نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of fuel quality on the contamination and potential ecological risk of metals in high-traffic areas. To this end, the leaves of street-side trees in Tehran were used as particle collectors. The concentration of Pb, Cd and Zn decreased but the concentration of Co and Cu increased in 2014 compared with 2012. The potential ecological risk of metals, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, decreased by %43 in 2014 compared to 2012. Despite the improvement of fuel quality in 2014, there was yet the moderate likelihood of potential ecological risk of metals in the study sites. It was revealed that the wear and tear of interior and exterior parts of vehicles remained significant, especially after the high-risk period of 2012. As conclusion, natural factors and air conditioning exacerbated the contamination of metal at local levels in Tehran. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of fuel quality on the contamination and potential ecological risk of metals in high-traffic areas. To this end, the leaves of street-side trees in Tehran were used as particle collectors.

According to its 2030 Sustainable Development Plan, the United Nations It has stated that eradicating poverty and alleviating hunger is one of the main objectives of the UN Sustainable Development Plan 2030 (and even in the Paris Environmental and Climate Change Plans (2015) and the FAO World Plan 2030-2050. Natural and biological resources and the development of agricultural programs and protection of agricultural lands have been emphasized (Alexander and Bruinsma, 2012), but the decision-making approach and legislation and resource management have been left to the member states, which makes Iran , Not only in order to achieve those international programs and documents, but also in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development and non-migration of villagers to cities and maintain the growth of agricultural production in parallel with the population growth of the country, more seriously review their current laws To address the weaknesses and legal challenges, to apply unbridled unauthorized land use change, even in the best agricultural lands, to control and manage more properly, because annually, on average, 14.2 million hectares of Iran's agricultural lands are cultivated with agricultural and horticultural products. River that maintains this level of cultivation and prevents Unauthorized land use change requires purposeful and serious laws and programs (Ghanbari, 1398). Studies show that the process of land use change in agricultural, garden and forest lands has intensified. For example, in the city of Rasht, based on satellite image information from 1382 to 1392, equivalent to 35042 hectares of agricultural land, which is the most prone land in the city and 4832 hectares of forests and pastures have changed land use (Kalli Moghadam, 2016). Factors affecting this change of use in the form of economic variables (high cost of agricultural inputs, low prices of agricultural products and ... (, social) illiteracy and low literacy of farmers, lack of specialization and ... (, natural) soil erosion and .. On the other hand, according to the law, the authority to identify agricultural lands and gardens is the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, and the judicial and administrative authorities will be obliged to observe the opinion of the organization. Large agricultural lands and from the perspective of food security, self-sufficiency and sustainable employment of rural communities, social, cultural and economic consequences are very important: industrial pressure, tourism, water shortage crisis and reduced soil fertility and agricultural productivity, changing rural lifestyles Weak restraint laws and corruption make it more difficult to protect agricultural land.People's economic problems, low income, lack of financial support, uneconomical agricultural activities, rising agricultural costs, false rise in land prices, housing, rising living costs And the problems related to the sale of products are important economic factors of land use change Settlement and development pressure, irregular exploitation, incorrect changes in land use and human encroachment on agricultural fields, day by day disrupts the balance of life (Droudian, 1396.) Challenges of land use change in the cultivation of strategic crops that employ a lot Like wheat and barley, it is more severe and irreparable in the western provinces, which are the target of the rainfed agricultural economy. Today, in addition to farmers' livelihood problems; Also, the existence of a large number of non-native applicants, especially residents of the center, to have recreational gardens, unfortunately, we are witnessing the fragmentation and sale of agricultural land (Marzooqi, 2003). In general, these factors can be divided into three groups (Asgarkhani, 2016:) Legal factors - demographic factors - economic factors.Therefore, increasing the price and stock market of land and housing; Low yield of agricultural and horticultural lands and growth of commercial and health sectors, on the other hand, urban development and urban planning for various uses and the integration of agricultural areas and urban space into urban areas and rural master plans, the need for proportionality among the population Fixes the constant and the passenger in the form of quantitative and qualitative criteria by the responsible agencies (Ebrahimzadeh, 2010); Therefore, the legal basis of the right to food, to prevent those events, was first included in Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1966 to emphasize its importance (Ismail Nasab, 2016: 2) and at the level of Domestic, we should not underestimate the importance of unauthorized change of use and reform of domestic laws in order to prevent endangering the food security of the Iranian people, which we will examine below. The legal challenges of the Land Use Protection Law in the implementation of the criminal declaration and the investigation of the new Criminal Procedure Code, with the aim of operationalizing public participation, have recognized the prosecution of public litigation in specific hands of crimes by these organizations. Although in the text of the law, these organizations are mentioned as declaring the crime, but they have been given extensive powers such as giving reasons and objecting to the votes issued. Perhaps it can be said that according to the powers of the "plaintiff", mentioning the title of the plaintiff and the declarant of the crime is considered simultaneous. If the private interests of legal entities or these associations are harmed, according to the same conditions, natural persons can file lawsuits, but the issue that has been neglected in this law is how to oversee the activities of these organizations (Kushki, 2013 ).The lack of a clear trustee to deal with illegal construction violations and the lack of heavy equipment required are among the problems that have caused many of the rulings issued for the demolition of illegal buildings in villages and summer areas outside the urban area to remain on paper. There are unauthorized constructions in national arenas and lands owned by individuals who identify violationsIn the natural field, natural resources are in charge, and in the lands of individuals, agricultural jihad is entrusted. For many years, there has been a difference between the various executive departments regarding the appointment of the management in charge of preventing and dealing with unauthorized constructions in the urban area and the village area, and the pure and new areas and the river area outside the village, etc. At one time, this area was under the supervision of the district and the Article 99 Commission, and at another time under the supervision of the Municipality and the Article 100 Commission. Do not cooperate in this area. There has even been a request for the purchase of heavy machinery by the Agricultural Jihad, for which no budget has been provided so far. On the other hand, many construction companies are in the area of roads or rivers with agricultural and garden uses, which are in charge of this section of roads and urban development or the regional water company that must deal with them. Not only is there a dispute over jurisdiction between the various agencies, but the more important category of prevention is the missing link in dealing with unauthorized construction, because many unauthorized buildings were built in a period of time that, if the necessary monitoring and prevention had been applied, We did not see the mushrooming of subsequent villas and more in agricultural fields and gardens, because according to Article 10 of the Law on Preservation of Land Use in Farms and Gardens, everyone must obtain a permit from the Agricultural Jihad to build a building on their land, otherwise illegal action and crime. Is. In the absence of preventive measures, the difficult solution is to pursue and enforce judicial rulings.The Law on Conservation of Agricultural and Horticultural Lands is the most important legal tool for the protection of agricultural lands, but Note 5 of this law states as strange remarks that "lands within the legal limits of villages with approved master plans are subject to the guidelines of the master plan and all prescribed criteria "They are an exception to this rule." In fact, the power of this comment is more than the principle of law and the most land use changes are created within the lands of the master plan and this plan creates corruption and rent which sometimes landowners by paying bribes and bribing agents to revise the master plan has been effective in designing the village texture. And the planning of the village is determined not on the basis of its ecological and demographic potential, but on the basis of the power and influence of the landowners. In designing and revising the master plan, increasing the master plan should not cause the expansion of the village development into agricultural lands, which unfortunately is never considered by the consultants and executors of the master plan (Droudian, 1396.)

The growing population of the world, along with the expansion of agricultural and industrial activities to provide food on the one hand and successive droughts in recent years on the other, has led to the availability of fresh surface and groundwater resources in most countries in the arid zone. Reach the peak of its exploitation and consequently put too much pressure on water resources. These conditions have been prevalent in Iran for a long time. On the other hand, the development of urbanization and industrialization has led to the production of a huge volume of wastewater, the main problem in this field is how to dispose of wastewater, so that it did not lead to environmental and health risks. In this regard, one of the best methods of wastewater disposal is its use in agriculture, this requires special management that while using it optimally, does not have environmental and health risks to soil, plants and surface and groundwater resources. One of the main solutions to deal with the water crisis is the use of water chain in proportion to changing its quality in various sectors of consumption. Another solution is the optimal use of existing conventional and non-conventional water and the use of efficient and high-efficiency irrigation systems. ا Since wastewater is considered as fresh but polluted water and its treatment cost is much lower than other methods of water supply, wastewater reuse is proposed to compensate for the lack of some water needs. In addition, municipal effluents are rarely affected by drought. Therefore, reuse of effluent can be a reliable source for use in dry and low rainy years. The use of low quality water, including municipal wastewater, for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including Iran, is increasing. Pollution caused by such waters, including nitrate and phosphate, accumulates in agricultural products and causes various diseases when it enters the human body. Methemoglobin (a disease of children) caused by the entry of nitrate into the human body and osteoporosis caused by the entry of phosphate. The general purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in some plants along the Kal-e-Shor river in Sabzevar. The study population in this study is some crops and non-crops in the lands of Dolatabad and Aliabad regions that are irrigated using the water of Kalshur river. Due to the diversity of the crop in the region, two agronomic species (wheat and pistachio) and two non-agronomic species (straw and turmeric) have been selected for the study, which have been collected in three samples and examined for nitrate and phosphate concentrations. According to the results, the phosphate concentration in the green of the plants was as follows: Wheat leaf irrigated with effluent> Control wheat leaf> Kalshour turmeric leaf> Irrigated pistachio leaf> Control turmeric leaf> Kalshour straw leaf> Control straw leaf> Control pistachio leaf The greenery of the wheat field of the farm has the highest concentration of phosphate and the greenery of turmeric has the lowest concentration of phosphate. Nitrate concentration in greenery of plants was as follows: Wheat leaf irrigated with effluent> Wheat leaf control> Kalshour turmeric leaf> Pistachio leaf irrigated with effluent> Control turmeric leaf> Kalshour straw leaf> Control straw leaf> Control pistachio leaf, which Wheat leaves irrigated with effluent had the highest concentration of nitrate and pistachios of control fields (irrigated with well water) had the lowest concentration of nitrate. The higher phosphate concentration in the experimental farms compared to the control farms was due to the use of chemical fertilizers in the fields and poor field management. Nitrate concentration in the greenery of plants irrigated with wastewater (experimental farms) was higher than the greenery of control plants, which is due to the presence of nitrate in the effluent or poor farm management. According to the results, the concentration of phosphate in the effluent of the study area is 0.610 mg/l, while the standard concentration of phosphate in the effluent for discharge to surface waters by the Environmental Protection Organization is 6 mg/l. The concentration of phosphate in the effluent is less than the allowable limit with a probability of 99%. The concentration of nitrate in the effluent is 9.266 mg/l and the standard limit announced by FAO for irrigation is 5 mg/l and for discharge to surface water is 50 mg/l. The concentration of nitrate in the effluent for irrigation is 95% higher than the standard, but for entering surface water is less than the allowable limit, so the concentration of nitrate for irrigation should be monitored. Higher phosphate concentration in the leaves of experimental farms compared to control farms is due to the use of chemical fertilizers in farm management. Nitrate concentration in the leaves of experimental field plants is higher due to the presence of nitrate in the effluent or poor field management. There was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in wheat, straw and turmeric plants of Kalshour and control fields. The average concentration of nitrate in wheat leaves irrigated with effluent is 13.24 and in control wheat is 12.76. Also, the permissible concentration of nitrate in wheat (maximum concentration of nitrate in wheat) according to EU standards is 50 mg/kg, which indicates the measured values. Nitrate content in wheat irrigated with effluent is higher than allowed. The average concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the pistachio plant irrigated with effluent is higher than the pistachio plant in the control fields, this is probably due to the use of more fertilizer in the experimental pistachio fields.

Today, ecotourism has a special situation in the world. As most countries have included it in their economic, social and cultural planning, and because of its many benefits, each country has launched extensive publicity to introduce its attractions. In this study, in order to allocate lands for ecotourism development, a multi-criteria evaluation method based on the process of hierarchical analysis and weighted linear composition in Kohmareh Sorkhi region of Shiraz city was used. Ecological criteria including land use, soil depth, and distance from the village, height, direction of slope, slope, distance from river, and distance from road were used. Then, according to previous research in this field, priority was given to prioritizing important variables in terms of the importance of zoning for tourism development, and each layer was weighted using hierarchical analysis. In the next step, constraint layers such as (slope, distance from the road, village and river) were constructed using Boolean logic. Then the desired layers in Idrisi software were identified by linear weighting method and using hierarchical analysis weights and constraint layers, suitable areas for ecotourism. Slope criterion with a weight of 0.32 had the highest weight and was the first priority in the ecotourism. Also, land use with a weight of 0.22 was in the second priority and distance from the village with a weight of 0.15 was in the third priority. The final Zoning map of tourism potential areas by linear weight combination method showed that it is very suitable with an area of 2336 hectares, 4% of the area, suitable with an area of 11527 hectares, 19% of the area, somewhat suitable with an area of 32745 hectares, 54% of the area and unsuitable with an area of 14320 hectares, including 24 percent.

