مجله تحقیقات حمایت و حفاظت جنگلها و مراتع ایران
سال نوزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 38، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Wind erosion and dust are two different aspects of the same situation. They are the consequences of desertification, which their harmful effects in terms of health, environment and economy have become one of the important regional and global challenges especially in arid and desert areas. In this regards, Iran and especially Kerman province have highly suffered from them. Therefore in this study, we investigated the seasonal wind regime and analysis of the frequency, speed and direction of dust-producing and erosive winds of internal and external origin. The purpose of the study is to apply the results in programs and operations to combat desertification and reduce dust events by emphasizing their possible origin at the local and regional level for authorities. For this purpose, hourly data of wind speed and direction and dust codes recorded in six synoptic stations during the years 1986 to 2016 were analyzed. Graphical study of the speed and direction of general and dusty winds was drawn using WR Plot View 8.0.2 software. The possible sources of dust in the province and the beyond were identified by identifying and analyzing the speed and direction of internal and external erosive and non-erosive winds. The correlation between them as well as investigating the satellite images of dust events were examined. Finally, the monthly wind calendar regarding dust control was presented in three management levels of regional, provincial and local. The analysis of seasonal wind direction showed that in Kerman province, the prevailing winds in the northern parts blow from north and northwestern directions;, in central parts blow from west; and in southern part blow from southwest directions. The winds from southwest and west have faster speed. The results of homogeneity test in all stations showed that the average speed of internal dusty wind had a decreasing trend during the studied years and the speed of internal wind is 2.3 times greater than external winds and the cities of Bam and Anar are more affected by regional winds than other cities. This shows that the role of northern winds to transfer of particulate matter from neighboring provinces and remote areas to the province is greater. The result also showed 97.9% of internal events occurred as a dust event and the rest (2.1%) as a dust storm. Furthermore, in all stations, prevailing and vice-prevailing winds increased their frequency and speed due to atmospheric instabilities and local thermal cyclones and increasing the slope of the pressure gradient due to seasonal changes and solar radiation that caused dust events. In this regards, the winds with an average class speed of 6-10 meters per second had the highest frequency. Based on the correlations and satellite images, the possible sources of external dusts with a wind speed lower and greater than 6 m/s were identified outside and inside of the province, respectively. These types of winds should be considered for the management of fine dust control at the regional, provincial and local levels.

Effective and efficient implementation of rangeland improvement and rehabilitation programs using a participatory approach will raise issues and problems for policy makers and managers requiring a general approach to solve them. This type of management is often related to the pattern of social relations between ranchers in the structure of different management systems governing on rangelands. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social network of ranchers in terms of participation related to the implementation of rangeland activities and compare it in the management systems of private exploitation, collective and council in the Delarstaq rangelands of Amol. In this research, using a network analysis questionnaire and a direct interview, the link was examined between participation in the implementation of rangeland management plan. According to the research findings, the rates of density, reciprocity and transitivity indices in private exploitation management system are higher than collective and in common management system are higher than the council. However, the average geodetic distance index and network centrality indices in group management systems (collective and council) were higher than the private exploitation management system, which indicates less participation, cohesion and integration of the ranchers in group management systems. Therefore, considering the discovery of social gaps in the participatory network of group management systems, modifying the structural pattern of social relations in these systems before the implementation of the desired programs is one of the basic and necessary measurment for successful participatory management in these areas.

In this article, we have tried to introduce "invasive alien species" and explain their environmental importance. Because of the similarity between plant pests, pathogens and weeds and invasive alien species, in terms of damage to plants, and environment, so the fight against these factors has been included in plant protection and quarantine duties, and "protection of the environment, forests and biodiversity against plant pests" has become one of the four main tasks of plant quarantine services. "Invasive alien species" (considered "Plant quarantine pests" under the International Plant Protection Convention, IPPC), invasive alien species have been identified as the second most important threat to biodiversity after "natural habitats destruction and loss ". Therefore, the Convention on Biological Diversity and IPPC, each consider themselves obliged to deal with "invasive alien species". Other mechanisms, such as Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, SPS, the Codex Alimentarius, and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, are also effective one in strengthening plant quarantine and facilitating the invasive alien species management. In addition to these institutions, more than eight other international organizations, in the form of the Biodiversity Liaison Group (BLG), contribute to the protection of biodiversity resources. Finally, while explaining the role of BLG members, in the management of invasive alien species and environmental protection, we will discuss managerial interference and their effective synergy in achieving this important and vital purpose.

Fires can be a common cause of disruption and change in many ecosystems, and can affect species composition. Pastures are one of the areas that catch fire every year around the world. The present study intends to study the effect of fire on the vegetation of wooded pastures by recognizing the severity of fire. Kermak rangelands, where one of the largest fires occurred in Guilan in recent years, was selected for this purpose. Random-systematic inventory measurement was performed by selecting 4 transects and 40 sample plots separately in each of the fire and non-fire area. The studied characteristics including production amount, density and canopy in each sampling plot were measured. After analyzing the data, the results showed that the Surface fire was a function of the GR1 fuel model and this fire was light and transient. The results also showed the short-term effect of fire on the studied traits that species such as Trachynia distachya، Arenaria serpyllifoliaand Including are resistant species and species of Ziziphora capitata، Vinca herbacea are fire sensitive species in Karmak rangeland.

