International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Winter 2022

Purpose:

 To characterize substrates made of millicomposts produced from a mixture of cow paw leaves (Bauhinia sp.), grass clippings (Paspalum notatum), banana leaves (Musa sp.) and cardboard submitted to processing through the activity of millipedes Trigoniulus corallinus for 90, 125 or 180 days. The efficiency of producing lettuce seedlings using these substrates was compared to a control substrate of earthworm humus, fine coal and castor cakes.

Method :

Chemical and physical characteristics of the substrates, seedling growth and clod stability were evaluated 28 days after sowing. Substrate pH and electrical conductivity during seedling development were also recorded.

Results:

 The millicompost with the shortest processing time (90 days) contained lower levels of macronutrients (N, Ca, Mg, P and K) compared to the millicomposts with 125 and 180 days of processing and the control substrate. Subsequently, the lettuce seedlings produced on 90-day substrate showed less vegetative development. The millicomposts with 125 or 180 days of processing did not differ from the control substrate in respect to lettuce seedling development. Clod stability was greater in the control and the 180-day millicompost substrates.

Conclusion :

The results show that it is possible to obtain efficient substrates for lettuce production using a mixture of various plant residues with cardboard processed through the activity of millipedes for a minimum of 125 days.

Purpose:

 Recycling of food waste fraction of municipal solid waste into compost for use in agriculture is seen as an effective environmentally–friendly option. In developing countries, however, there are few commercial composting facilities producing composts whose use in agriculture is low, mainly due to their low nutrient content compared to chemical fertilizers.

Method:

 This study investigated the effect of the food waste (FW) nutrient-amendment ratio on compost quality using amendments such as Cocoa Pod Husk Ash (CPHA), poultry manure (PM), and cow manure (CM). Six treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6) and control were composted for 70 days.

Results :

The total Nitrogen, total Phosphorous, and total Potassium content ranged from 0.96–1.42%, 0.19–0.78%, and 0.86-1.42%, respectively, for the different compost types. In all treatments, the C/N ratio reduced significantly, while concentrations of heavy metals (Pb and Zn) were within the acceptable international limits. Toxicity of composts to cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was ascertained. Germination index (GI) was the highest in T5 (FW amended with PM only) whereas the control (FW only) recorded the least GI.

 Conclusion:

 This study shows that the use of PM, CM, and CPHA seems to be beneficial for the enrichment of food waste compost.

Purpose:

 Fish scale contains two important constituents, the hydroxyapatite and collagen. The purpose of this paper was to use the dried form of the effluent, called Fish Scale Effluent (FSE), generated through simultaneous recovery of these constituents, as a fertilizer.

Method:

 The FSE was obtained from Labio rohita (Rohu) scale by treatment in sequence with potassium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, and ammonium sulfate. Chemical composition of FSE was analyzed. The FSE was applied as a sole fertilizer for IR36 paddy plant grown on sand in plastic pot. Various growth parameters and grain qualities were evaluated.

Results:

 FSE contained most of the macro- and micro- elements required for growth, and the plant could be harvested by 126 days. Among different concentrations, 2% FSE (w/v) solution gave the best growth results, viz., plant height at maturity (98 cm), effective tillers (22.2/plant), spikelets (90/panicle), paddy production (44.2 g filled grain/plant) and chaffyness (only 2.85% of total paddy). The paddy thus produced exhibited 75.11% hulling, the de-hulled rice containing 55.18% of whole kernel having hardness of around 6 kg. The brown rice contained (sample basis) protein, fat, fibre, ash, and carbohydrate as 7.40%, 1.71%, 0.93%, 1.11% and 75.35%, respectively; morphology of the starch granule being irregular polyhedral in shape with maximum size <10 µm.

Conclusion:

 Since these plant growth and grain quality criteria are in acceptable limit, the FSE could be utilized as a potential fertilizer for paddy production.

Purpose :

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different additives on chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and gas production parameters of tomato pomace and pumpkin waste silages.

Method:

 Treatments were: tomato pomace silage, pumpkin waste silage, tomato pomace and pumpkin waste silage mix (50:50), tomato pomace and pumpkin waste silage mix treated with the fibrinolytic enzyme (E), tomato pomace and pumpkin waste silage mix treated with LAB made inoculants (LMI), and tomato pomace and pumpkin waste silage mix treated with E+ LMI. Representatives of samples were packed manually into laboratory silos and allowed to ensile for 1, 3, 7, 21, 45, and 90 days.