The importance of paying attention to mosques, as sacred places, and the emphasis of Islam on its hygiene is clear ande meeting health criteria in mosques as a public place is essential. In case of not paying enough attention to this issue, mosques can be a center from which pathogens spread and endanger health of the population. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental health status of mosques in Ahar in 2018. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. All urban mosques were selected using the census method. Data were collected using a questionnaire of mosques' health regulation through visits and direct observation. The data were analyzed using Excel software. The finding of this study indicated that Ahar's mosques in terms of personal hygiene, instruments and tools and building conditional were favorable in 34.3%, 57.1% and 80% and were undesirable in 14.3%, 8.6% and 11.4%, respectively. Overall, 80% of the mosques had a favorable status (score above 75) and only 8.6% of the mosques had an undesirable status (score below 50). According to the obtained results, the health conditions of studied mosques were relatively desirable. It is recommended that the health status of the places, especially personal hygiene criteria improved, in cooperation with the health authorities and public participation.

Since the amount of species production and consumption varied at different grazing intensities, this study was conducted to determine the amount of production and consumption of Bromus tomentellus and Festuca ovina species in mountainous rangelands of Chaharbagh. Three sites with different grazing intensities (exclosure, moderate grazing and high grazing intensity) were considered and species production and consumption were measured at the end of grazing season. Five transects of 100 m were applied for each sites. Then, two random points were selected in each transect and sampling were carried out from 5 plants near these points. The growth values of plant inside the exclosure for the current year considered as the average production of the species. The difference between the mean biomass of plant inside the exclosure, and other sites, was evaluated as the amount of livestock consumption of the species. Thus, percentage of consumption (rate of utilization) of each species was obtained by dividing the amount of species usage in each site by the amount of production inside the exclosure. T-test was used to determine the differences of biomass of each site with the exclosure and also to compare the amount of species usage at different grazing intensities. Results showed that the highest density and production of B.tomentellus and F.ovina were 19000 stand per ha, 76 gr per stand and 25000 stand per ha, 50 gr per stand, respectively for exclosure site and the lowest density and production for high intensity grazing site. Most consumption rate of B.tomentellus and F.ovina species was observed in high and moderate intensity grazing sites, respectively. Due to the higher consumption of Br. tomentellus Compared to other species, conservation measures should focus more on this species.

Appropriate and accurate quantitative and qualitative information about forest stands is the requirement of any kind of principled management and planning. Therefore, statistics of these characteristics play an essential role in estimating the current situation and future planning. Pistacia atlantica Desf. is on the list of endangered species, so different studies are necessary for different parts of the country on natural pistachio stands. In order to study the morphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica Desf. stands in Arasbaran region located in East Azarbaijan province, a pure stand selected in the Shahmoradloo region located in 38° 31ʹ 25ʺ latitudes to 47° 25ʹ 58ʺ east longitude geographical coordinates and in altitude of 1000-1800 m above sea level. Sample trees were measured based on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics in the 50 m length transect method. Wild pistachio is a dicotyledonous, deciduous tree species with comb-shaped leaves in the form of 2 to 5 ovate leaflets. Shaft fruits are eatable. This species occupies a large part of the semi-arid forests of western and northwestern Iran, and the natural stands of this species are considered national value due to conservation and economic values. Its distribution is mostly reported in mountainous areas and on steep slopes and rocky areas and the main habitat of this species is in the Zagros forests. it would rather dry and suitable climates, soil having a light texture and are quite a light-loving species, which has caused them to be present on the southern slopes.In order to measure 16 quantitative characteristics and 7 qualitative characteristics, the method of linear sampling with fixed length (50 m) which was randomly systematically distributed was used in the direction of the slope at the stand. all the trees whose part or trunk intersected the line were identified and quantitative parameters including the distance of sample trees, diameter at the breast height of the sample trees (cm), the total height of the sample trees (m), small and large diameter of the sample trees canopy (m) were measured and recorded. Also, the qualitative characteristics of the sampled trees were identified and recorded, including the number of trees in terms of the quality of the canopy (symmetry or unsymmetrical of the crown and broken canopy branches), the quality of the trunk (including resin exploitation, cutting branches, pest and insect attack, and diseases and leaning position (deviated from the upright position) and stand origin (standard or coppice) for each tree were recorded in the statistical forms. In the data analysis section, for quantitative characteristics, stand density characteristics, stand basal area, percentage of canopy cover and biomass of stand were calculated based on allometric equations. The results of quantitative characteristics indicated that trees had an average diameter of 7.23 cm and a mean height of 2.71 m. The basal area of the trees was 4730.4730 cm2 per hectares and the canopy area was 4.76 m2 per hectares. Stand density was 110 trees per hectares and the highest amount of carbon storage was related to the tree trunk (8.53 ± 0.40 kg). The results of qualitative characteristics analysis showed that 62.4% of the trees had an unsymmetrical crown canopy and 64.9% of the trees had broken canopy branches. 90% were cut branches on trunk, 87.7% were attacked by pests and diseases, and 85.3% had leaning position (deviated from the upright position) and no resin exploitation was observed in any trees trunk. 92.8% of the trees were coppice. In general, the studied stand was young with small diameter, short height and the stand had a coppice structure.

Knowledge of plants spatial distribution involves understanding and management of ecological factors affecting them which a prominent role in the evaluation, protection, development and regional planning. Due to the ecological and economic importance of Ferula gummosa Boiss, this study aimed to identify potential habitat using GAM model, distribution of this species with environmental factors and economic valuation was selected Lar rangeland custom unit at Tehran province. Identify and collect basic information of the study area, determination of the custom unit boundary by using a topographic and other map, typing of habitat, random sampling and estimation of soil surface cover properties and soil sampling to 30 cm depth, modeling of potential habitat, the prediction of the economic value of market value in the study area has been process of implementation of this study. The results showed that phosphorus factor with decreasing linear relationship and moisture, acidity and silt with 2 degree of freedom were the most important factors affecting density of Ferula gummosa Boiss (R2 is 0.44 and RMSE equals 1.32). Also, aspect, moisture, silt, potassium, organic matter and nitrogen with 1 degree of freedom and elevation with 2 degrees of freedom were major factors affecting canopy cover (R2 is 0.68 and RMSE equals 0.25). Also, from the thirteen factors examined, aspect with 1 degree of freedom and elevation and silt were major factors affecting on distribution Ferula gummosa Boiss 1 degree of freedom (AUC = 0.72 and Kappa coefficient = 0.49). Potential habitat map shows that 7.8 percent of the total study area has a perfect match, 37.9% fit, 44.9% are low and 8.5% inappropriate to predict the distribution of this species.

Due to defects or any inefficiency of urban drainage systems, flooding in urban areas causes significant damage to buildings and other public and private infrastructure. Therefore, researchers in recent years have tried to establish a more accurate relationship between rainfall and runoff. Various hydrological models have made significant contributions, and the SWMM model is one of the models with acceptable accuracy in this field (Zoppou, 2001). The SWMM model is a dynamic model for simulating runoff precipitation (event-based or continuous) and can simulate the quality and quantity of runoff for urban areas.Moreover, District 10 of Tehran Municipality is chosen as the study area, with an area of 807 hectares, the north-south and east-west slopes are approximately 1.2% and 1%, respectively. The primary land use in this region is high-density residential. The severe population density in the region and the lack of green spaces are the most critical environmental problems in the region.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to model quantitatively and qualitatively urban runoff modeling in District 10 of Tehran Municipality using the EPA SWMM model and the application of Low Impact Development methods (LID) in this area to reduce quantitative parameters such as flow rate, depth, velocity, and volume as well as qualitative parameters including the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP).

The subcatchments of the study area are shown in Figure 3. Also, the characteristics of all subcatchments modeled in SWMM are presented in Table 1. According to Figure 3, the study area is divided into 60 subcatchments, 13 nodes (including the output node), and 12 links to create the drainage network. In this figure, the bold lines and dash lines indicate the flow channels and the route of runoff transfer from the subcatchments to the outlet nodes, respectively. In addition, Equation 1 is derived from intensity-duration-frequency curves having an estimate of the precipitation intensity based on the duration and frequency of the precipitation.In this study, to take advantage of Low Impact Development methods, the Bioretention Cell method (Scenario 2) and the Permeable Pavement method (Scenario 3) are defined individually as well as combined (Scenario 4) in the modeling process and compared these scenarios with Scenario 1, which did not use the LID methods. These LID methods are selected due to the possibility of their implementation in the study area. Also, considering the available spaces for implementing these methods, it is assumed that 20-30% and 30-40% of the land uses for each subcatchment are allocated to bioretention cell (Scenario 2) and permeable pavement (Scenario 3), respectively. Then, by quantitative and qualitative modeling, the results from Scenario 1 are presented for rainfall with return periods of 2, 5, and 10 years. Finally, the results of other scenarios are compared with Scenario 1 to discuss the effectiveness of each LID method.

Based on the results of quantitative modeling, Figures 6-8 indicate the critical flood status in subcatchments, manholes, and flow channels with precipitation with different return periods. In this section, in terms of area, the vast subcatchments have critical flood conditions. Also, at this time, with increasing rainfall intensity (10-year return period), the amount of water depth in the links and nodes that are close to the output node increases, which is shown in light blue and yellow. These figures can help relevant decision-makers focus more on the critical subcatchments and manholes to reduce the discharge and depth of flooding in the region. In addition, if the budget for implementation of the LID methods is limited, decision-makers can benefit from LID methods in the presented critical location to reduce the depth of flooding.By implementing scenarios 2-4, the critical parameters (Tables 2-4) for quantitative modelling are compared in the channel leading to the output node (C12), including 1- maximum flow rate (cubic meter per second), 2- maximum flow depth (meter), 3- maximum flow velocity (meter per second), and 4- maximum flow volume (cubic meter). According to these tables, with increasing rainfall intensity, flow rate, velocity, depth, and runoff volume in the channel increase. On the other hand, the use of permeable pavement (S3) is more effective than bioretention cells (S2), while using a combination of these methods (S4), we will see a significant reduction in the flow parameters in which the peak of the flow depth and flow depth are reduced by approximately 50 and 55%, respectively. It should be noted that the effectiveness of these methods in controlling the flow velocity compared to other parameters such as flow rate, depth and volume is lower. With increasing rainfall intensity (10-year return period), the effectiveness of these methods decreases compared to precipitation with less intensity (about 4-5%). In contrast, in the flow depth and volume parameters, we will see higher efficiency in applying LID methods (about 7%) with increasing rainfall intensity.Additionally, the qualitative modelling findings and comparison of Tables 5-7 indicate that the TSS, TN, and TP concentrations rise when rainfall intensity increases. Regarding the effectiveness of bioretention cell and permeable pavement methods, it is observed that the application of permeable pavement (S3) is more effective than bioretention cell (S2) in reducing the concentration of TSS and TN parameters. In contrast, for the TP parameter, the bioretention cell is more effective. Similar to the quantitative model, the combined application of these methods is more effective in reducing the concentration of parameters. It should be noted that LID methods to reduce the TP concentration were less effective (approximately 20 to 30%) than TN and TSS.On the other hand, with increasing rainfall intensity (comparing Tables 5-7), the performance of each LID method in reducing the TSS concentration is almost constant (in a specific scenario). At the same time, it is more effective for TN and TP parameters. In general, the effectiveness of LID methods in reducing the quality parameters is greater than the quantitative one, so that by using the combination of bioretention cell and permeable pavement, the concentration of total suspended solids can be reduced by about 77%, while the effect of this scenario on the reducing peak flood discharge is about 55%. Also, if there is an executive constraint or limitation budgeting, the efficiency of the permeable pavement method is better than the bioretention cell in the quantitative and qualitative analysis.