Forest ecosystems are the main reservoirs of global biodiversity. Microorganisms play a key role in the biochemical cycles of these ecosystems and are used to protect plants and stimulate their growth. Due to the limitations in the application of classic methods in the isolation and identification of endophytic microorganisms, their potentials and functions have yet to be properly understood. In this study, a culture-independent method was used to study the endophytic bacterial communities of some wild legumes. To this end, the Zagros forests of Kermanshah were surveyed and two varieties of Astragalus ovinus and Vicia lutea were sampled. Total DNAs from different parts of the plant samples were extracted and the bacterial 16S rDNA genes were subsequently amplified. Sequencing analysis using the Illumina MiSeq platform showed the most abundant endophytic bacteria belonged to seven orders of Rhizobiales, Xanthomonadales, Sphingomonadales, Pseudomonadales, Chitinophagales, Enterobacteriales, Betaproteobacteriales. The latter were comprised to three classes of Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia, and two phyla of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Our findings showed that members of Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial endophytes and accounted for more than 99% and 68% of the total population of endophytic bacteria in V. lutea and A. ovinus, respectively. These bacteria, with the highest percentage of taxonomic units (OTUs), have the highest potential to use as biological control agents of crop legumes diseases. This study provides a clear picture of the population, dominance and diversity of bacterial endophytes of wild legumes in the Zagros forests using metagenomic analysis.

Examining and monitoring the history of changes in fire regimes in forests and pastures has a key role in the current and future planning of fire management in natural areas. The purpose of this study was to monitor the temporal changes of fire events in the past and the possibility of predicting future fire events using the time series model in Kermashah Province. For this purpose, MODIS time series data of fire events were collected from 2002 to 2018. Then an appropriate time series model was used to predict fire events. The results showed that the incidence of fire in the forests and pastures of Kermashah during the study period had a slight but significant upward trend. It was also observed seasonality in fire events and the maximum incidents in the forests and rangelands of Kermanshah occurred in late summer and early autumn, respectively. Considering the seasonality of fire events and the model fit criteria, the seasonal ARIMA (Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) model was selected and the results showed that the model had an acceptable validity for furcating the future fire events. According to the forecast, the incidence of fires will relatively increase in both forests and rangelands compared to previous years with a relative statistical confidence of 98%. The results of this study, which showed the general trend, seasonality and the possibility of predicting fires, can be considered as a good solution in proper planning for fire management in forests and pastures.

From natural resource economics viewpoint, instead of price tagging, economic valuation means estimation of goods and services values of natural ecosystems, to have purposeful and empowerment management for creating a framework to more conserve and preserve natural environment. In different societies, however, the values of the ecosystems are relative and dynamic and are influenced by different factors such as social, cultural and economic. For this reason, valuation helps to balance environmental change with the needs of society. This study examines economic values of goods and services of Arghavandareh Forest at Mashhad County, Iran, in terms of recreational and conservation values as well as values of water protection, soil protection, soil creation, gas regulation, goods products, and support of pasture, agricultural and garden lands. Different methods were conducted to estimate economic values of each goods or services. According to the results, values of water protection functions is about 732, soil protection 33, gas regulation 9355, soil creation 5, wood products 50, forage 41, support of pastures 5676564, support of agricultural and gardens lands 241487, conservative 22, and recreational 152 Billion Rials. Finally, the total value of Arghavandareh Forest was estimated at six million Billion Rials. By studying and quantifying the economic values of various ecosystem goods and services, while emphasizing the livability status and economic value of the region, the present study has introduced sustainable conservation as a basis for sustainable development and has highlighted the use of system thinking for the integrated management of socio-ecological systems of natural ecosystems.

With the registration of Hyrcanian forests in UNESCO and increasing environmental sensitivities, these forests are in a state of conservation. The aim of current study is to investigate the effects of conservation on the structure, biomass and diameter distribution of mixed beech forests of Asalem of Guilan province. For this purpose, two protected and unprotected parcels were selected in a series five of watershed-12. In each area, 50 sample plots were accomplished by randomized systematic method and the diameter and height of all trees in the plots were measured. After calculating the common quantitative indicators, aboveground biomass of trees in the two stands was estimated using allometric equations. Then, the diameter distribution of trees in the two regions was modeled using eight probability distribution functions. Based on the results, the average number per hectare, basal area and volume of trees in non-conserved stands were calculated significantly less than the conserved stand. The biomass of the non-conserved area was 75.25 tons per hectare less than the conserved area. Among the distribution functions used, Johnson and beta functions in the conserved stand and Johnson and gamma in the non-conserved stand showed the best fit with the diameter distribution of the trees. The results of the this study showed that conservation had a significant effect on the biomass structure and diameter distribution of trees and lack of conservation had the greatest negative effect on low-diameter trees.

