Agricultural Marketing and Commercialization Journal
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Summer and Autumn 2021

Organizational intelligence is regarded as an important and necessary strategy for maintaining the competitive advantage of developed organizations and industries also as a necessity for obtaining more productivity in small and medium-size enterprises. In order to improve organization management, it is necessary for attention to organizational intelligence. On this basis, the present research examines the influence of organizational intelligence on managerial styles of managers of the green space organization of Tehran, and 102 managers of the green space organization of Tehran were selected by simple random method. The present research from viewpoint of data collection is regarded as non-empirical (descriptive) research and research data were collected by a survey that is the mixture of 2 scales by using a questionnaire designed by the researcher in relation to managerial styles and an organizational intelligence questionnaire by Karl Albrecht. Results of research data analysis show that by benefiting from techniques of descriptive statistics and structural equation model, the organizational intelligence of managers was at a relatively suitable level and their managerial styles were at an acceptable level; moreover, organizational intelligence with a path coefficient of 0.85 is regarded as a suitable variable for anticipating styles of organizational management and describes 73% changes of variance of variable and finally, some recommendations based on research findings were offered.

The agricultural extension and education are to provide opportunities for women to develop the competencies they need to become successful contributing members of their communities. Empowerment can be one of the most effective strategies for providing women with opportunities to develop competence. Over the past decade "empowerment" has become the practice in business, evaluation, and women's development. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive study was the role of agricultural extension and education on the empowerment of rural women (case study: Buin Zahra). The population of this study was all rural women who were working directly with the agricultural extension and education department (N=120). Using table Krejcie and Morgan, 92 of whom were selected as a sample and stratified sampling method was used with appropriate attribution. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and by using SPSS (16) were analyzed. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability (0.85). The results showed that respondents with statements by creating employment opportunities in the economy, improve the health status of women in the social sector, and increase women's political participation and the cultural-political sectors in the most express consent. Results of the independent t-test showed that women who have participated in training courses, membership in rural cooperative production, membership in microcredit fund, membership in extension employment projects, and the women who used the internet are enabling more than other women.

Safety in the ways especially in mountain regions is highly important. Ground instability especially in the sloped hillsides can cause many risks. Running of trenches is one of the unpleasant consequences in the unstable grounds which usually occur in the marl lands, weathered stones, and non-condensing sedimentary layers. These landslides can occur during road making or using and applying the projects. There are several ways for stabilization of steep slopes that usually one or more are used given to the factors causing instability and environmental conditions and geology of the slopes and economic issues and ease of implementation to stabilize unstable trenches. Since the track of railway projects may pass through agricultural lands and orchards and slide of trenches may cause redirection or the variant that this redirection usually causes destruction of the agricultural lands and orchards and leads to irreversible damage in this area then, it is tried in this study to analyze influential factors on regional instability in the country emphasizing railway projects. Data analyzed included factors such as lithology, the presence of weak surfaces and weak intercalated marlstone layers, gravity and slope changes at the hillsides, loading and total weight of the hillside materials, material and granulation of the material and their thickness, water from rainfall, vegetation, topographic status and alignment of layering slope and topographic slope, hillside direction, land use. Then, methods for stabilization were proposed. Stabilization methods in this study include changing slopes in the trenches, creating maintaining structures such as retaining walls of the trenches, and making rock shed or artificial tunnels.

The introduction and methodology of research state that the impact of international marketing on the improvement of export performance of agricultural exporting companies. The study population is managers, deputies, supervisors, and agricultural exporting companies in Iran.  In the study168 people participated by random sampling method. This study is a descriptive survey design. The study measures are customer orientation, behavioral commitment, communication, export performance (margin, capability of payment and complaints), firm size, environmental uncertainties, and Length of the relationship. The reliability and content, face, and construct validity are evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed acceptable reliability and validity of measures. In order to analyze data, the path analysis method was used with LISREL software. The results showed that the effect of customer orientation on relationship and behavioral commitment and the effect of communication have positive and significant on behavioral commitment and export performance. The relationship between clients' orientations has positive and significant on improving export performance. The effect of the relationship and size of the firm has positive and significant on the earnings but it affects the ability to pay and complaints have a positive and significant on the environmental ambiguity of earnings and complaints but it has an effect on the ability.