This study aims to investigate the emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust of Pride and Samand cars with different types and fueling systems in Mashhad during the 2012-2015 by Motor Gas Tester for 2000 cars. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan post hoc test (P <0.05). The results showed that type X7 among the other studied types of Samand has the lowest level of pollutant production, while no significant difference was observed in terms of the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of different types of Pride. It was also found that the consumption of natural gas fuel in dedicated Pride increases the emission of pollutants and reduces in dedicated Samand, which indicates the better design of Samand in terms of fuel pump, type of kit used and other engine parts compared to Pride for usage of gas as an alternative fuel. It indicates that the combustion process in gasoline Pride is more complete and Samand is more suitable for using natural gas fuel.

Toxic heavy metals are one of the most dangerous agents for the organism's health and the environment. In this study, a new, selective electrochemical sensor was prepared using zirconium oxide/porous carbon nanoparticles (ZrO2/NPC) modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) ions. ZrO2/NPC material was obtained from one-step calcination of MOF. Infrared analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the characteristics of the sample and the prepared electrode. The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry in [Fe (CN)6]3-/4 solution, which represents the electron transfer process is controlled by diffusion, at the electrode surface. For quantitative analysis, differential pulse voltammetry method was used Under optimal analytical conditions, differential pulse voltammograms at different concentrations of Pb2 + and Cd2 + ions were recorded simultaneously by ZrO2 / NPC / CPE. and detection limits of 0.61 µM and 1.43 µM were calculated for Pb2+ and Cd2+ respectively. In addition, sensitivity, selectivity, and recovery were determined in real water samples.

Benzene is a aromatic colorless liquid as a base for crude oil, gasoline, polystyrene, synthetic rubber and nylon capable of causing lung dysfunction, asthma, lung infection, central nervous system suppression, blood poisoning, genetic effects, chromosomal abnormalities, DNA damage And leukemia. This case study was conducted in 1398 on a statistical population of 50 people working in a chemical industry. The Niosh1501 method was used to evaluate and determine the respiratory exposure of employees to benzene. The results mean weighted average time of respiratory exposure to benzene (OEL-TWA) was different in the exposed group and the control group and in the personnel of loading units 7 ppm, production 0.523 ppm, laboratory 0.178 ppm, quality control 0.224 ppm and the administrative control group is zero (OEL-TWA allowable threshold: 0.5 PPM). Research variables include respiratory capacity (FEV, FVC, FEV / FVC, FEF), blood parameters (WBC, RBC, PLT, MCV), as well as age and work experience of the exposed and control group were extracted from the medical records of the personnel. Relationship between health hazard of respiratory exposure to benzene on blood parameters and respiratory capacity, as well as the effect of age and work experience factors on these parameters by neural network (MLP) and fuzzy neural network (ANFIS) in software Matlab 2019 was modeled with 5 core processor power and 8 gb of ram. In neural network architecture with 99.7702% accuracy in the experimental section and the degree of convergence tolerance equal to 0.5 ×10-3, and in fuzzy neural network architecture with 99.8163% accuracy in the experimental section and with Convergence tolerance of 0.54×10-3, results showed that the respiratory capacities and blood parameters of the exposed and control groups were different and had a significant relationship, as well as age and work experience did not affect the blood parameters and respiratory capacities of the exposed and control groups.Benzene is a aromatic colorless liquid as a base for crude oil, gasoline, polystyrene, synthetic rubber and nylon capable of causing lung dysfunction, asthma, lung infection, central nervous system suppression, blood poisoning, genetic effects, chromosomal abnormalities, DNA damage And leukemia. This case study was conducted in 1398 on a statistical population of 50 people working in a chemical industry. The Niosh1501 method was used to evaluate and determine the respiratory exposure of employees to benzene. The results mean weighted average time of respiratory exposure to benzene (OEL-TWA) was different in the exposed group and the control group and in the personnel of loading units 7 ppm, production 0.523 ppm, laboratory 0.178 ppm, quality control 0.224 ppm and the administrative control group is zero (OEL-TWA allowable threshold: 0.5 PPM). Research variables include respiratory capacity (FEV, FVC, FEV / FVC, FEF), blood parameters (WBC, RBC, PLT, MCV), as well as age and work experience of the exposed and control group were extracted from the medical records of the personnel. Relationship between health hazard of respiratory exposure to benzene on blood parameters and respiratory capacity, as well as the effect of age and work experience factors on these parameters by neural network (MLP) and fuzzy neural network (ANFIS) in software Matlab 2019 was modeled with 5 core processor power and 8 gb of ram. In neural network architecture with 99.7702% accuracy in the experimental section and the degree of convergence tolerance equal to 0.5 ×10-3, and in fuzzy neural network architecture with 99.8163% accuracy in the experimental section and with Convergence tolerance of 0.54×10-3, results showed that the respiratory capacities and blood parameters of the exposed and control groups were different and had a significant relationship, as well as age and work experience did not affect the blood parameters and respiratory capacities of the exposed and control groups.Benzene is a aromatic colorless liquid as a base for crude oil, gasoline, polystyrene, synthetic rubber and nylon capable of causing lung dysfunction, asthma, lung infection, central nervous system suppression, blood poisoning, genetic effects, chromosomal abnormalities, DNA damage And leukemia. This case study was conducted in 1398 on a statistical population of 50 people working in a chemical industry. The Niosh1501 method was used to evaluate and determine the respiratory exposure of employees to benzene. The results mean weighted average time of respiratory exposure to benzene (OEL-TWA) was different in the exposed group and the control group and in the personnel of loading units 7 ppm, production 0.523 ppm, laboratory 0.178 ppm, quality control 0.224 ppm and the administrative control group is zero (OEL-TWA allowable threshold: 0.5 PPM). Research variables include respiratory capacity (FEV, FVC, FEV / FVC, FEF), blood parameters (WBC, RBC, PLT, MCV), as well as age and work experience of the exposed and control group were extracted from the medical records of the personnel. Relationship between health hazard of respiratory exposure to benzene on blood parameters and respiratory capacity, as well as the effect of age and work experience factors on these parameters by neural network (MLP) and fuzzy neural network (ANFIS) in software Matlab 2019 was modeled with 5 core processor power and 8 gb of ram. In neural network architecture with 99.7702% accuracy in the experimental section and the degree of convergence tolerance equal to 0.5 ×10-3, and in fuzzy neural network architecture with 99.8163% accuracy in the experimental section and with Convergence tolerance of 0.54×10-3, results showed that the respiratory capacities and blood parameters of the exposed and control groups were different and had a significant relationship, as well as age and work experience did not affect the blood parameters and respiratory capacities of the exposed and control groups.Benzene is a aromatic colorless liquid as a base for crude oil, gasoline, polystyrene, synthetic rubber and nylon capable of causing lung dysfunction, asthma, lung infection, central nervous system suppression, blood poisoning, genetic effects, chromosomal abnormalities, DNA damage And leukemia. This case study was conducted in 1398 on a statistical population of 50 people working in a chemical industry. The Niosh1501 method was used to evaluate and determine the respiratory exposure of employees to benzene. The results mean weighted average time of respiratory exposure to benzene (OEL-TWA) was different in the exposed group and the control group and in the personnel of loading units 7 ppm, production 0.523 ppm, laboratory 0.178 ppm, quality control 0.224 ppm and the administrative control group is zero (OEL-TWA allowable threshold: 0.5 PPM). Research variables include respiratory capacity (FEV, FVC, FEV / FVC, FEF), blood parameters (WBC, RBC, PLT, MCV), as well as age and work experience of the exposed and control group were extracted from the medical records of the personnel. Relationship between health hazard of respiratory exposure to benzene on blood parameters and respiratory capacity, as well as the effect of age and work experience factors on these parameters by neural network (MLP) and fuzzy neural network (ANFIS) in software Matlab 2019 was modeled with 5 core processor power and 8 gb of ram. In neural network architecture with 99.7702% accuracy in the experimental section and the degree of convergence tolerance equal to 0.5 ×10-3, and in fuzzy neural network architecture with 99.8163% accuracy in the experimental section and with Convergence tolerance of 0.54×10-3, results showed that the respiratory capacities and blood parameters of the exposed and control groups were different and had a significant relationship, as well as age and work experience did not affect the blood parameters and respiratory capacities of the exposed and control groups.

Global land use has significantly changed in recent decades. However, in order to monitor and survey of the ecological consequences of human interventions, quantification of land cover change is necessary. Wetlands are the most sensitive ecosystems to changes in land use and unique ecosystems with high diversity of flora and fauna. Ecological conditions and water quality of the wetlands are related to the characteristics of the land, including the type and ratio of land cover in the all watershed. Therefore, monitoring of land use and land cover changes is necessary in order to manage, control and take timely measures to reduce the threats and damage caused by the changes in the landscape. Whereas the land cover changes in Golpayegan Shoor Wetland have not been studied, so the main purpose of this study is to monitor land cover changes in this wetland in central of Iran. In fact, In the present study, the land cover of Golpayegan wetland for 1972, 1978, 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018 was prepared using Landsat satellite images and the change was revealed during this period (46 years).

Golpayegan Shoor Wetland, located in the northern plain of Golpayegan, is a part of the catchment area of Namak Lake and the only wetland ecosystem of Golpayegan city. Six land use classes were identified in the region: 1- Residential lands (urban, industrial, road, etc.), 2- Agricultural lands, 3- Water resources, 4- Dense rangeland, 5- Medium density rangeland 6- Low density rangeland - barren. Then the educational samples were digitized on the screen by digitizing the points. In the second stage, the resolution of educational samples was done. The third step is to classify satellite images using the maximum likelihood classification method. Six time periods of Landsat satellite imagery belonging to the mentioned years (1972, 1978, 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018) were selected to analyze land cover changes. In order to geometrically correct the satellite images of the study area, topographic maps were used to perform the first-order polynomial equation with a scale of 1: 25000 and 20 ground control points. Atmospheric correction was performed using dark-object subtraction method. In order to detect and analyze changes during the studied periods, land change modeler was used in TerrSet software.

Kappa coefficient in 1972, 1978, 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018 were 8.08%, 84.45%, 85.79%, 90.12%, 92.67% and 93.85%, respectively. In the study period, dense rangelands decreased during the years 1978-1972 with an annual rate of -1.86% percent (9795 hectares). Medium density rangelands and residential areas also showed an increase of 13,460 and 1,080 hectares with annual rates of 2.63 and 11.84 percent, respectively. The annual growth rate is 6.33 percent in irrigated areas, and the rate of increase is 142.2 hectares in this land use. The rate of reduction is 4050 hectares in low density pastures with an annual reduction rate of 16.3%. Between 1972 and 1978, there were 499, 394, and 194 hectares of net conversion of agricultural land use, dense pastures, and low-density-barren pastures to residential areas, respectively. The rate of net change is 70, 75 and 9 hectares from agricultural lands, medium density pastures and low density-barren pastures to irrigated areas, respectively. The highest net change is 13333 hectares from dense rangelands to medium density rangelands. Residential areas, agricultural lands and low-density-barren pastures also showed an increase of 1420, 14540 and 2860 hectares with annual rates of 5.1, 9.2 and 7.7 percent, respectively, during the studied years. Medium-density rangelands also decreased from 92,000 hectares in 1978 to 83100 hectares. Dense water areas and pastures have also decreased during this period, with annual rates of -7.87% and -1.12%. Dense pastures of 1545, 11246 and 3752 hectares were converted into residential areas, agricultural lands and low-density-barren pastures, respectively. The rate of net change is 119, 2018, 11246 and 751 hectares from irrigated areas, medium density pastures, dense pastures and low density-barren pastures to agriculture, respectively. 91, 1545 and 182 hectares of medium-density rangelands, dense rangelands and low-density-barren rangelands were converted to pure residential areas. During the years, the rate of net change is from medium, dense and low-density pastures to irrigated areas as 107, 10 and 1 hectare, respectively.During this period, residential areas increased at an annual rate of 2.37 percent. Agricultural lands, irrigated areas and dense pastures also showed an increase of 4066, 90 and 13562 hectares with annual rates of 1.55, 3.65 and 1.68 percent, respectively. The annual reduction rate is in medium density rangelands and low-density rangelands - Bayer - 2.08 and -13.77 percent respectively. Between 1978 and 1988, there were 632, 6, 32, 266 and 29 hectares of net conversion of agricultural uses, irrigated areas, medium-density rangelands, dense rangelands and low-density-barren pastures to residential areas, respectively. During these years, 3279 hectares of net change was observed from dense rangelands to agricultural lands and the rate of net change is from low density densities to medium density rangelands 2698 hectares. Agricultural lands increased from 28,200 hectares in 1998 to 29,600 hectares in 2008 with an annual growth rate of 0.51 percent, with 90 hectares of medium-density rangelands and 932 hectares of dense rangelands converted. Rangelands decreased with average density of 2235 hectares and annual rate of -0.33%. The rate of net change was 1687 hectares from medium-density to low-density rangelands. The rate of increasing in low-density-barren pastures is 2565 hectares and the rate of net change is from dense rangelands to this land use 693 hectares. Water areas also decreased by 67 hectares from 1998 to 2008. An increasing of 743 hectares was observed in residential areas with an annual growth rate of 1.64 percent, which was the main net change from dense pastures to this use of 718 hectares. A large increasing was observed in medium density rangelands from 65,259 hectares in 2008 to 77,706 hectares in 2018 with an annual growth rate of 1.74%. The rate of increasing was in the water zones with 637 hectares, that it showed a net change from agricultural lands, medium density pastures and dense pastures to water zones 331, 217 and 120 hectares, respectively. In this period, the annual growth rate is 0.33% in agricultural lands. During the study period, residential areas, agricultural lands and water areas increased by 3857, 20261 and 558 hectares with annual rates of 3.35%, 2.34% and 2.24%, respectively. Dense rangelands decreased with medium and low density with annual rates of -0.5%, -0.02% and -3.3%. Agricultural lands, dense rangelands, with medium and low density at 771, 2335, 273 and 481 hectares were converted into pure residential areas. 224, 70 and 259 hectares of agricultural lands, dense and medium density pastures were converted to pure water areas, respectively. 2931 and 36 hectares were converted from dense pastures to medium and low-density pastures. The results of the spatial trend of changes from all land cover classes to residential areas revealed that the densely populated urban areas and human activities.

