandon the maximum pressure policy of the Trump government against Iran, as well as prioritizing diplomacy in the state strategy of Biden, have created new grounds to maintain and exploit Iranian geopolitical capacities.

The formation of Islamic fundamentalist groups such as al-Qaeda, Taliban, ISIL, the Nusra Front in the Middle East has been fundamentally influenced by the political trends of this region, and this impact, in addition to the domestic dimensions of governments, can also be seen at the regional and geopolitical level. In fact, the fundamentalist groups created a new political and geopolitical equations in the region by developing its activities in the widespread Middle East territorial realm. The phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East, in the form of extreme-terrorist groups, is one of the most obvious characteristics of security scanning in the Middle East. But despite the fact that these groups are examined in a general approach as fundamentalism, along with ideological similarities, the difference between extremist groups in political dimensions is seen. The pivotal question of this research is based on the fundamental funds and differentiation of the fundamentalist groups of the Taliban, al- Qaeda, ISIL, the Al-Nusra Front and Jaish-e-Islam in the Middle East and what is its impact on Iran's national security? The findings of this research show that the most important aspects of participation in these groups in the ideological religious component, and their differences in political components. And the most important effects of these terrorist groups on Iran's national security threatening Iran's strategic depth, providing the context of political and military intervention of transnational powers, weakening in sovereignty and gap in the axis of resistance, the competition between Shiite and Sunni, together Eating balance has been in favor of regional rivals in Iran's supporters of these terrorist groups. The present study was used as a comparative or comparative study using library and documentary method, corresponding books, publications and press, articles and magazines, Internet sites used and used in the map of GIS software.

Chabahar is the only Iranian ocean port, one of the key positions on the margin of the Gulf and the Oman Sea, and has an important place in the North-South Corridor. This port is located on the transit path of the East, and has various economic and geographic urgent emergencies in transit. In general, the actualization of such a potential can, in addition to the functions and enhancement of the role of the macro geo-economic creation in the region, according to the vital needs of land enclosed countries in Iran's surrounding areas, can also be a kind of regional convergence. For example, Iran can achieve significant influence on the surrounding areas, especially Central Asia and Afghanistan using geopolitical and geo-economical potentials. Thus, the research question is that; does Chabahar have the potential for helping the country in the hard-working conditions? The findings of the research show that economic bonds are based on geographical and geopolitical infrastructure for countries that are under international sanctions. Iran can provide part of its strategic needs through the capacities that have gathered interest with neighbors and other countries. Also, economic dependence is based on the common needs of land enclosed countries to Iran, Chabahar’s geography and economic ties of the region, new Hartland in Asian, geopolitics of North and southern Iran in creating a two-way trading network, Chabahar Free Zone and Iran's links with neighbors and .. A major obstacle to the efficiency of international sanctions is especially US sanctions. This research has been studied using descriptive-analytical method, as well as the use of library resources (books, articles) and Internet resources and using geographic maps.

Lack of water resources along with increasing population, lack of proper management of natural resources in the catchment area and diversion of water flow through the construction of dams, wells and cultivation of crops that are not suitable for climate change, have created many problems for border crossings with neighbors. The Qarahqum, Petregan-Khaf, and Hamun-Helmand catchments and the two rivers Harirod and Helmand are shared between Iran and Afghanistan. The Afghan government has caused a water crisis in eastern Iran, including Khorasan and Sistan, due to the construction of several dams upstream of the Harirod and Helmand rivers and disregard for the rights of the downstream countries of these common rivers. Iran, which is witnessing a decrease in water resources due to increasing water consumption, needs to manage its interactions with its neighbors from a water perspective. The question of this study is about the most important fields and reasons for cross-border river dispute between Iran and Afghanistan and what diplomacy has been used. Findings show that lack of proper management, non-compliance with watersheds, extensive dams and various interests of upstream and downstream countries are the most important reasons for disputes over the Helmand border river. Admittedly, a collaborative working group for proper policing between the two sides as well as the interaction of water diplomacy on common water resources is one of the right ways to resolve the two countries disputes. This paper deals with descriptive- analytical method and the use of documentary tools, Internet resources, and use of geographical maps. This paper deals with descriptive analytical method and the use of documentary tools, Internet resources, and use of geographical maps.

