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سال هجدهم شماره 105 (اسفند 1400)

 Decoration is the most valuable part of Islamic Art. Decoration can reflect the religious beliefs and manifestations of culture and art of the Islamic period and with all the ups and downs it has had over the centuries, it has been able to expand significantly and leave lasting works through unique and unified expressions in different climates. Among all kinds of architectural decorations, tiling and painting are the most attractive among Muslim architects and are considered the most important and effective factors in the beauty and grandeur of Islamic buildings.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the decorative patterns of the two ‘Kabud’ (blue) mosques of ‘Mazar-e-Sharif’ and ‘Sultan Ahmed’. The unique decorations of the blue mosques are compared to clarify the similar and dissimilar items in the decorative designs used on the tiles, which are inspired by nature and ethnic and regional influences and are derived from the art of ancient Iran and Islamic Iran.

The results were obtained by comparing the decorative patterns of the two mentioned mosques using the descriptive and analytical methods with the help of the tables, written documents, and data analysis.

​​The origin of decorative patterns in the two buildings is rooted in Iran, but each region has used its own mechanism and creativity to localize the designs. The tiling decorations used in the two blue mosques of ‘Sultan Ahmed’ and ‘Mazar-e-Sharif’ are simple, with emphasis on the commands of Islam, and are abstracted from nature in a vegetal, geometric and symbolic manner. Along with beautification, they have meanings and show order, multiplicity, and unity, and add to the coherence of the spiritual atmosphere of the environment.

The art and architectural movements, which represent two relevant categories, have been permanently presented together throughout history and affected by each other concurrently. Following the formation of the artistic currents, from the middle of the 19th century onwards in both the European countries and the United States, frequent artworks have emerged. Therefore, the pertinent schools of thoughts have led to specific changes in the art fields, including the architecture in Iran from the 1940s onwards. Probably, the most prominent artistic currents that affected the buildings of contemporary time was the influence of the expressionist current of art on the architecture of the Pahlavi era; an era in which architecture and modern art were moving forward in the same direction. The influence of contemporary Iranian architecture on newfound arts indicates the necessity of this research study.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of expressionism art current in contemporary Iranian architecture, and to identify the expressionist architectural patterns and their representation in Iranian administrative-service buildings.

Following the completion of the field observation, the case studies were selected, and then relying on the library data and reviewing the reliable documents, the effect of expressionism art flow on contemporary Iranian architecture was evaluated in the Pahlavi era by using a historical-interpretive method. This is followed by the analytical descriptive method to represent the research findings.

The results indicate that the components of expressionism style in all three aspects of ‘objective’, ‘functional’ and ‘physical’ dimensions are presented in the administrative-service buildings during the Pahlavi era. In this regard, the emergence of objective components appeared to be more significant than the other two components. The most frequently used architectural aspects of this artistic style in administrative-service buildings in Iran include: the simple and often elongated plans along with the building, the symmetrical facade composition, the gable roof, the specific form of porch, the vertical partition of the facade, the distinctive rhythm of the facade with rectangular and elongated windows, and finally the decorative balusters designs (ṭāramī).

Today, the lack of attention to the human and place components and the dependence of the life of contemporary commercial centers on economic conditions have caused the following issues: a decrease in individual presence, the lack of customer loyalty, loss of place attachment, and absence of people in shopping centers; which adversely influenced the continuity of these urban centers. Therefore, identifying and discovering those factors that improve attachment to bazaar space can contribute to improving emotional and spiritual conditions for urban residents, and increasing the efficiency of commercial centers.

This study aims to find the influential factors playing a role in developing a sense of a place attachment to the bazaar and to achieve the relationship between the effective components in the Tajrish Bazaar as the research objective.