The oak decline phenomenon, causes drying of crowns, decreasing the radial growth and eventually the death of oak trees. The first step in conduction a management program for control of this phenomenon is. Identification of the factors which are related to oak decline, is the first step in management of this phenomenon in Zagros oak forests. The aim of this study was collecting and identifying the oak borer beetles in the forests of Gilane Gharb region in southwestern of Kermanshah province. The required data were obtained by direct observation and field sampling. The samples were collected based on a systematic sampling pattern in 90 square plots (50 × 50 m) and all trees were surveyed in each plot. The borer beetles were collected by splitting the dried branches, cutting the trunk and branches and keeping them in proper condition. In this study, the damage symptoms of the borer beetles were observed on 61.3 percentage of oak trees. The collected buprestid borer beetles on the oak trees were identified as following:Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) degener (Scopoli, 1763), Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) ottomana (Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1840), Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) undulata (Abeille de Perrin, 1891), Acmaeodera (Acmaeodera) wethloi (Obenberger, 1940), Acmaeoderella (Carininota) impunctata (Abeille de Perrin, 1891), Capnodis anthracina (Fischer, 1830), Capnodis cariosa hauseri (Obenberger, 1928), Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) bagdadensis (Laporte & Gory, 1836), Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) escalerae (Abeille de Perrin, 1904), Perotis lugubris longicollis (Kraatz, 1880), Svatactesis johanidesi (Bílý, 1997). The most abundant species were P. lugubris, C. cariosa, A. undulata and A. wethloi, respectively.

This study was done to investigate the effect of slope aspect and crown dieback intensity on the nutrient status of leaves of Persian oak trees influenced by dieback and site soil in the forests of Ilam province. For this purpose, the Forest area of Melah-Siah was considered and two one-hectare areas on the northern and southern aspects with almost the same altitude levels were selected. In each selected area, 10 trees were sampled in two intensities of healthy and dieback affected. Leaf samples were collected from the four main sides of tree crown and the middle part of the crown and from their terminal branches. Furthermore, from the south side of the selected trees, soil samples were prepared from two depths. Collected samples were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of OC, N, P, K, Ca and Mg.  The results showed that the slope-aspect and crown dieback intensities have significant effects on the amount of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in Persian oak tree leaves. So that, the amount of leaf phosphorus in the northern site was higher than the southern site. Leaf calcium and magnesium concentrations were higher in the north site than the south site and in dieback-affected trees than the healthy trees. Also, the amount of soil organic carbon was significantly affected by slope aspect. The OC content in depth of 0-20 cm, in the northern site was less than the southern site. The amount of pH, CaCO3 and soil moisture in the depth of 0-20 cm and soil moisture in the depth of 20-50 cm were also changed under the slope aspect. It was concluded that leaf nutrients had more changes than soil elements under the influence of considered factors and the amount of these changes was more attributed to the slope-aspect. The studied Persian oak trees with different crown dieback degrees had a similar situation in terms of soil macro elements, but had different conditions in terms of leaf macro elements. Considering the differences between their habitats in terms of soil moisture and pH, it can be said that the dieback severity of tree crowns is related to physiological mechanisms in trees for absorbing water and nutrients.

This study was conducted with the general aim of Mangrove forest conservation solutions in Minab County. The statistical population of the study included two groups of local communities and forest knowledge experts in Minab County. By using Krejcie and Morgan Table, 327 people were selected by stratified sampling with optimum allocation and in the experts and specialists section, 18 were targeted. Data analysis was done by FAHP and SPSSwin19 software. The results showed there was no complete agreement between the two statistical groups in the general prioritization of forest protection strategies based on the group From the perspective of local communities, forest protection strategies include economic, social, institutional and environmental factors, but from the perspective of experts, the most important forest protection strategies were social, economic, institutional and environmental factors, respectively.

With the approval of the Hunting and Fishing Law, a government institution called the Hunting and Fishing Supervision Organization was established in 1346. Laws regarding the establishment of this organization as an independent governmental body under the supervision of the Supreme Council for Hunting and Fisheries Supervision, the possibility of allocating parts of the country to national parks with specific definitions Provided. The first cornerstone of protected areas in Iran was laid in 1346. The proposal to establish two national parks and 15 protected areas was immediately approved by the Supreme Council as the first protected group in Iran. In view of Iran's environmental diversity and different climatic zones, the government, in cooperation with the Environment Organization, in accordance with international standards, prepared this quadruple classification in a bill in 1353 and presented it to the parliament. National Heritage, National Conservation Area and Wildlife Sanctuary were approved. In each of these regions, different types of lands can exist in terms of type and use, so that the determination and establishment of a special legal system for the four regions, on the exploitation, occupation and use in areas. Enclosed is effective and the legal system governing the property rights of the lands located in that area has affected and led to numerous legal claims. Reviewing laws and regulations, implementation of previous and current laws, conflicts and possible disputes between the mentioned laws and providing legal solutions is an issue that can pave the way for some legal conflicts and disputes.