Water has economic, social and environmental effects on spatial development, so this phenomenon is becoming more competitive, more political and more secure. One of the areas where water scarcity is most pronounced is Southwest Asia, and this situation is more pronounced in Iraq and Syria due to its downstream than the Tigris and Euphrates border rivers. Turkey is one of the water-rich countries due to the amount of rainfall and suitable climatic conditions from which the Tigris and Euphrates rivers originate, and most of the water resources of Iraq and Syria originate from Turkey, and these countries are highly agricultural, environmental and Drinking depends on water sources coming from Turkey. By establishing large water projects (Gap project) in southeastern Turkey, Turkey seeks to control the border waters in the Tigris and Euphrates tributaries and pursue its geopolitical goals based on hydro-hegemon and hydropower. Due to the dependence of Iraq and Syria on the border waters with Turkey, it seems that in the near future, the countries downstream of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers will face widespread water tensions. This descriptive- analytical study, using library and Internet resources, seeks to analyze the geopolitics of Turkey's water policies and their consequences in the downstream countries of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Iraq and Syria). The results show that Turkey's strategic goals and water policies in the field of extraction and control of border waters, the use of this empowering geopolitical element in line with geo-economic goals (balanced domestic development and achievement of European standards, aligning Kurds with the core Central to this is the rise of bargaining power in energy transactions in the region (geostrategic) (weakening the PKK and its supporting neighbors, operationalizing the neo-Ottoman discourse in the Ottoman Empire).

The study of the function of sociology and historical developments shows that sociology and history are two sides of the same coin. History expresses the knowledge of the social relations of culture and civilization of human society, including a period of human life that has a limited time and place. In Middle Eastern studies, the importance of historical sociology including the specific characteristics of time, place and historical agent in the developments of the region is considered, whenever groups, institutions, organizations, organizations and institutions of society are examined in historical and annual sequence. In order to find out how and why they originated and expanded and evolved, and the prevailing legitimacy, and their many and complex relationships, we have dealt with the sociology of their history. We are in the Middle East. The aim of this study is to identify the cultural and political identity that governs the Middle East. The United States' performance in the Greater Middle East shows that this plan is still on the serious agenda of the United States and the West. The world is different. The events of the 1199th are a turning point in the contemporary history of international relations. This incident has introduced new decisions and actors into the international system; It has recovered the old rules of geopolitics in international relations and introduced new concepts and rules based on power in this game; important and fundamental issues such as democratization; Identity; It has redefined the Greater Middle East Plan and terrorism as a new international agenda. In such an environment, not only have the region's past problems not been resolved, but it has faced increasing internal and external challenges. A look at the most important elements of American foreign policy, including expansionism; Democratization; Trade expansion; Increasing world domination; Maintaining the balance of power; Mass Security Pursuit; The increase in peace agreements for conflicts, etc. shows that the Middle East has covered most of these elements. In this research, descriptive and analytical methods have been used.

The use of terms in the law must be in accordance with the geographical and political realities of each country. Territorial integrity is defined in six principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and is considered as one of the main elements forming the ninth principle of this law. This principle has remained in force since the first version of the constitution after the Islamic Revolution in 1171. Territorial integrity based on religious rules and regulations, including; the obligation to preserve the Islamic system and the negation of the “Pagans dominance over the Muslims”, and from the perspective of sciences such as international law and political geography, indicate the need to maintain territorial solidarity and the duties of the nation-state in relation to it. Accordingly, the principle of respect for the territorial integrity of countries was formed as one of the principles governing international law, which itself indicates the importance of the issue. Therefore, this research tries to answer the following question by descriptive-analytical method and library and documentary studies; Is the use of the term "mainland" in the laws related to the free trade-industrial zones of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which implicitly excludes these zones from the main (motherland) land both in form and in nature, with the mechanisms governing Sharia? And do the principles of the constitution apply? The results indicate that the use of words in laws that have binding and citation power should be in a way that does not violate the principles of the Constitution in the same way as the term mainland is used in the separation of free trade-industrial zones. Is materially and spiritually incompatible with the mechanisms governing the enactment of laws that derive from the constitution and Sharia?

One of the most vulnerable points in Iran in terms of soft threats is the activity of deviant terrorist groups in the border areas, especially in the southeast. Most of the time, two wings of terrorism, have been violence in the form of guerrilla, suicide bomber attacks. This research will respond to this question. Have different operations of terrorist groups (group Jundallah and Jaish al-Adl) affected the attitude of the people of the province of Sistan and Baluchestan towards these groups? Research results show the least participating age 39 years old and the highest age 66 and the highest level of participation in the age group of 34-25 (3842:) and men with 5843: and women were 4347:, from 6446: of Shiite and 3544: of Sunnis. Terrorist acts of the Mosque of Amir al-Moamenin in Tasoki, Mosque of Zahedan, etc., were modest to large religious divisions between people, with military, security and media measures against terrorist groups and showing their nature and faces. Ultimately, the arrest of Jundullah's terrorist group was somewhat decreased. The lack of coherence of the Balouch people with them reflects the Sunni disgust of their terrorist acts. The information required for this research has been used by two methods of designing a questionnaire in the province and another library method and the use of documents and the Internet to complete the information. The main examination of the results of the research is Chi-square test (Chi-square). Also, SPSS software analyzes and then with the help of GIS, the maps are prepared and applied.