To achieve the goals of the research, a combination of qualitative-quantitative methods was used, and the effectiveness of factors on place attachment was examined through the causal-comparative strategy. Throughout the process, the theories on place attachment and factors affecting this sense of dependency were first gathered through document-based and bibliographic research methods. Next, relying on the results of the content analysis, the conceptual model of the research was proposed. According to the data obtained from the qualitative phase, a questionnaire developed by the researcher was distributed among the participants including shopkeepers, customers, and passers-by in Tajrish Bazaar. The data was then analyzed through the statistical tests of SPSS 26.

The results revealed that place, human, and time components are among those influential components in creating a sense of place attachment, and there was a significant relationship between these factors and place attachment. The data analyses showed that, among the place components, the place physical factors, and, among the human components, the perceptual factors were the most effective ones in creating a sense of attachment to the bazaar. Memorability and identity were among the perceptual factors that had the most significant relationship with the place and among the place physical factors, accessibility with the highest effect, and form and structure accordingly were the next significant factors.

Communities of different classes of citizens are shaped in places and spaces that are generally called collective spaces. Urbanization translates human need for social life. This need has manifested itself in different behaviors, in various ways and forms, according to different times. During the Buyid period, the city of Shiraz was composed of different strata, each of which had its gatherings. These strata held these gatherings in different or common spaces under the shadow of the tolerance of Buyid with other religions, and relative freedom of thought,

This study aims to investigate the collective spaces of Shiraz during the Buyid period and scrutinize how they have affected the shape of the city. Also, the role of different strata in the production of collective space is examined by assuming that the contribution of existing space to the dynamism of collective life and urban places was reinforced by the tolerance of the emirs of Buyid with other religions and ethnicities

The research method in this study is historical. This study adopts an analytical approach to examine urban places and their location in the city of Shiraz during the period of the Buyid. To this end, first, the definitions of urban places and social spaces were summarized, and then these definitions were used, and documents were extracted from primary sources, and research on the urban spaces of Shiraz in the Buyid period was conducted.

Mosques, bazaars, schools and schools, government palaces, squares, monasteries and temples, passages, synagogues, churches, and fire temples are the spaces that hosted the social interactions of Shiraz residents. Spaces that were often created by people. Historical data show that these places, in addition to serving their functions, acted as an urban identity for different strata, and neighborhoods with residents of the same profession had emerged around them. Most of these spaces are located in the southwestern part of the historical area of ​​Shiraz.

The development of science over the years, particularly in the recent area, has led to the separation and specialization of the fields of knowledge and technology, itself leading to the highlighted distinction of structures, building systems, and architecture after these developments. As such, the tectonic approach corresponds to the combination of meaning and construction in architecture.

The purpose of this study was to explain the tectonic components of world architecture and the tectonic interpretation of selected the First Pahlavi architectural buildings using the aforementioned criteria, and finally to extract the tectonic framework governing the architecture of public buildings of that era. Also, this research seeks to identify and explain the impact of architectural tectonics on the creation of spatial and construction harmony in public buildings of the First Pahlavi period of contemporary Iranian architecture.

This research employs a mixed, interpretive-historical method and a predominantly qualitative approach for collecting and analyzing the data. Furthermore, the authors analyzed the documents driven from the descriptive phenomenology of observations carried out by elites. The samples for the case study were selected by reviewing the findings extracted from questionnaires distributed among architectural experts. For this research, MaxQDA and SPSS were employed to prioritize and select buildings. Finally, using the three-way approach (phenomenological reading, researcher inferences based on available documents, rich tectonic literature), the strength and validity of the research were examined from different perspectives.

Given its role in determining the form and inducing visual stability, the observations revealed that the tectonic dimension of the structure was evident in all four cases of public buildings of the first Pahlavi period, sufficient for creating an efficient spatial organization. With its traditionalist architectural style, the building of Alborz High School was more in line with the tectonic dimensions. Tabriz Municipality building proved to have the least tectonic features corresponding to the classical architecture of the first Pahlavi period.