Results :

The results showed a significant difference between the experimental treatments in chemical composition (p<0.05). The treatment of pumpkin waste showed the lowest amount of dry matter (DM), insoluble fibers in neutral detergent (NDF), and insoluble fibers in acidic detergent (ADF). The value of crude protein (CP) showed a decreasing trend with increasing time after ensiling. The treatment with bacterial and enzymatic additives had a faster drop in pH and a lower final pH compared to other treatments.

Conclusion:

 Compared with the tomato pomace and pumpkin waste silage, treatments E and E + LMI had lower acetic and butyric acid contents. During aerobic exposure, tomato pomace and pumpkin waste had the lowest pH changes in silage. Generally, applying a combination of E and LAB inoculants improved both fermentation quality and aerobic stability of silage.

Purpose:

 This study aims to ascertain the physiochemical characteristics of the compost made from recycled cotton spinning waste (CSW) for Indian Spinach cultivation in Bangladesh.

Method :

The physiochemical characteristics of the compost made of fresh cotton spinning waste (CSW), cotton spinning waste ash (CSWA), rice husk (RH), rice husk ash (RHA) with varying ratios following open air composting method was determined. The utility of the resulting compost was justified by applying it to Indian Spinach cultivation compared with chemical fertilizer and control (no-compost) treatments.

Results :

Among the several composting options, the compost prepared by mixing 87% CSW + 13% CSW ash (C3) and 87% CSW + 13% rice husk (C4) was found to be the quality compost with a higher C/N ratio, P, K, S and a lower Pb content. The vegetative growth, yield and nutritional qualities were significantly affected by the compost characteristics compared to chemical fertilizer because of increased nutrient uptake and biostimulation functions. Moreover, Indian Spinach cultivated with CSW compost provided 64 BDTk. profits compared to 28 BDTk. in case of control that indicates 128% increase in profit for the compost than that of control.

Conclusion:

 The compost derived from the mixture of CSW+CSWA+RH+RHA substrates possesses an optimum moisture content (31.2%), pH (7.5), C/N ratio (16.8:1), macronutrients, and micronutrients that enable it to act as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. When it comes to yield and nutrition quality of the grown Indian Spinach, CSW based compost fared much better than chemical fertilizer in field test.

Purpose :

In this study, the role of compost application in alleviating salt stress effects on date palm seedlings growth and development was investigated.

Method:

 The experiment was set in a randomized design, with or without green waste-based compost, and under two salinity levels (0 and 240 mM NaCl). Growth, mineral uptake, photosynthetic pigments content, oxidative stress markers' accumulation and antioxidant activity were assessed.

Results :

Plants grown under saline condition showed low values of growth attributes while the application of compost increased these attributes under 240 mM NaCl. Salinity increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) ions concentration in plants and reduced phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) uptake. The presence of compost mitigated these effects by improving the concentrations of the essential elements (P, K+, N and Ca2+) in both plant shoots and roots and by limiting salt ion (Na+ and Cl-) toxicity and thereby induced higher K/Na and Ca/Na ratios. Furthermore, leaf water status, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency were increased and were coupled with high chlorophyll and protein concentrations in plants amended with compost under salt stress. NaCl stress induced high lipid peroxidation and H2O2 accumulation; however, the application of compost lowered these two parameters in stressed plants through stimulation of the antioxidant enzymes activity and increasing soluble sugars and proline accumulation.

Conclusion :

Results suggest that the green waste-based compost can boost date palm seedlings tolerance in salt-affected soils by mitigating the different adverse effects of salinity stress.

Purpose:

 The role of cocoa pod husk waste in soil cadmium contamination has been largely overlooked. Hence, this study aims to provide a strategy for the management of cocoa pod husk waste when representing a pollution menace for cocoa plantations.

Method:

 Cocoa pod husks waste was subjected to composting and pyrolysis for decreasing the heavy metal content. Biochar and compost were characterized using SEM-EDS, and FTIR-ATR. Macro and micronutrients (Mg, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Na), and Cd were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Sorption experiments and soil incubation experiments for two months were also carried out looking for an application of CPH materials in Cd sorption and remediation.