Walking is a human behavior and activity that can be discussed from different aspects. From one perspective, walking is a kind of physical activity and sports. Among the types of physical activity, walking is the most accessible type of activity that almost all age groups can benefit from without paying . On the other hand, walking can be It was considered as a method of transportation instead of motor transportation .In recent decades, with the significant increase in the share of motorized vehicles in urban transportation, walking has lost its position as an active mode of travel, and in recent years, traffic problems such as congestion, pollution and lack of development resources have intensified. Transportation infrastructure, especially in developing countries, on the one hand, and the decline in physical activity indicators, on the other hand, have made walking as a clean transportation method considered by urban decision makers .With all the benefits of walking, in recent years one of the main problems of cities is being car-centered and in contrast to the lack of walking in them, which is not good for the health, family and community of cities. And walking, as one of the options of sustainable transportation, has faced major problems and challenges. In the case of Ardabil, the problem is that despite the increase in the presence of private cars, sidewalks and sidewalks have no place in the field of new spatial planning of this city. In order to prevent the weakening of the role of pedestrians and to encourage citizens to walk, it is necessary to check the quality of sidewalks in order to take steps to improve them. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of sidewalks in the five areas of Ardabil for future planning. Based on this, this research seeks to answer the following questions:- What is the status of sidewalk criteria in the five areas of Ardabil?- According to the studied criteria, what is the priority of quality of sidewalks in the 5 districts of Ardabil?Methodology The present study is a descriptive-analytical study with an applied purpose. In this study, the quality of sidewalks in Ardabil in order to standardize their spatial structure in the form of 4 indicators (physical, accessibility, environmental, safety and security) and 54 sub-criteria have been studied .The selection of criteria is based on library and documentary studies. The statistical population of this study is the five districts of Ardabil and a questionnaire was used to collect statistics and information. The content validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.812. Cochran's formula was used to obtain the statistical sample size, which was estimated to be 382 with an error rate of 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. In order to increase the accuracy of work, 400 questionnaires (80 questionnaires for each region) were randomly distributed in Ardabil city. After indexing, first the average of each index was calculated using SPSS software and then after weighting the studied indices using Shannon entropy method, the target areas were ranked in Excel using COPRAS model. . Table 1 shows the criteria and sub-criteria used in the present study.COPRAS model:Multi-criteria decision models (MCDMs), sometimes called multi-objective decision models and multi-criteria analysis models, are actually a set of methods that allow decision makers to consider A set of criteria (often contradictory) to select, rank, sort, or describe a set of options in the decision-making process .Many models have been proposed for multi-criteria decisions, each of which has advantages and limitations (Poor Taheri, 1392: 37). The most important features of Coopras multi-criteria decision model compared to other multi-criteria decision models can be mentioned as follows:1- It is clear that this model is simpler than other models such as AHP and TOPSIS and requires less time for calculations compared to these methods.2. Coopers can provide a complete ranking of options.3- This model is able to use both quantitative and qualitative criteria to calculate the criteria.4. Coopers has the ability to calculate positive (maximum) and negative (minimum) criteria separately in the evaluation process.5. Another important feature that makes the Coopras decision model superior to other decision models is that it can estimate the degree of importance of each option and show it by percentage to what extent a better option or It is worse and in this respect to make a complete comparison between the options.The following is a calculation of the Coopras model.Step 1: Form the initial matrixAfter determining the weight of the criteria, the decision matrix is formed as the first step of the Coopers model. The decision matrix means that the options are on one side of the matrix and the criteria are on the other.Step 2: Form a collective decision matrixIn this step, the respondents' opinions are aggregated using the arithmetic mean.Step 3: Formation of normalized (weighted) matrixTo weight the decision matrix, using Equation (1), the values of each option are multiplied by their weight and divided by the sum of the values.Relationship (1): dij = In this formula, qi is the weight of the i index and xij is the value of each option per criterion:Step 4: Calculate the value of positive and negative criteria (Sj- & Sj-)In this step, we calculate the positive sj + criteria using Equation (2) and the negative sj- criteria using Equation (3). A positive or consistent criterion is a criterion that, as its value increases, its desirability increases, but for negative criteria, the desirability decreases as the value increases. After determining the positive and negative criteria, the final value of the positive and negative criteria should be calculated using equations (2) and (3).Relationship (2): Sj+ Relationship (3): Sj- Step 5: Calculate the final value of the options (Q value)In this step, the final value of each option (Q) is calculated. In this section, first 1 is divided by Sj and then according to Equation (4), the value of Q is calculated for each option, in which the value of Q indicates the value and importance of each option in terms of criteria.Step 6: Determine the desirability of the optionsFinally, using Equation (5), the option with a degree of desirability close to one is the best option. That is, it is enough to divide the number Q among the numbers obtained in the previous step by the maximum Q. The total value of each criterion varies from 0 to 100% and the best and worst option is determined among this range.Conclusion In this study, in order to evaluate the quality of sidewalks in Ardabil, a 5-point Likert scale was used and ranks 1 to 5 were assigned to the answers. A score of 1 indicates the lowest quality and a score of 5 indicates the highest quality of the relevant criteria. Is. Thus, the number 3 is considered as the theoretical median of the answers and the average obtained from the quality of the sidewalks is compared to the number 3. Based on the results of statistical calculations, the average of the total quality of sidewalk quality criteria is equal to 3.14 and is average. Among these, the lowest average is related to environment (2.87) and the highest average is related to safety and security criteria (3.45). Using multi-criteria decision models, it is possible to make a comparison of the available options and find out the favorable and unfavorable status of the available options. Based on this, in the present study, an attempt has made to prioritize the quality of sidewalks in Ardabil using the COPRAS model. In the Coopers model, the option that has the best status in terms of criteria is identified with the highest degree of Nj importance, which is equal to 100%; Accordingly, region two with Nj equal to 100% in terms of the studied criteria has the best situation among the five regions of Ardabil and region four with the lowest percentage is in the most unfavorable situation.

Today, increasing urbanization and increasing urban settlements have the greatest impact on the environment and the city has become one of the main centers of environmental pollution. Symbolic consumerism, which is a kind of lifestyle, causes people with similar tastes to gather in affluent neighborhoods of cities, while giving a special identity to their place of residence. They prevent people with different lifestyles from entering these neighborhoods. This has led to problems such as segregation in certain areas of the city, which will be addressed in the following article. Therefore, in the present study, the ranking of urban neighborhoods and the extent of separation of target neighborhoods in the city of Ardabil have been measured and evaluated by descriptive and analytical methods using the multi-criteria decision-making method of Idas; To measure the degree of separation, selection of cities and symbolic consumerism of Ardabil. 7 criteria were used to rank the separation of Ardabil city. Relevant indicators were weighted using the Curtink method and the criteria were ranked using the Idas decision-making technique. Based on the metrics used in the research and the result of the implementation of the Idas technique, the neighborhoods of region 3 of Ardabil city are in the most unfavorable situation in terms of consumerism and are in the last place in the neighborhoods of the regions. 4 are in the best position with the most points. District 4 neighborhoods, because they are informal settlements, have had the least negative impact on the environment in terms of consumerism.The formation of human forms and perspectives in relation to the social processes that make them up. Separation in cities is one of the issues that is formed under the influence of different processes and over time. How the process is formed is related to the spaces that define social relations within geographical environments at different times and the dialectical relationship with individuals, society, prevailing ideology, interests, desires, economic characteristics, It is social and cultural in the same society. In this respect, space has a relational and relative state and changes at different times due to the existence of a dialectical relationship within itself. It can be argued that cities are the most important sources of environmental pollution and population centers, machines, industry, buildings and technology. Cities are also centers for the accumulation of pollutants such as air pollution, noise pollution, non-recyclable or industrial waste, and even water pollution. On the other hand, lifestyle, which refers to people's way of life, social values, activities, behavioral patterns, consumption and habits of people throughout life, indicates the sociability of individuals and the culture of society, major influences on It leaves the urban environment. As the urban population increases, the urban environment becomes more important, because increasing urbanization, increasing the growth rate of cities and making them the most common form of human life has had the greatest impact on the environment. The density of urban population has increased and pollution in cities has reached such a level that the city has become one of the main centers of environmental pollution. Specific urban lifestyles, such as the need for more travel and transportation, which increase energy consumption, are among the city's environmental impacts. Since the urban environment is the first environment with which humans are in contact and carry out economic and social activities in its context, the urban space is affected by human activities. Among these, economic activities play a major role in transforming the environment and the city, because "the relationship between man and the environment is done through work." As the economic factor poses the greatest challenges to urban and environmental sustainability. It has become one of the factors causing the environmental crisis. Consumerism is one of the silent enemies of nature, because the higher the consumption, the greater the use of nature as a tool for crop production and waste generation. Among these, cities are the most important origins of consumerism. When consumption is considered to be the most important concern of society in society, subconsciously all social developments and desires are formed in line with the category of consumption and consumerism. Consumer taste is the most important concern in the capitalist system and the place where this taste can be tested is nowhere but the city. Simultaneous postmodernism and globalization have contributed to this and trapped societies in the consumption-diversity cycle. Consumerism has progressed to the point where social classes are also separated by the consumption of goods and the type of consumption. This has caused people with similar consumer characteristics in the heart of Islamic-Iranian cities to try to separate themselves from others. So that the luxury and consumer lifestyle in the cities of Iran today has created a new border. Separation in cities is a phenomenon that can be traced to various factors such as social, cultural, religious, ethnic, economic status of households and citizens. One of the cultural and social characteristics of urban households is their characteristics and consumption characteristics. Why and for what reason a person chooses a particular neighborhood depends on various factors. Different lives have a distinct difference with the neighborhoods of the four cities. The present article intends to investigate the role of symbolic consumerism in the separation and selection of cities in the neighborhoods of the third and fourth districts of Ardabil. In this regard, the current research seeks to answer the following question: Based on the criteria of separation and consumerism studied in the study, what is the priority of neighborhoods in the third and fourth districts of Ardabil?MethodologyThe research method of the present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and is applied in terms of purpose. In order to collect data, documentary and field methods have been used, and then the main part of the research is survey based on the fact that through the distribution of questionnaires, the information required for segregation and consumerism criteria has been collected. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of regions three and four of Ardabil city (204314 people) of which 383 people were estimated as a sample based on Cochran's formula and since the random sampling method was simple, so 383 questionnaires It was distributed and completed according to the number of households in its areas and neighborhoods. It should be noted that the questionnaire was a researcher-made questionnaire. To like the questions, a five-point Likert scale was used (1 = very low, 2 = low, 3 = medium, 4 = high, 5 = very high). In order to analyze and rank the factors affecting segregation in the city and following the goal that according to the criteria of segregation and consumerism studied, what is the priority of neighborhoods in the third and fourth districts of Ardabil? The indicators of segregation and consumerism criteria were prioritized using the Idas technique. The content validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts. To calculate the reliability of the questions, the questionnaire was first administered on a sample of 383 people and then the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method and the overall coefficient 0.830 was obtained, which indicates the high level of reliability of the questionnaire. Excel software was used to analyze the data and after weighting the studied indicators using the critical method, the target areas were ranked using the EDAS model. EDAS model The Idas model is one of the new multi-criteria decision making techniques. The Idas model means evaluation based on the distance from the mean solution and this technique is used to rank the options. In methods such as TOPSIS or VICOR, we measure the optimal option based on the distance from the positive and negative ideal, that is, the optimal option that has the shortest distance from the positive ideal and the maximum distance from the negative ideal. But in the EDAS method, the best solution is the distance from the average solution (AV). In this method, we do not need to calculate the positive and negative ideals, but consider two criteria for evaluating the desirability of options; The first is a measure of positive distance from the mean (PDA) and the second is a negative distance from the mean (NDA).

