مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام
سال بیست و نهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 131، بهمن 1400)

Frozen shoulder syndrome (FSS) is a common shoulder disease that causes pain and has progressive loss of shoulder motion. Codman's pendulum exercises are commonly prescribed after a shoulder injury to provide early joint mobilization, increase the flow of nutrients into the joint space, and decrease pain. This study aimed to compare the effect of Cadman's exercises and scapular rhythm on pain and external rotation of the shoulder in women with FSS.

This quasi-experimental study purposefully selected 30 women with FSS with an age range of 40 to 60 years. They were then randomly divided into two equal groups to perform Cadman's and scapular rhythm exercises. Both groups performed their exercises for eight weeks, three sessions per week (30-40 min per session). The nature of Cadman's exercises was pendulum and aimed at creating initial mobility in the glenohumeral joint. The scapular rhythm exercises aimed at affecting the balance of the scapular muscles and scapulohumeral rhythm. Before and after the training intervention, the amount of shoulder pain and the range of external rotation of the shoulder were assessed using the visual analog scale and a goniometer.

The results related to the pain variable showed a significant difference between the two training programs; accordingly, the scapular rhythm program was better in reducing pain than the Cadman's exercises (P=0.001). Furthermore, the motion range of the external rotation of the glenohumeral joint in the scapular rhythm program was shown to be better than that in Cadman's exercises (P=0.006).

Considering the effectiveness of both training programs, it can be said that the scapular rhythm training program has been better in improving the pain and motion range of the external shoulder rotation of women with FSS, and it is suggested that these exercises be included in the treatment process of these patients.

Asthma is a major health problem in most parts of the world. This chronic disease is influenced by psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, and training, such as diaphragmatic respiratory exercises. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and training of diaphragmatic respiratory exercises on panic symptoms in women with asthma in Lahijan, Iran, in 2020.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on two groups using a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. A total of 60 women who were referred to the clinics or hospitals in Lahijan, Iran, in 2020, were selected through the available sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy, diaphragmatic respiratory training, and control. Pre-tests were taken from the samples before the interventions. After the interventions, post-tests were administered, and the patients were followed up one month later. The data were collected using the Albani Panic Disorder Questionnaire, designed in 1996 by Barlow and Zeinberg. The obtained data were then analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) through descriptive statistics (mean±SD and variance) and inferential statistics (variance analysis and Bonferroni test).

The results of the study showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy at the post-test (62.43±3.96) and training of diaphragmatic respiratory exercises at the follow-up phase (55.64±2.58) were more effective in improving the panic symptoms of women with asthma (P=0.0001).

The use of methods, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, and changes in the lifestyle (regular physical activity) of asthmatic patients can play a helpful role in controlling asthma panic symptoms.

Cancer is the leading cause of death in most countries. There are several methods used to treat cancer. Doxorubicin is one of the most important chemotherapy drugs that has several side effects, such as infertility, hyperuricemia, neuropathy, and cardiomyopathy. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of Naja naja oxiana in comparison with doxorubicin in Hela (Human cervical cancer) and HFF (Human foreskin fibroblast) cell line.

Hela and normal fibroblast cancer cell lines were exposed to different concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100, and 500 μg/ml) of snake venom and doxorubicin. The MTT method was used to evaluate the IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration) for toxins and drugs. Finally, the results were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19).

The results show that with increasing concentration and time of treatment with snake venom and doxorubicin, the percentage of Hela and fibroblasts living cells decreases. The highest decrease in the percentage of the viable cells was observed in the Hela cancer cell line treated with a concentration of 500 μg/ml snake venom for 48 h.

Snake venom can have a significant inhibitory effect on the percentage of living Hela cancer cells in comparison with doxorubicin.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is one of the imaging methods in radiography that makes the ability of precise and 3D imaging of maxillofacial possible. It occurs with the minimum level of distortion and shows a decrease of danger that comes from the ray. Accordingly, it is known as an essential way of performing an accurate treatment. Therefore, the dentist's knowledge and attitude on giving prescriptions, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of CBCT have gained high importance.  This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of general dentists in Ilam about prescription cases, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the CBCT in 2018.