Home, an environment in which human lives, is tied up to all aspects of his life. However, over the past few decades, it has turned into a lifeless cage and no longer evokes the connotation of home for its inhabitants. For this reason, recognizing the physical components contributing to its meaning as a place can be of great help to create meaningful places for humans in the future.

This article aims to explore the meaning of home and identify its physical components using the phenomenological approach and it hopes that the application of its concepts to today’s homes can improve their quality.

This study employed a qualitative approach and Grounded Theory method. Data were collected through three methods. To this purpose, first, based on library documents, the concepts, theories related to the meaning of place in the phenomenology and dimensions of human existence were examined. To explain the meaningful physical components of the home, the obtained data were analyzed using the theoretical framework of ontological phenomenology. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA 20 software, then open, axial, and selective coding was done and transformed into concepts, categories, and then components. Based on the interviews, 197 codes were extracted. The interviewees were conducted with three groups and the theoretical saturation of the data occurred after the interview with a total of 35 participants.

The findings suggest there are five physical components including space, yard, decoration, lighting, and furniture through which the meaning of the home has been crossed, each of which implies connotations. According to the existential basis of this study, the meaning of home for people is established when it is beyond the physical dimension and represents his being through motion, time, God, heaven, and Earth and it includes various meanings that are rooted in his being.

 The concept of sustainability is being increasingly discussed as an important component contributing to building environments. This has grown in importance especially, in neighborhoods as the basic building block of cities and organizer of architectural components. Nevertheless, accurate understanding and knowledge of sustainability are necessary for its implementation and actualization in the real world.

This study attempts to provide a better understanding of the contemporary conception of sustainability and lay the groundwork for its progress and evolution.

in this study, the sustainability principles of the movements contributing to the formation of neighborhoods in the last 150 years were analytically investigated using the grounded theory method, and conclusively, common approaches were identified and those aspects, which contribute to the contemporary concept of sustainability were investigated. These movements were namely parks and playground, garden city, neighborhood unit, regional ecological planning, modernism, neo-traditionalism, landscape ecological urbanism, and eco-city; however, the contributory styles were not limited to these, and the authors of this study selected some of them according to their importance, impact range, and limitations of this study.

By investigating the guidelines and principles of influential architecture and urban planning movements on neighborhoods, a tail of interconnected views and thoughts, resulting from different professional fields, can be observed. Each of them is presented as a response to the urban life challenges of their time, and based on their effectiveness, they have consolidated into the concept of sustainability. The contemporary concept of sustainability could be recognized as a flexible and developed phenomenon resulting from the contribution of past movements and the outcome of their successful experiences. In the present study, sustainable management is also introduced as the prevailing movement of the last decade which contributes to the development and formation of neighborhoods while conforming to the movements with greater emphasis on the planning approach.

 In the early years of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar’s reign, textiles used for women’s and men’s clothing were embellished with various motifs. Created in the same historical period, Sani ol-Molk’s anachronistic illustrations for One Thousand and One Nights are a good source for research on the era’s clothing, as they realistically depict how Persians lived at the time. The present study attempts to answer the following question: “Based on Sani ol-Molk’s One Thousand and One Nights illustrations, what designs and motifs were prevalent in textiles used for women’s and men’s clothing in the Naserian era?” The assumption is that in this era, just as in the previous periods, there were different clothes patterning styles and gender had some influence on the choice of fabrics for clothing.

The study aimed to explore early-Naserian-era fabric designs and motifs by examining the illustrations of the Qajar version of One Thousand and One Nights.

In this descriptive and analytical research, 24 book illustrations, selected through probability sampling, were examined.

Findings show that for women, textiles patterned with floral motifs were used for clothing that was worn in andaruni (the private, women-only quarter in traditional Persian houses; similar to the harem), and plain textiles for those worn out in biruni (outside both the andaruni and the house); for men, plain textiles were preferred, Termeh fabrics (patterned with Botteh Jegheh/ Paisley’s) were only used for Qaba’s, and the use of other patterned fabrics was limited to embellishments.