Today, population growth, urban development and economic prosperity, increasing the quality of life and increasing consumer choice have led to an increase in the amount of waste produced in urban communities. Since waste production is inevitable in any society and waste management is considered as one of the key environmental issues and therefore there is a growing demand to analyze and compare the efficiency and environmental and technical effects of various waste management policies. Is.According to the amount of waste produced in the world, more than 70% of this waste is not properly reused or recycled, and this indicates a lack of large volumes of resources and a lot of pressure on the primary resources of the planet. Regular problems with solid waste management are very complex due to the multiplicity of factors, such as the quantity and quality of waste generated, the rapid expansion of urban areas, financing problems, rapid technological advances, as well as energy and raw material constraints.Municipal solid waste management in developing countries is a complex issue due to rapid population growth, rapid and unplanned urbanization, and public health problems due to a lack of adequate health infrastructure. In addition, governments' ability to manage waste is limited, and this partnership is often inefficient and inadequate. Also, the existence of informal workers, people's resistance to pay for services, inefficient collection system, illegal burial and lack of a clear legal framework are other problems in this sector.In Iran, according to statistics, one-fifth of the country's household waste is produced in Tehran, which produces 320 kg per year of municipal waste. According to the Tehran Municipal Recycling Organization, the economic value of Tehran's organic waste, which accounts for about 70 percent, is estimated at $ 250 million a year. Therefore, improving the efficiency of the collection system will mean environmental development, improving the urban landscape and storing economic resources.Considering that the city of Tehran as the capital of the country and its large population needs useful and effective waste management and Tehran Municipality has taken effective measures in this regard, but the problem of final waste disposal in Tehran is still one of the most important concerns of urban management. A significant part of the problems can be imagined by identifying the effective factors in waste management, which are sometimes also a major challenge, and create the conditions to achieve a logical relationship between the container and the container. It is necessary to identify the drivers of waste management promotion. Therefore, this study intends to plan for municipal waste management based on a new planning perspective, using specific futures research methods. In this regard, and considering the nature of the research, this research has been conducted with the aim of answering the question that; What are the key drivers of promoting waste management in Tehran?

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory research in terms of the nature of the subject. The required data and information have been collected through documentary-field and field libraries (questionnaires). At this stage of the research, the questionnaire was completed by the elites in the field of urban development and waste management by snowball method (10 experts). In this regard and in order to analyze the data, after extracting the effective factors in urban waste management through theoretical foundations and using expert opinions, content analysis (CVR) was performed, then a questionnaire of interaction was asked of experts and finally, the propellants were identified using structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis.

Content analysis for factor validity using the opinions of 10 experts, showed that out of 43 primary factors, 20 factors have obtained a coefficient (CVR) above 0.75 to be considered the final factors of this research (expert workforce, Motivational schemes, consumption pattern, revenue generation, segregation scheme, partnership, waste segregation organizations, natural resource protection, environmental hazards, educational and cultural programs, public social awareness, investment, planning Implementation of operations, infrastructure, financial resources and budget, advanced technology, research, comprehensive waste management plan, layout and management expertise and foresight are the most important factors in promoting urban waste management. Using the retest method, they showed that the questionnaire has acceptable reliability (the reliability of the first time is equal to 0.794 and the second time is 0.807).Regarding the identification of waste management improvement factors that used structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis, the findings showed that research and research factors and expertise and management efficiency with penetrationrate of 18 have the greatest impact and protection of natural resources and hazards. Environment with the penetration rate of 1 had the least impact.The results obtained from the classification of research variables also showed that in the group of autonomous variables, specialized labor force factors (X11) and motivational schemes (X20) are included (factors that have weak influence and dependence). In the group of dependent variables, consumption pattern factors (X2), revenue generation (X7), source separation plan (X18), partnership (X1), waste segregation organizations (X5), natural resource protection (X9) and environmental hazards (X10) (factors that have high influence, power and dependence, and in fact, any action on these variables will change other variables). In the group of related variables, the factors of educational and cultural programs (X3), public social awareness (X4), investment (X8), planning and execution of operations (X12) and infrastructure (X14) are included. (Factors that have a high degree of influence (stimulus) and dependence. In fact, any action on these variables will change other variables) and in the group of independent variables (key), financial resources and budget (X6), Advanced technology (X13), research (X15), master plan for waste management (X16), productivity and management expertise (X17) and foresight (X19) (factors that have high penetration and low dependence These factors act as the structural cornerstone of the system and must be emphasized in the first place for a fundamental change in system performance.

In this study, based on this logic (which is a useful method to discover the factors governing the promotion of urban waste management, interpretive structural research model due to the use of expert opinions and content validity) the most important factors to improve management were tried. Tehran municipal waste should be identified and the impact of each of them on each other should be analyzed. In this regard, the results showed that among the 20 important factors studied, factors of financial resources and budget, advanced technology, research, comprehensive plan of waste management, productivity and management expertise and foresight), compared to other factors of priority They have a lot to improve waste management and in fact the key to improving waste management is to improve these factors. In emphasizing these factors, one should not neglect other factors. Therefore, it can be inferred that by attaching importance to conducting more and more quality research, improving technology and its proper use, financing and increasing government budget, employing efficient, effective and specialized management, having plans Codified and foresighted and finally the comprehensive plan of waste management, we will see the improvement of waste management in Tehran. It should be noted that the above factors are interrelated with each other in a chain. In such a way that by improving the situation of each factor, the ground is prepared for the improvement of the next factors. For example, funding and increasing government funding and improving the quality of research can advance technology and its use, and increase its management capacity and effectiveness.

Experiments were carried out with four concentrations of nickel chloride (0, 10, 80 and 220 mg/l) and a constant concentration of nano-adsorbent Fe3O4 (4 g/l), plus control. The treatments were soluble in plants as alternatives to normal water. The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance. The results showed that the least growth by weight was observed for plants with 220 mg Ni treatment. Proline in shoot increased significantly relative to root compared to control. Measurement of nickel heavy metal content by ICP-AES atomic absorption spectrophotometer showed that the concentration of nickel metal increased in the plant as it increase in the water. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is a method of emission spectroscopy that excites atoms and ions with a plasma, causing it to emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths characteristic of a particular element. Magnetic nanoparticles treatment Fe3O4 showed a significant reduction in nickel concentrations in the plant, indicating that they were successful in removing nickel metal. The results of antioxidant potential showed that concentrations of nickel as heavy metal stress increased the antioxidant and the treatment of nickel with nanoparticles in all three concentrations reduced the antioxidant. The nickel heavy metal in high concentrations is toxic for sunflower plant and the magnetic nanoparticle successfully absorbs the nickel metal up to 99 percent and reduces its toxic effects in the water.

Today, health tourism is one of the leading industries in urban development that has been able to create positive changes in cities. Color tourism or color therapy is one of the new types of health tourism that improves the mental health of citizens and tourists. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to plan the development of health tourism of color therapy in order to develop the city of Germi. The present research is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose and its statistical population consists of experts from Germi city. They were researched, selected and questioned. Strategic management models (SOAR and QFD) have also been used to analyze the obtained data. The results of the Swarm matrix indicate that 7 strengths and 5 opportunities for color tourism or color therapy in the city of Germi have been identified, in which 3 ideals are aligned and 6 results are formulated. In addition, 6 strategies have been developed to achieve these results and ideals. Finally, prioritizing strategies using the quality house model showed that the strategy of "using regional investors to develop color / color therapy tourism" is the most important strategy for developing color / color therapy tourism in the city of Germi. In addition to this strategy, there are strategies of "using public participation in the development of color / color therapy tourism and using the serious determination of regional and national officials to develop color / color therapy tourism." Financial resources, which happened to be all three of the basic needs of this research, are the most important factors in the development of color tourism or color therapy in the city of Germi.

In recent decades, the population of urban areas has increased dramatically and many vegetations have fallen prey to the onslaught of urbanization. Human beings, regardless of the main factors of the environment and its tolerance, have caused excessive destruction of the environment and endangered the survival, growth and health of current and future generations. On the other hand, in recent years, the ecological approach of Landscape in assessing environmental impacts has been greatly welcomed due to the use of the concepts of spatial integrity as the main basis in environmental planning. The processes and phenomena that exist in environmental systems are often dependent on many variables and there are very complex relationships between components that make it very difficult to analyze. This problem always causes errors in the accuracy and precision of model predictions, so examining the performance of networks and finding the best type of neural network to achieve acceptable and more reliable results is one of the priorities and modeling concerns. As a result of using these concepts to evaluate the appearance of the land, while saving time, the evaluation of the outcome of the activity can be determined cumulatively and in the shortest time. Land degradation model is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represents the effects of human activities in region or watershed scale. In fact, the degradation coefficients that are obtained by this model is an index of the damage done by human activity in a region. the main problem is that this model at some stage of implementation, relying on expert judgment and in addition need to extensive field work. so in this study investigated the relationship between land degradation and landscape ecological metrics that are descriptive index of landscape. Understanding this relationship and identifying metrics that have a strong correlation with degradation coefficients, is very effective to investigation feasibility use of these metrics in degradation model in order to future objectivity. The area of Arak city, using the political border map and in ArcGIS 9.3 software environment was 315 networks (networks 5 km 5 km and 25 km2) on the ground, some of which were full network and some incomplete networks. The degradation, ecological vulnerability and physiological density and then, degradation coefficient were determined. In the next stage, landscape metrics using Patch Analyst software based on the land use map was calculated. Finally, the correlation between the degradation coefficient and landscape metrics using the SPSS 17 software was analyzed statistically. After reviewing the described results, metrics with correlation with destruction numbers that were common to all 4 levels of study were determined in each user. The TLA measure was omitted because all networks are the same in all networks and applications because of the same size. Agriculture: NumP, PScov, TE, AWMSI Range: NumP, TE, AWMSI City: NumP, PScov, TE CA, Barren lands: NumP, PScov, TE, MPE, AWMSI CA, In forest use, there were no measured water areas that had a significant correlation with degradation numbers and were common to all 4 levels studied. The results showed that the metrics that were surveyed, two metrics: total edge (TE) and the number of patches (NumP) had the highest correlation coefficient with land degradation. By changing the scale (network size), the result will not change, so it can replace the degradation model. The findings of the degradation model indicate the destructive effects of industrial and transportation activities in Arak. In this research, artificial neural network was also used. ‌Multi-layered non stero peryspector, in comparison with other methods, has a high accuracy and predictive power and modeling of the factors influencing it. Network estimates were evaluated by MAE, RMSE and R2 criteria. In natural resources, due to the confusion and scatter in the data and the flexibility of the feed-through neural network with two hidden layers, data processing usually begins with two hidden layers. Therefore, network training was performed with four neurons in the input layer, three neurons in the first secret layer, one neuron in the second hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. The network estimates were evaluated by MAE, RMSE and R2 criteria. Comparing the actual volume output with the network output predicted by the network is another way to evaluate the model. As can be seen, the black dots are the measured dots that indicate how much volume has been added. Based on the results obtained from the implementation of the demolition model in Arak city, it was found that destructive activities such as pollution of factories and various industries, "motor vehicles" and domestic, commercial, etc. heating sources, which were observed in most work units, as well as climatic and geographical conditions of the city. Arak (being surrounded on three sides to the mountain, towards the west and southwest winds and adjacent to Miqan desert) are the main causes of destruction. According to the results obtained in Arak, out of a total of 94 work networks, 37 networks need to be reconstructed due to their location within the boundaries of protected areas, and 22 networks due to high physiological density and high intensity of destructive factors. 21 networks are undevelopable due to faults. Existence of powerful and active faults such as Kooshak, Ensrat, Tafresh, Indes, Tabarteh, Talkhab, and Leopard spring are the most important faults in the province, which indicates the potential for earthquake risk in this province. 35 networks have the first to third development priorities. These networks, which are mainly located in the western and southwestern parts of the city, have low physiological densities and are located farther away from the city of Arak, where the severity of destruction is still high. There is no crisis and the future development of the city should be directed to these areas. Industrial growth has created many job opportunities as a result of the migration of large numbers of people from the cities, villages and villages of Markazi province and other provinces to meet the needs of the growing population. Urban and industrial areas are in this direction. Finally, considering what has been said about the natural sensitivity of the region's ecosystem and the results of the destruction model in this city, it seems that with the continuation of the current trend, there is a possibility that the intensity of development and economic activities will exceed the natural capacity of the region. In which case it will be very difficult and even impossible to restore it to its original state; For this reason, it is necessary to implement large-scale development projects that have a great destructive effect.