This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 general dentists in Ilam, Iran, during 2018. A questionnaire was used to investigate the dentist's knowledge level, and the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22).

This study included 27 (54%) males and 23 (46%) females. The knowledge level about CBCT based on age and gender showed no statistical difference (P=0.23). Furthermore, regarding the relationship between the knowledge about CBCT and the work experience of the dentists, there was no significant difference in this regard (P=0.654). In addition, there was no significant difference between knowledge level about CBCT and participating in training courses (P=0.213). The maximum use of CBCT was for intraoral investigations. Moreover, the maximum cases of using CBCT was for extraoral investigations. The most important reason for not using CBCT was because of high cost (54%), and the most correct answers of the respondents were about knowledge and the application of CBCT in determining the position of the implants before surgery (96%). The knowledge of the general dentists was (47.884%) which was classified in a low group.

The findings from this study showed that the knowledge level of general dentists in Ilam about CBCT was nearly low, and the maximum level of the knowledge belonged to the experienced ones.

Leishmaniasis is an infectious and parasitic disease that is among the most important zoonotic diseases in tropical and subtropical regions, as well as developing countries. Despite the efforts of clinical researchers over the years, few signs of progress have been made in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis leading to satisfactory clinical improvement. In this study, activated melittin was used to treat leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. Moreover, liposomes and nanoparticles of albumin were used separately for the entry of myelin into leishmania-infected macrophages. Furthermore, their effects on Leishmania-infected cells were compared in vivo.

After designing activated melittin peptide for a selective expression using pep fold and expasy servers, liposomes and albumin nanoparticles were used to transfer the peptide into the cell and evaluate the function of transfer vectors on Leishmania major-infected cells. Finally, they were investigated in vivo to analyze the anti-leishmaniasis activity of carriers containing activated melittin and their uptake by macrophages.

After wounding the BALB/c mice on the second week, an effective concentration of 100 μl of each of the nanoparticles of albumin and liposome containing 25 μg of activated melittin was injected into BALB/c mice as a therapeutic dose. After the fifth week, in the third group (control), the wound size increased significantly and eventually led to the death of the mice in the control group. However, in the first and second groups treated with liposomes containing peptide and nanoparticle albumin, at the beginning of the fifth week, the wound size got smaller, and the recovery process initiated (P<0.05).

The results of this part of the study showed that the therapeutic effects with liposome carriers and albumin nanoparticles containing 25 μg/ml activated melittin in mice with leishmaniasis can be compared with those of the control group. Liposome and nanoparticle carriers of albumin-containing activated melittin have been suggested as an effective, appropriate, and even alternative treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The goal of this study was effectiveness of mindfulness based on stress managment on death anxiety, disaster of imagination, acceptance and severity of pain in prostat cancer patients.

The research design was experimental pre-test and post-test with control group. At first, 40 hospitalized men in a treatment center were selected by using the purposive sampling method. The experimental group were treated for eight 45-minute sessions by training mindfulness based on stress managment. All subjects completed the questionnaire at the beginning of the study, after the intervention and one month after the treatment (one-month follow up). For data analysis, Multivariate Analysis of Variance were used.

The results indicated that mindfulness based on stress managment in the control group were more effective in death anxiety, disaster of imagination, acceptance and severity of pain in prostat cancer patients. (p=0/001). The results of follow-ups also showed that the effect of mindfulness based on stress managment was sustained on death anxiety, disaster of imagination, acceptance and severity of pain in prostat cancer patients.

The use of mindfulness based on stress managment method is recommended as effective treatment method on death anxiety, disaster of imagination, acceptance and severity of pain in prostat cancer patients.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of death and morbidity in developed countries. Although recent studies have shown that the prevalence of thyroid disorders is higher in individuals with CKD, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the blood levels of thyroid hormones in diabetic (diabetes type 2) and non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease under hemodialysis treatment.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 3, 5, 3', 5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4/thyroxine), and 3, 3', 5-triiodothyronine (T3), were measured. Furthermore, kidney function tests (urea and creatinine), uric acid, serum lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose were measured using spectrophotometry-based methods.