Separating ownership from managing, and conflicting interests of owners as brokers and managers cause agency problems and therefore, information asymmetry. One way to reduce these conflicting interests is to disclose information voluntarily beyond what is provided by companies, which improves the relationship between owners and managers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of the audit committee's characteristics on the voluntary disclosure of information (VDI) in companies listed on the Tehran Agricultural Stock Exchange in 2013-2016. VDI as a mechanism to reduce information asymmetry between managers and people outside companies reduces agency costs and improves the reports' transparency. To measure the amount of VDI in an annual report, a list of VDI was prepared by studying the accounting standards and rules governing the information reporting process measured by the Botosan checklist. The audit committee (AC) characteristics, which referred to its independence, expertise, and size, were evaluated in 81 companies listed on the Tehran Agricultural Stock Exchange over three years. It was found that only the size of the audit committee had a positive significant effect on the VDI, but no significant relationship was observed between its independence and expertise with the VDI.Keywords:</strong> Owners and managers, market, audit committee, voluntary disclosure of information

With the increase of foreign investment and the establishment of various factories in the field of Crops, in addition to increasing the volume of products, the level of quality of supply of goods and services will be improved by transferring technology and benefiting from up-to-date management knowledge. Special goods or services can be exported in excess of domestic demand in the form of goods or services to other countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign trade on the economic development of selected developing countries with emphasis on Crops based on the panel data econometric approach (based on the clip model) for ten developing countries during the period 2010-2019. The results of the study for selected developing countries show that the effect of real GDP, real effective exchange rate, and the net inflow of foreign direct investment on the export of Crops and economic development has been positive and significant. Finally, some suggestions for promoting the export of Crops are presented.

Agriculture plays a significant role in the economic sector. Automation in agriculture is the main concern and an emerging subject across the world. The population is increasing tremendously and with this increase, the demand for food and employment is also increasing. The traditional methods which were used by the farmers were not sufficient enough to fulfill these requirements. Thus, new automated methods were introduced. These new methods satisfied the food requirements and also provided employment opportunities to billions of people. Artificial Intelligence in agriculture has brought an agricultural revolution. This technology has protected the crop yield from various factors like climate changes, population growth, employment issues, and food security problems. The main concern of this paper is to audit the various applications of Artificial intelligence in agriculture such as for irrigation, weeding, spraying with the help of sensors and other means embedded in robots and drones. These technologies save the excess use of water, pesticides, herbicides, maintains the fertility of the soil, also helps in the efficient use of manpower and elevate productivity and improve the quality. This paper surveys the work of many researchers to get a brief overview of the current implementation of automation in agriculture, the weeding systems through robots and drones. The various soil water sensing methods are discussed along with two automated weeding techniques. The implementation of drones is discussed, the various methods used by drones for spraying and crop monitoring is also discussed in this paper.

Customer satisfaction is one of the best tools for a successful business and the success of any business organization depends on customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is defined as the feeling or attitude of a customer towards a product or service after using it. In today's competitive world, the key to success for organizations is to discover the needs and wants of customers and meet them before competitors. Customer satisfaction can increase productivity by motivating all employees. The results of the regression of research hypotheses showed that product quality, product appearance, product variety, good packaging, product accessibility, and advertising had a positive and significant relationship with customer satisfaction with Pegah dairy products, which are among the indicators affecting Customer satisfaction, product diversity had the most and product advertising had the least impact.

Today, the automotive industry is considered one of the strategic options for economic development. This industry plays an important role in the economic cycle of countries and has a special place in the world financial services industry. One of the most important competitive tools in this industry is the impact of macro variables on production profitability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fluctuations in economic variables affecting the profitability of IranKhodro Manufacturing Company. In this study, to test the hypotheses, the information of IranKhodro's high-circulation cars in the period between 2013-2019 was used. Independent research variables include exchange rate, inflation rate, order price, and imported cars. After calculating the required variables, a composite data regression model was used to test the hypotheses. To choose between the methods of combined regression patterns and panel data patterns, the Limer F test was used. The panel data method was selected and it was necessary to perform the Hausman test, which also confirmed the use of a fixed-effects pattern. The results of the research hypotheses showed that there is a significant relationship between exchange rate trends, inflation rate, mandatory (mandatory) pricing and imported cars, and the profitability of IranKhodro's high-volume products.