Potato with the scientific name Solanum tuberosum. L is a plant that is cultivated as an important crop in all countries and is known in the human diet as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. This product is native to South America and originally from Peru. Potato is the fourth crop in the food basket of the people after wheat, rice and corn, which sometimes replaces rice in Iran and is in the second place, which shows its importance in meeting the nutritional needs of the people. According to the reports of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under potato cultivation in Iran in 2019 was more than 164 thousand hectares and the harvest from this area was about 5.32 million tons. In the food industry, this product is converted into a variety of products such as baked potatoes, fried potatoes, potato chips, potato starch, dried fries and so on. Due to the increasing expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, accurate, fast and purposeful determination of food characteristics is essential. In the potato crop, quality evaluation after the harvest stage seems necessary to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because the potato, like many other products, has a non-uniform quality and care during the harvest stage. - Be. In addition, food safety and desirability play an important role in the food industry and is directly related to people's health. In addition, a large part of the potatoes used in the processing industry, potatoes are stored, so given the importance of this food and the demand of the people throughout the year, only through optimal and long-term storage can meet the needs of applicants. Was responsive. Potatoes for the processing industry must have some requirements such as low sugar content, dry matter and high specific gravity, high antioxidants, light skin color and no germination. Stored potatoes may be sweetened, rotted, dehydrated, and sprouted during storage. Post-harvest storage conditions can cause changes in chemical composition and product quality. Therefore, the management of potato tubers is very important in all stages of production and storage. Potato changes in storage depend on the variety, storage conditions. Although potato storage is very necessary for domestic and industrial use, due to its chemical and physical changes in the warehouse, it should be said that the characteristics of high quality potatoes in commercial exchanges of this product include more than 70 to 80% of tubers. Light-colored, uniform, firm, no bruising, no scaling, no cracks, no insect damage, rot and greening. Post-harvest storage conditions can cause many changes in the chemical composition of the potato tuber, resulting in changes in the quality characteristics of the final product. Sugar and starch are the main components that are affected by postharvest metabolism in the potato tuber and may ultimately affect their texture, sensory and cooking properties. The quality of potatoes and, consequently, the quality of processed products, depends significantly on the cultivar and environmental conditions, both during the growing season and during storage.

First, potatoes were prepared in 5 different cultivars and stored at 4-10 ° C. Data collection included measuring sugar and carbohydrate levels during storage.The sugar content of each sample was measured in three replications using a liquid refractometer available at Mohaghegh Ardabili University. To do this, first some water was taken from the samples and after pouring into the microtube, it was placed in a refrigerated centrifuge, and after rotating at a speed of 1800 rpm for 2 minutes, the impurities were deposited and the pure liquid was separated. After reaching ambient temperature, the liquid was placed on a refractometer and its sugar level was read in terms of brix.The amount of carbohydrates in the samples was extracted using the equipment available in the central laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. This operation was performed by the Skigel method. Glucose was used to prepare the standard curve. Consecutive dilution of glucose Preparation and color development at 490 nm for different concentrations of glucose were controlled and one ml of distilled water was used as a blank. This standard curve was used to calculate the total concentration of carbohydrates in the samples.For each sample, sampling was performed in three replications and the amount of absorption wavelength was obtained, then the amount of carbohydrates was calculated by placing the wavelength in Equation (1).

According to the analysis of variance table, the interaction effect of cultivar and storage period on potato sugar content was significant at 1% probability level. You can see the changes in the sugar content of potato cultivars along the storage valley in Figure 4. According to Figure 4, the highest amount of sugar is related to Sprite cultivar and the lowest amount is related to Jali cultivar. Meanwhile, the sugar content of Agria and Jeli cultivars was the same at the time of harvest. Also, after 1 month from the time of potato harvest, the sugar content of Agria and Marfona cultivars were equal and this equality continued until the end of storage period. The reason for the difference in sugar content between different cultivars is mainly related to the type of soil, fertilizer and toxin used. According to the chart, the amount of sugar in all 5 potato cultivars during the storage period first decreases and then with increasing storage period, the amount of sugar also increases.According to the analysis of variance table, the interaction of cultivar and storage period on the amount of potato carbohydrates was also significant at the level of 1% probability. Carbohydrate variations of potato cultivars along the storage valley are shown in Figure 5. According to Figure 5, the highest amount of carbohydrates is related to Sante cultivar and the lowest is related to Marfona cultivar. Also, at the end of the storage period, Marfona and Agria cultivars had the same amount of carbohydrates. As you can see, the amount of potato carbohydrates has decreased over time and with increasing storage time. Among these cultivars, the carbohydrate content of Marfona and Agria cultivars was higher than other cultivars. Also, carbohydrate changes

Forage plants are of undeniable importance in grazing livestock and thus supply human needs for livestock products. Unfortunately, in Iran, the production and management of forage plants is less considered than other crops. As a result, on the one hand, the lack of attention to increase the quantity and quality of forage, has led to a shortage of meat and dairy products and reduce their quality, and on the other hand due to livestock pressure on natural pastures has led to the destruction of a large part of vegetation. Therefore, paying attention to the cultivation of forage plants with the scientific method in the country, which is faced with uncontrolled population growth and lack of rich rangelands, is of particular importance. Forage production is very important in the country. Examining different rangeland and forage species under different environmental stresses, especially salinity stress, recognizing the potential for species adaptation and introducing compatible species, can be a step towards eliminating forage shortages. Existence of huge resources of water and saline soil in the country has made the use of salinity-resistant plants as new sources in order to produce sustainable forage to meet the nutritional needs of livestock in the country inevitable. Creating new water sources for irrigation saves drinking water for human consumption. Haloculture is a method of using saline water and soil resources in agriculture and one of the salinity rings is the production of plants with saline water resources. Caspian Sea water with less electrical conductivity than the water of other open seas of the world with an average of 18.5 ds / m equivalent to 12000 ppm can be used as an unlimited water source for to be evaluated in rangeland crop cultivation. Also, due to the presence of many useful salts in the Caspian Sea water, including potassium, calcium and sodium, compared to drinking water, it can be used as a suitable water source for growing forage plants. The average salt in the Caspian Sea is about 13 grams per liter while in the high seas and oceans it is about 45-35 grams per liter. The Caspian Sea has the lowest amount of Cl- and Na+ and the highest amount of Ca2+ and so42- compared to other high seas, which in turn causes less damage to the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Therefore, the use of Caspian Sea water for agricultural purposes is considered as a viable option. In this regard, we studied the effect of seawater irrigation at five levels of zero (control), 10, 20, 30 and 50% mixed with fresh water cultivated in the spring of 1399 on two plants Agropyron elongatum and Festuca arundinacea.MethodologyThis research was conducted on arable land in Larim village in Mazandaran province in the spring of 1399. Larim in terms of geographical location with a longitude of 50 to 52 degrees and 56 minutes and a latitude of 36 degrees and 43 minutes to 45 degrees is located in the northern margin of the city of Joybar from the Gilkharan section (Figure 1). It is located at a negative height of 20 meters above the sea level. This village is connected to the Caspian Sea at a distance of 4 km from the north. (Rastegar et al., 2017). In order to evaluate germination rate, percentage and index, fresh and dry weight of aerial and underground organs, root and stem length and production, percentage of potassium, sodium, nitrogen, protein and percentage of relative relative humidity in the form of block design. Random complete in split plot with three replications and five salinity levels (fresh water and 10% ratio equal to 1200 ppm, 20% equivalent to 2400 ppm, 30% equivalent to 3600 ppm and 50% equivalent to 6000 ppm Caspian Sea water prepared from Larim coast) Was done by planting in a plot of land with 60 plots of one square meter in Larim area. The water quality characteristics of the Caspian Sea and the water used for dilution and soil properties of the region were studied in the soil and water laboratory of Joybar city (Tables 1 and 2).Also, having the data of dry weight and area of each plot, by multiplying the amount of calculated dry weight (grams per square meter) by 10, the amount of production in kilograms per hectare was calculated. Finally, the data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the comparison of mean traits in LSD treatments was performed in Spss software version 25. ConclusionThe results of analysis of variance showed that most of the studied parameters of both species under different salinity levels of Caspian Sea water in different proportions include: fresh water (control), 10% Caspian Sea water, 20% Caspian Sea water, 30% sea water Caspian and 50% of Caspian Sea water were examined, showing a significant difference at the level of 1% (P≥0.01) (Table 3). The two rangeland species studied were evaluated together at different salinity levels. The results of germination percentage of two species under different salinity levels showed that the highest germination percentage with 100% was for both species that did not show a significant difference with each other. The results of Maguire index germination rate showed that Festuca species under normal water treatment and 10% salinity of sea water with a value of 4.94 both had the highest germination rate which did not show a significant difference with each other but with Agropyron species. They showed significant differences at different salinity levels. The results of germination rate of Thomson index showed that Festuca species under normal water treatment with 12.38 had the highest germination rate that there was no significant difference between different species but with Agropyron species at different salinity levels. The results of germination rate coefficient showed that Festuca species under control treatment with 66.23 had the highest value, which showed a significant difference with different salinity levels in Agropyron species. The results of average daily germination showed that Festuca species under control treatment and 10% and 20% of sea water with the value of 10.74 had the highest value and with Agropyron species, showed a significant difference in all salinity levels. The results of germination index showed that Agropyron species under normal water treatment with the value of 10.44 had the highest value, which showed a significant difference with 30 and 50% levels of Agropyron and at different levels of salinity with Festuca species. The stem lengths of the two species under different salinity levels were also examined. Accordingly, the maximum stem length for Agropyron species under treatment was 10% with 67.23 cm, which except for the treatment of 20% seawater in Agropyron species with other levels of this species and also with different salinity levels in Festuca species showed a significant difference. The results showed that the maximum root length for 10% sea water treatment was 18.25 cm in Agropyron species, which showed a significant difference with other salinity levels in Agropyron species and different salinity levels of Festuca species. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots for Agropyron species treated with 20% salinity of sea water with 1422.96 and 256.13 g, respectively, which was a significant difference with other different salinity levels in Agropyron species and with different salinity levels in Festuca species. The results of fresh and dry weight of roots showed that Agropyron under normal water treatment with 264.49 and 31.73 g, respectively, had the highest weight, which was a significant difference with other treatments in Agropyron and all different salinity levels in Festuca species. The production results showed that 20% treatment for Agropyron species with 2561.30 kg / ha had the highest value, which except for 30% treatment for Agropyron species with other salinity levels related to Agropyron and all salinity levels of Festuca showed a significant difference. Is. The lowest production for Festuca species was treated with 50% salinity of seawater. The results related to the amount of sodium in the plant showed that Festuca species under the treatment of 50% seawater with 0.63% had the highest value and showed a significant difference with other treatments of both species at all salinity levels. The results related to the amount of potassium showed that Agropyron species under normal water treatment had the highest value with 19.53% and showed a significant difference with other treatments of both species at all salinity levels. The results related to the amount of nitrogen and protein showed that Agropyron species under normal water treatment had the highest values with 2.70 and 16.87%, respectively, and in both species with 20, 30 and 50% salinity treatments showed a significant difference. The results related to the percentage of relative humidity showed that Agropyron species under ordinary water treatment had the highest value with 71.58% and showed a significant difference with the treatments of Festuca species in all salinity levels. The results of analysis of variance of the studied factors of the two species are shown in Table 3 and the average comparison of the studied parameters is shown in Figure 2.