Results:

 Pyrolysis showed more effectiveness for Cd reduction in cocoa pod husk waste (90%) than composting (66%), 700 ℃ was the optimal temperature. Equilibrium isotherm experiments showed maximum Cd adsorption of 21.58 mg g-1 for Bc700 in solution. Biochar showed a small reduction of available Cd in naturally contaminated soil. Both materials have the potential to be used as organic fertilizer because of their high nutrient contents.

Conclusion:

 Biochar is an alternative to compost for the management of post-harvest cocoa wastes contaminated with Cd.

Purpose :

The investigation of the different plant waste parts for ecofriendly management of Fusarium sp. was carried out.

Method:

 The disease associated fungus was isolated from the diseased specimen and purified. The twelve different aqueous plant extracts were prepared and evaluated against test pathogen in laboratory, pots and in filed conditions.

Results:

 Among the tested aqueous plant extracts the neem seed, thorn apple, garlic, neem leaves and eucalyptus were found the most effective providing highest growth inhibition percent of test fungus. The lowest plant mortality and disease incidence percent, maximum plant biomass and minimum root infection percent were observed in plans treated with neem leaves, neem seed, garlic, thorn apple and eucalyptus extracts in pot experiment. In field experiment, the extracts of neem leaves, thorn apple and neem seed produced the lowest disease incidence and mortality percentage as compared to other extracts. The extract of garlic was noted as moderate effective among the treatments. The eucalyptus extract was found as less effective. The maximum height and weight of individual plant was observed in the treatment of neem leaves than in neem seed, garlic, eucalyptus, and thorn apple extracts. Significantly, the highest fruit yield was recorded in plant treated with neem leaves extracts followed by neem seed, garlic, eucalyptus, and thorn apple.

Conclusion :

The study showed that neem leaves, neem seed and garlic, eucalyptus and thorn apple extracts are potential aqueous extracts for ecofriendly management of tomato fusarium wilt disease.

Purpose :

Organic solid wastes contain tremendous amounts of nutrients and beneficial microbes that cause environmental problems, such as pollution and shortage of dumping sites. Vermicomposting, considered as one of the most suitable stabilization and mass reduction methods, has been recognized for biowastes. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial diversity and analyze the ability of vermicompost produced from poultry litter, household, and guano of both insectivorous and frugivorous bats to reduce root-knot nematode's infection.

Method:

 The assessment of microbial diversity was carried out by amplification of 16s rRNA gene in bacteria habitant in vermicomposit . Nitrogen content, organic carbon constituent and heavy metal concentration were evaluated.

Results:

 The results obtained showed that organic matter ranged between 27.6% to 35.2%, while, C/N ratio was2.9 to 5.5 in the amended vermicomposite. Also,  there is a remarkable reduction in root-knot nematode infection after vermicopositing with organic wastes. Interstingly, the obtained bacterial species were Archangium gephyra, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Clostridium ultunense, Azospirillum sp. and Bacillus sp in biowastes.

Conclusion :

According to these results, the produced vermicompost from different biodegradable wastes possesses bacterial diversity, lowers heavy metals' concentration, enhances plant growth parameter, and increases plant resistance against nematode infection.

Purpose:

 The objective of the study was to evaluate the application effects of different doses of onion residue mixed with bovine manure compost as an organic fertilizer on a hybrid Tetsukabuto squash crop cultivated in a field.

Method:

 The experimental design required randomly dividing blocks with three replicates. The experiments were designed with different dose combinations in experimental units (4 m wide x 8 m long deep). There were three treatments: organic fertilization (two compost doses 6 and 8 kg m-2); mineral fertilization (45 kg N ha-1 urea), unfertilized control. The number of leaves, main guide length per plant and dry matter were determined.

Results:

 The results obtained during the first 15-day sampling showed significant differences (p <0.05) in both number of leaves and main guide length per plant between the treatments with compost doses and the control without fertilization. The treatment with the compost dose of 6 kgm-2 produced the highest effect. . Furthermore, there were no significant differences (p <0.05) among the three treatments in both the number of leaves and main guide length per plant during the second post-sowing 60-day sampling, as well as in the dry matter during the first sampling. During the second sampling, the percentage of dry matter in the control differed significantly from the two fertilized treatments.

Conclusion:

 Compost of onion residue mixed with bovine manure can be applied as an organic fertilizer with similar positive effects to mineral fertilization in the first squash crop implantation stage.