Water is an important factor in economic development and the agriculture sector is also regarded as the largest consumer of water in Iran. Hence, the present study aimed at exploring the economic productivity of water consumption in the Damask rose cultivation compared to other farm crops in Solan. The field method was used in this study. The farms of wheat, barley, alfalfa, and Damask rose were managed in an optimal and standard way during the crop year. The amount of water consumption in each hectare of the four experimental farms was measured using the installed counter. Then, the minor costs of growing and harvesting each crop were specified. The indices of Cropper Drop (CPD), Benefit per Drop (BPD), and Net Benefit per Drop (NBPD) were used for calculating water productivity in different crops. The indices of BPD and NBPD indicated that in spite of low production and yield, Damask rose had the largest amounts of BPD and NBPD among the crops. Although the amount of water consumed by Damask rose was lower than that of alfalfa by 58 percent, the NBPD of Damask rose was 3 times more than that of alfalfa. The area under cultivation of alfalfa, one of the most water-intensive crops, in Solan is about 8000 hectares. If this area is diminished by 50 percent by changing the cultivation pattern, implementing promotional plans, and awakening the farmers, the other 50 percent can be devoted to the cultivation of Damask rose. Therefore, the production and employment are maintained and at least 29 million cubic meters of water can be saved per year.

The agriculture sector is greatly dependent on energy consumption in order to respond to the growing food need of the earth and provide adequate and appropriate food. Considering the limited natural resources and adverse impacts of improper use of different energy sources on human and environmental health necessitate the exploration of energy consumption patterns in the agriculture sector. Many domestic and foreign studies have been conducted on efficiency so far. The objective of the present study was to explore the effective management characteristics of greenhouse efficiency. Efficiency in the sense of producing higher quality goods in the shortest possible time is divided into three types: technical, locative, and economic. Technical efficiency specifies the highest production rate that can be acquired by a certain number of production factors. This research was carried out through a field study. 38 greenhouse samples were selected from the greenhouse Town of Zaporizhzhia County. Data analysis was done using random boundary function and DEA pattern through Eviews, SPSS, and Frontier. According to the results, among the effective factors on growth, if chemical fertilizer, pesticide, area, and irrigation are used more by one percent, the production will increase by 14.5, 42.1, and 1.5 percent, respectively. Numbers -8.44, -6.01, and -33.33 which were respectively acquired for the labor force, pesticide, and area under cultivation, indicate that these inputs have had negative production elasticity for unknown reasons. Moreover, the results showed a relationship between educational level and efficiency by 0.332. Finally, according to the mean of 0.68, it can be mentioned that the technical efficiency of the studied greenhouses was not low.

The present study aimed to identify and explain the factors affecting perfectionism in Iran's managers, coaches, andprofessional athletes. The present study was applied in terms of nature and descriptive-exploratory in termsof analysis method and survey in terms of research method. The study's statistical population included alluniversity experts in the field of organizational behavior in the qualitative section and all athletes, coaches, andmanagers of professional sports in Iran in the quantitative section. A purposeful and convenient sampling method wasused in the qualitative section. Accordingly, 15 experienced professors of the university were interviewed. Thestatistical sample in the quantitative section was determined to be 353 people using the Morgan table, which 374questionnaires without defects were returned, and these 374 questionnaires were used as a final sample in dataanalysis. In the qualitative section, data were collected using interviews with elites, and in thequantitative section, they were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of the Friedman test showedthat according to the mean ranks, the variable of individual factors has the highest rank, and the environmentalvariable, interpersonal and organizational, has the lowest rank among the variables. The results also revealed that themodel of factors affecting perfectionism in Iran's managers, coaches, and professionals had a desirable fit.The results also showed that there is no significant difference between the perfectionism levels of managers, coachesand professional athletes in Iran.