Air pollution is an important challenge for life in large cities and increases the number of visits to medical centers and the number of deaths of the elderly and people with heart and lung diseases at certain times of the year. Therefore, finding the factors affecting air pollution in cities and achieving a valid model for predicting air quality is inevitable. In this study, the effect of meteorological parameters such as temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, rainfall and cloudiness on the concentration of carbon monoxide, surface ozone and particulate matter smaller than 10 microns in the metropolis of Karaj has been investigated.

In this study, data on carbon monoxide, ozone and particulate matter smaller than 10 microns in Karaj for the period of 2012 – 2019 were received from the Air Quality Monitoring Center and data on meteorological parameters for the same time were received from the Meteorological Organization. The temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants in the city of Karaj has been studied. In addition, correlation coefficients were obtained between each of the pollutants and each of the meteorological parameters. Finally, using artificial neural network in MATLAB software, a nonlinear regression model was constructed between each of the pollutants with meteorological parameters including wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and cloud intensity.

3.1. Temporal distribution of pollutants The maximum average concentration of 8-hour carbon monoxide for three stations take place in the cold season of the year and specifically in February at 2.30 PPM and the minimum in the warm season in September and equal to 1.27 PPM. The maximum average concentration of hourly ozone for three stations has happened in the summer season and in June, equal to 0.027 PPM and the minimum concentration in November at 0.018 PPM. Also, the maximum daily concentration of suspended particles smaller than 10 microns for three stations was in July at 75.33 μg/m3 and the minimum concentration was in April and equal to 43.71 μg/m3. 3.2. Spatial distribution of pollutants By examining the average concentrations of 8-hour carbon monoxide, 1-hour ozone and 24-hour suspended particles smaller than 10 microns in different stations of Karaj and analyzes performed using SPSS software, statistical indicators related to the concentrations of the above pollutants in different stations of the city is calculated according to the Iranian Clean Air Act Standard approved in 2016 and result is shown in Table 1. In the above standard, the average concentrations of carbon monoxide, ozone and suspended particles smaller than 10 microns are set to 9 PPM, 0.125 PPM and 3150 μg/m3, respectively. As can be seen in Table 1, in Farhangsara station, 100% of the recorded concentrations are less than the 8-hour standard, and in the two metro stations and the Danshkadeh, they are 99.97 and 99.99% lower than the maximum allowable, respectively. Regarding 1-hour ozone in the two stations of Farhangsara and Danshkadeh, only one case of observations was more than the above-mentioned concentration, and in the metro station, no case was exceeded. Also, the conditions are different in relation to suspended particles smaller than 10 microns, and although the permissible limit of this pollutant has increased from 50 μg/m3 in the standard approved in 2009 to 315 μg/m3 in the standard in 2016, but the concentration of this pollutant in different parts of Karaj, especially at the Metro station is more than the other two pollutants. Table 1. Statistical information on the spatial distribution of air pollutants in the city of Karaj Pollutant Index Station Name
Daneshkadeh Metro station Farhangsara CO Average Concentration (PPM) 1.8871 1.7447 2.0588 Minimum Concentration (PPM) 0.0360 0.1300 0.0962 Maximum Concentration (PPM) 9.1762 11.7400 7.1100 Cumulative frequency percentage below than Standard 99.99 99.97 100 O3 Average Concentration (PPM) 0.0340 0.0154 0.0194 Minimum Concentration (PPM) 0.0033 0.0004 0.0003 Maximum Concentration (PPM) 0.1366 0.1064 0.1321 Cumulative frequency percentage below than Standard 100 100 99.996 PM10 Average Concentration (μg/m3) 55.5447 76.3733 61.4949 Minimum Concentration (μg/m3) 9.07 26.63 7.14 Maximum Concentration (μg/m3) 500.61 188.57 210.42 Cumulative frequency percentage below than Standard 99.2 97.5 99
3.3. Correlation coefficient between pollutant and meteorological parametersSPSS software was used in order to determine the correlation coefficient between each of the pollutants with meteorological parameters including temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, cloudiness and wind speed. It is observed that the average 8-hour concentration of CO has the highest negative correlation with wind and temperature -0.216 and -0.146, respectively. In addition, this pollutant has a significant but very weak positive correlation with relative humidity and cloudiness of 0.087 and 0.057, respectively. Although carbon monoxide has a very small positive correlation with precipitation, this small correlation is not even significant. Regarding ozone, it was noted that this pollutant has the highest negative correlation with relative humidity at -0.328 and weakly negative correlation with cloudiness at -0.167. Also, the correlation of this pollutant with precipitation is very weak -0.112. This pollutant has a significant positive correlation 0.41 with temperature and a weak positive correlation 0.185 with wind speed. Suspended particles have the highest negative correlation with relative humidity at -0.249. Also, a relatively weak negative correlation of -0.174 is observed between rainfall and this pollutant, but the correlation of this pollutant with cloudiness and wind is negligible. Among the above meteorological parameters, this pollutant shows only a positive correlation with temperature of 0.211.3.4. Modeling of air pollutants in Karaj To build a model related to carbon monoxide, average 8-hour concentrations of carbon monoxide have been used in three stations in Karaj. Also, meteorological parameters including relative humidity, temperature, cloudiness and wind speed were selected for use in the model according to the correlation coefficients. In constructing the artificial neural network model for ozone, values of average 1-hour concentrations of ozone for three stations and meteorological parameters including temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and cloudiness have been exploited. In order to build an artificial neural network model for suspended particles, 24-hour values of meteorological parameters including relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, cloudiness were used due to the correlation of these parameters with the desired pollutant as well as average 24-hour concentrations of PM10 for three stations. A summary of the neural network performance including values for the total predicted squares, total error squares, total squares, R2 (R square), and error percentage for each pollutant is shown in table 2. It is worth noting that:- The sum of the error squares is equal to the product of the mean square error (MSE) multiplied by the number of predictions.The coefficient of determination or (R2) is equal to the sum of the predicted squares on the total squares. The percentage of error is equal to (1-R2) or the sum of the squares of the error on the sum of the total squares.As can be seen in Table 2, the percentage of error in prediction by the artificial neural network models for carbon monoxide, ozone and suspended particles is 16.7%, 7% and 25.3%, respectively, or in other words, the accuracy of the network for prediction of the concentrations of pollutants are 83.3%, 93% and 74.7%, respectively.Table 2. Summary of the neural network performance Pollutant sum of the predicted squares Sum of the total squared Sum of Square error R2 Error percentage CO (PPM) 6870.085 8239.032 1395.647 0.833 16.7 O3 (PPM) 2.898 3.117 0.219 0.930 7 PM10 (μg/m3) 1583995.239 2121810.096 537814.857 0.747 25.3

Among the three pollutants studied in this research, particulate matter smaller than 10 microns play the largest role in air pollution in the metropolis of Karaj and Karaj metro station has the worst situation in this regard. After particulate matter, ozone is the second largest polluter in the city, which plays a major role in the pollution of Daneshkadeh station. In addition to that, in terms of time, July is the worst pollution situation for both of these pollutants, while in terms of carbon monoxide pollution, July is the best and February is the worst situation in Karaj. Based on this, it can be said that despite the fact that many believe that the air quality in Karaj is worse in winter than in summer, the results of this study not only do not confirm this belief, but even prove the opposite. Secondly, the use of artificial neural network provides an appropriate model for predicting air quality in the city of Karaj to city officials and managers. However, it should be noted that the ability of the neural network in predicting the concentration of pollutants in Karaj is not the same for different pollutants, and in this regard it can be said that the prediction of ozone with this type of network has maximum reliability, followed by carbon monoxide next.

Existence of small and scattered lands and non-geometric properties, lack of road network between farms and lack of aggregation of agricultural parts of each farmer, etc. cause the cost of production to increase at different stages of production. The ultimate goal in agricultural production is to reduce costs and increase production efficiency. By using advanced tools related to each stage of production and the so-called mechanization of production, the farmer's concern in providing production factors and inputs to perform tasks and critical times on time is reduced. In order to justify the implementation of the plan to equip and renovate lands in paddy fields, the amount of energy consumed in rice production of paddy fields in the stages before planting, planting, holding and harvesting rice in ten paddy fields where the plan of equipping and renovating lands was implemented and ten paddies without a plan In Bandar Anzali district, four duties were examined, which showed a decrease of 6448.27 megajoules per hectare of total energy consumption in rice production. The results show a reduction in reliance on labor (which is a limiting factor in agricultural production) and the import of agricultural implements with high farm capacity also leads to increased speed and convenience of agricultural work for farmers. Integration and suitable dimensions of land, creating irrigation and drainage canals, ease of entry and use of agricultural implements and mechanization of different stages from tillage to after harvest, reducing water and seed consumption, which are the most important inputs used, are the main reasons for this amount. Reduce energy consumption.

Micropropagation plays an important role in the production of vigorous and healthy plants in apple tree. Carbon nanoparticles have a significant effect on increasing the growth and germination of different plant species under in vitro condition. In this study, the effect of different kinds of nanoparticles on explant proliferation of two apple genotypes (red fleshed and Malling Merton 106) was investigated. The treatments were multi walled of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide in 3 concentrations of 0, 50 and 100 mg L-1. In order to investigate the entrance and accumulation of carbon nanoparticles in the plant, a fluorescence microscope with a light spectrum of 530 nm was used. Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide showed a positive effect on explant proliferation by increasing leaf production and stem length compared to the control. The both treatments improved leaf growth by decreasing plastochron. In this study, the penetration of nanoparticles into leaf tissue was observed. The effect of graphene oxide was most than carbon nanotubes.

Today, climate issues threaten the security of the world. Security that is necessary and vital in all fields and for all human beings. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this study is to identify the important and effective factors of climate change in Iran's national security in order to identify and categorize these factors to provide the basis for future measures. The present research is applied in terms of method, descriptive-analytical and exploratory (due to the nature of identifying factors) and in terms of the purpose of doing it. The research data was collected by 10 experts using the snowball method and structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis methods were used to analyze them. According to the research findings, among the first 18 factors of climate change affecting international security were identified, 13 of them are considered more related to national security by experts, and among them, 4 factors are temperature increase, decrease in rainfall, drought and drought. The emergence of water resources with high penetration power and low dependence were identified as key factors affecting Iran's security. These factors act as the structural cornerstone of the system and in order to fundamentally change the performance of the system, they must be emphasized in the first place. In emphasizing these factors, one should not neglect other factors. Because climatic factors are interconnected in a chain and a lack of attention to this issue can lead to other climatic damage and threaten internal and external security.

Drought occurs due to lack of rainfall over long periods of time and gradually takes over the environment and becomes a natural disaster; But because it is formed gradually, it is invisible to the people and officials and they pay less attention to it. Today, drought is the biggest natural disaster in the world. Which has affected human life (church et.al., 2017). Drought and natural disasters have many harmful effects in various social, economic and environmental sectors that cause damage to agriculture and the environment. Due to drought, surface and groundwater resources are severely reduced and have negative effects on rural life and agricultural structure (Jamshidi et al., 2015). According to the studies conducted and the importance of drought and the study of coping strategies at three levels: local, national and international, which are classified as economic, social and environmental factors in order to reduce the effects of drought. The subject of this research tries to explore it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate drought risk management with emphasis on environmental issues and livelihood of villagers in Kerman city and data and information were done through a questionnaire in the crop years of 2021-20 in the eastern region of Kerman and by hierarchical analysis. Extended (IAHP) identified and prioritized drought risk management. Today, drought and water shortages, declining agricultural production and conditions for achieving sustainable rural livelihoods in rural areas are not possible (Hua et.al., 2017). Most of the residents of the region, especially farmers, use their dependent natural resources and earn their income from the agricultural sector, which due to this phenomenon, their lands and agricultural and horticultural products have been severely affected and their income and economic benefits. Has reduced (Norozian et al., 1400). In addition to economic problems, drought has caused environmental, social, cultural and health problems for the people of this region. For example, the dust has reduced vegetation and the extinction of plant and animal species in the region and has also caused the migration of villagers to other cities in the country (Jamshidi et al., 2015). Not much has been done in the field of drought risk management to adapt to climate change and the resilience of agricultural communities (Rezvani, 2017).

In this study, the Hierarchical Analysis Process (IAHP) has been used to assess the attitude of experts in order to identify and prioritize drought risk management for rural farmers in Kerman. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach has been widely used in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM).Each of the economic, social and environmental factors that have sub-categories have been compared with each other in pairs and the relevant promoters have been asked from 1 to 10 to comment on the extent to which these factors (Extraordinarily high superiority 9, very superior superiority 7, moderate superiority 5, equal importance 3, and insignificance 1 and the intermediate values 4, 6, 8, 10 and 2 are superior to each other to choose the desired option. IAHP), which was solved by Lee et al. In 2013. The steps in this method are as follows: Determining the set of criteria Initial scoring of criteria by experts based on a discrete range of 1 to 10 to each criterion the score obtained is called ui.aij = max (ui-uj, 1) if ui≥uj (1)aij = 1 / (uj-ui) if ui Advantages of IAHP method with AHP Compatibility in comparisons, information extraction efficiency: Since IAHP does not need decision-makers to perform the pairwise comparison process, a lot of effort (i.e., manpower costs) can be saved. One of the advantages of the IAHP technique is that it measures and controls the compatibility of each matrix and decision. The acceptable range of incompatibility in any system depends on the decision-maker, but in general, suggests that if the decision incompatibility is more than 1%, it is better for the decision-maker to reconsider his judgments. All of this can be done through Excel software. The IAHP method is used to analyze multi-criteria decision-making problems. This software provides the possibility of calculating sub-criteria, criterion weight, and incompatibility rate of pairwise comparison matrix (Khalili et al., 2020).

In this study, to investigate the factors affecting drought risk management on the livelihood of rural farmers using each of the economic, environmental, and social variables with their sub-criteria to identify the economic variable with the average of the total normalized coefficients of items equal to 0.069 highest coefficient Dedicated to himself. The highest coefficient in the items of this component is related to the items of increase of unemployment, a decrease of income, an increase of living expenses, a decrease of water supply required for agricultural activities, a decrease of investment in the agricultural sector, severity of damages to the livestock sector, decrease of water quality Beverages, rising food prices, declining prices for agricultural land and orchards, and declining agricultural production yields are in second place, with environmental variables in second place with an average total coefficient of 0.054. Suggestions in each of the economic, social and environmental fields: Attention of the public sector to allocating funds to rural farmers in the times before, during and after the drought, to reduce unemployment and to pay attention to the expansion and development of agricultural products and exports of agricultural products, to increase The level of public and private sector investment in the rural agricultural industry and the provision and support of drought-affected farmers by the public sector and the use of private sector participation. Attention to the management of groundwater resources and preventing the improper digging of aqueducts for irrigation in agriculture using modern irrigation methods to prevent the reduction of groundwater resources and aquifers in the sustainability of water and environmental resources. Paying attention to the reduction of rangeland vegetation in times of drought and using young agricultural specialists and natural resources officials in the province to prevent the destruction of rangeland vegetation from livestock grazing and providing livestock institutions for rural ranchers can be effective in preserving the environment and rangeland cover.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat cultivars by assessing the yield, yield components and some physiological traits under drought stress conditions. Six cultivars were evaluated as sub-plots in 2018 to 2020 cropping seasons using a split plot design based on RCBD with three replicates. The Main plot covered the three irrigation regimes including normal irrigation (non-drought stress), terminal droght stress (irrigation up to boot- stage as moderate drought stress) and full drought stress (dryland). The results revealed that a significant reuction of the plant height (1.26 and 1.38%), fertile tillers number (1.38 and 2.81%), spike length (2.16 and 4.02%), seeds number per spike (1.25 and 3.74%), seed weight per spike (0.51 and 2.62), 1000-seed weight (12.97 and 29.90%) and grain yield (12.5 and 31%) were recorded under the moderate drought stress and full drought stress, respectively as compared to non-stress conditions. The physiological traits like soluble sugars, proline content, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity were significantly influenced by the drought stress treatments. Moderate drought stress and full drought significantly increased the soluble sugar content (4 and 10%, respectively), proline content (26 and 45%, respectively), polyphenol oxidase (13 and 21%, respectively) and peroxidase enzyme activity (10 and 22%, respectively). The present study verified that the biochemical parameters need to be considered as better traits to select wheat cultivars for drought tolerance under water stress conditions. However, the wheat cultivars ‘Taktaz’ showed the highest yield potential followed by the Tirgan in both non-stress and moderate drought stress conditions. Rank sum analysis identified the most drought tolerant cultivars as ‘Taktaz’ and ‘Aftab’. The Ardabil (Moghan) cultivar is considered as the most useful wheat cultivar for future drought tolerance breeding programs or similar agro-ecologies.

Water is a treasure to be passed on to future generations, and it is now clear to the world that human well-being and industrial and agricultural development are all at stake unless the optimal use of water resources as well as integrated environmental planning and management become a key element of plans and investments. Water resources management is a set of various management measures, which is done to optimize the use of water resources and reduce economic, social and environmental damage. Sustainability assessment by indicators is useful for planning, management and educational purposes. Indicators should be easy to use, comprehensive and universal. They must also be accessible, understandable and valuable, revealing and comprehensive. Due to the importance of sustainable development, quantifying this concept of sustainable water resources management indicators is done by considering economic and social ecosystem considerations. The use of multi-criteria decision-making methods in water-related issues has been used by many researchers.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the stability of Gamasiab basin. The study area, Gamasiab catchment is one of the main sub-basins of Karkheh basin. Figure (1) shows the geographical location of the Gamasiab catchment. Figure (2) shows the algorithm of research steps. The studied indicators are as follows: Percentage of normal rainfall index (PNPI): Its basic concept is the ratio of actual rainfall to its normal amount over a period of time, expressed as a percentage and can be calculated on a scale (weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual). Equation (1) shows how to calculate this index. A standard precipitation index (SPI) was provided to monitor and determine droughts. This index is calculated in time scales of 48,24,18,12,9,6,6,3,1 months and one year (Equations 2 and 3). Surface water storage index (SWSI): The purpose of this index is to consider hydrological and meteorological characteristics as a single index (Equations 4 and 5). Standard runoff index (SRI): This index is obtained according to Equation (6). Available water index (WAI) This index includes surface water resources, groundwater and its difference from the needs of all household sectors of the agricultural industry (Equation 7). WEAP model: This model is flexible due to the data structure in a range of highly decomposed to highly aggregated modes. The input to the reservoir can be given to the model both through the hydrological model and as a time series . Integrated management of water resources and consumption was simulated in the WEAP model and its output was used in EXCEL software to calculate ASI, ESI, out-of-reach water supply reliability and fairness in water allocation. Figure (3) shows a schematic of the resources and uses of the Gamasiab catchment area. Reliability Index (REI) Reliability or reliability is the probability with which water allocated to the consumer meets its needs (Equations 8 and 9). Reversibility index (Res) The probability that a system will return to normal after a failure is called reversibility (Equation 10). Vulnerability index (Vul) The most widely used definition is the ratio of the total deficits to the number of steps in which the deficit occurred divided by the total need (Equation 11). Sustainability Index (SI) Sustainability Index Summarizes system performance metrics in an index to facilitate comparison and decision making between different water resources management and planning options (Equation 12). Environmental Indicators: The Agricultural Sustainability Index (ASI) is defined as the sum of the nominal ratio of agricultural demand in the time series. Environmental sustainability (ESI) is defined as the ratio of supply to demand in an environmental measure over time. The Wilcox Index The Wilcox diagram is based on the electrical conductivity (EC) values of water-soluble solutes in different classes. Schuler Index The Schuler Index divides water into six groups: good, acceptable, suitable, bad, drinkable in an emergency, and non-potable. Social indicators: Drinking water supply reliability index in the form of reliability of drinking water transmission links in which the amount of supply to demand is equal to 1. Justice in water allocation index (CV) This index shows the coefficient of variation of supply to demand ratio in all agricultural demands. Economic indicators: Profit to cost ratio (B / C) This index is obtained by dividing the profit on existing costs. The total value of production is obtained by subtracting the total costs of crop production from the gross value (the product of product yield per unit area multiplied by the unit price). Shannon entropy method was used to weight the indices, which can be calculated using relations 13 to 18. TOPSIS, CP and SAW multi-criteria decision-making methods were used to rank the indicators (relationships 19 to 32). Ranking options using different decision-making methods are different. Therefore, the Bordeaux counting method has been used for the final selection of the superior option. In this method, instead of using the evaluation values of each option, only their comparative rank, which is determined by using different methods, is used to minimize uncertainty in them (Equations 33 and 34).

In this study, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods were used to rank the sub-basins of Songor, Sahneh, Kangavar, Harsin-Biston and intermediate in terms of economic, social, environmental and water resources criteria. The results of weighting the indicators by Shannon entropy method showed that the reliability index of drinking supply has the highest weight with 0.29. After that, out of reach water indices and WAI index with weights of 0.188 and 0.186, respectively, have the highest weights. The lowest weights among the indices are related to PNPI index with a value of 0.000053, followed by SWSI index with a value of 0.00018 and then the lowest weight is related to Schuler diagram index with a value of 0.00082. Finally, due to the ranking differences of the above methods, the Bordeaux counting group decision-making method was used for the final ranking. The results of this study using multi-criteria decision making methods including SAW, TOPSIS and CP decision making models showed that the most sustainable sub-basin in terms of economic, social, environmental and water resources for Gamasiab catchment in Kermanshah province is Harsin-Biston catchment (due to the usefulness of the calculated indicators),. The intermediate and Songhar sub-basins, respectively, have the ranks of 2 and 3 in terms of stability. The weakest sub-basins are Sahneh and Kangavar sub-basins in terms of criteria.

In recent years, human endeavors have been increased to optimally produce clean energy from renewable sources to preserve non-renewable resources and reduce environmental pollution. Economic and environmental analysis based on advanced exergy is a good way to examine the strengths and weaknesses of power generation systems. This paper used advanced exergy analysis to optimize the exergy efficiency of two systems, i.e. standalone geothermal and a hybrid geothermal-solar system. Three-objective optimization was performed by considering twelve decision variables of genetic algorithm and water cycle algorithm. The results of advanced exergy analysis showed that the condenser had the highest avoidable exergy degradation. In the hybrid geothermal-solar cycle, the solar collector became unavoidable in terms of exergy degradation. Exergy degradation of the standalone geothermal cycle was mostly endogenous (78.53%), the maximum avoidable exergy in this cycle was for the ORC evaporator (91.68%). Advanced economic exergy analysis in the hybrid cycle showed that the steam evaporator had the main cost of purchasing equipment in the system. For all components studied, the endogenous cost rate was higher than the exogenous part, indicating a weak relationship between them. The results of genetic algorithms and the water cycle algorithm are very close to each other. In optimization by genetic algorithm, the exergy efficiency of the system has been increased by 1.22%. System costs dropped by 22.49%. The system's environmental impact rate has been dropped from 204.53 mPh to 142.87 mPh. Also, optimization by the water cycle algorithm has increased the exergy efficiency by 1.13% and reduced costs by 21.97%.

Determination of appropriate time to harvest apples prevents its waste and also affects the quality of the fruit. This time depends on the variety, climate during the growing season and also the purpose of harvesting the fruit. The aim of this study is to predict non-destructive chemical properties related to harvesting such as starch, soluble solids and acidity using spectral data and implementation of deep learning algorithm. First, images of Braeburn apples were taken by hyperspectral camera in 4 different stages of maturity. Next, the spectral information was extracted. Then the chemical properties of starch, titrtable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) were measured using destructive methods in laboratory. Eventually, the prediction model was created by convolutional neural network (CNN). The results illustrated that the coefficient of determination and the mean squared error for the properties of starch, TSS and TA were 95.4%, 4.8, 91.6%, 0.284, 84.2% and 0.424, respectively.