There was no significant difference between the hemodialytic-diabetic subjects (HDS) and hemodialytic-non-diabetic subjects (HNDS) regarding the levels of thyroid function hormones, including TSH, T4, and T3. However, the ratio of triiodothyronine (T3) to thyroxine (T4) (T3/T4 ratio) was significantly different between the HDS and HNDS (P<0.05). These ratios (mean±standard error of the mean) were obtained at 0.220±0.026 and 0.554±0.12 in female HDS and HNDS, respectively. On the other hand, regarding males, these ratios were determined at 0.205±0.01 and 0.295±0.05 in HDS and HNDS, respectively.

Homeostasis disturbance in the T3/T4 ratio hemostasis is present in HDS, compared to HNDS; however, it is not related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Peripheral factors, including the activities of iodothyronine deiodinase type 1 and type 2 enzymes, which are involved in regulating serum levels and converting T4 to T3, are probably responsible for the observed differences.

Nonparametric regression can usually be used when the distribution of the dependent variable does not follow the property of normality. In this study, due to the nature of the variables, a bivariate Capula regression model was used to identify the factors affecting the liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and the relationship between these enzymes. This type of regression is suitable when the response variables have a relatively high degree of skewness and interdependence.

In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 2000 participants in the Shahrekord cohort study were randomly selected. To achieve the Capula regression model, the inverse Gaussian margin distribution and the Gumble joint function were selected according to the Akaike criterion. Gamlss, Copula, and Ggrm statistical packages were used in the R software.
(Ethic code: 3316)

According to the findings, some variables were identified as effective factors on the concentration of ALT and AST enzymes through marginal distribution parameters and Capula function. Blood urea, triglyceride, GGT, ALP, and BMI had a nonlinear and significant effect on the mean concentration of the ALT enzyme. The BMI, GGT, ALP, LDL, and HDL (nonlinearly), as well as blood urea (linearly), had a significant effect on the mean concentration of AST enzyme. Finally, the variables of BMI, triglycerides, GGT, and ALP affect the relationship between the concentration levels of the liver enzymes (ALT and AST).

Using this model, in addition to identifying the effective factors, it is possible to distinguish between linear and nonlinear relationships between independent and dependent variables.

Aging impairs the function of genes involved in hepatic metabolisms, such as Mitogen-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K). Exercise and Citrus Aurantium (CA) have a beneficial effect on improving metabolic factors in aging. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training (T) with consumption of CA on the AMPK and PI3K gene expression levels in the liver tissue of elderly rats.

In this experimental study, 25 elderly female rats were divided into five groups of five animals per group. The groups included 1) control, 2) sham, 3) CA, 4) T, and 5) T+CA. Over the course of eight weeks, the T groups ran on the treadmill three sessions per week at 65% to 75% of the maximum running speed for 15 min in the first week to 31 min in the eighth week. The supplement groups also received 300 mg/kg/day of CA extract peritoneal. After 48 h of the last training session and CA consumption, AMPK and PI3K gene expression levels in the liver tissue were measured by the real-time PCR method.
(Ethic code: IR.IAU.M.REC.1399.032)

AMPK expression was significantly increased in CA (P=0.043), T (P=0.025,) and T+CA (P=0.009) groups, compared to the control group. Moreover, a significant increase in the PI3K expression was observed in the T+CA (P=0.031) group, compared to the control group.

The results of the present study showed that T and CA might improve liver cell function in elderly rats by increasing the expression of AMPK and PI3K genes.

Non shivering thermogenesis is partly yielded by a futile-calcium-cycle mechanism that is regulated by Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum ATPase2 (SERCA2) and Ryanodine Receptor2 (RYR2).  This study aimed to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet and endurance training under near-thermoneutrality (in which humans live) on the gene expression of SERCA2 and RYR2 in inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue in mice.

A total of 28 C57BL/6 male mice were assigned into four groups of seven animals per group. The groups included 1) control 2), high-fat diet (HFD), 3) endurance training (ET), and 4) HFD-ET. The environment temperature was set out at 26°C. The mice in the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet (fat=42%) for 12 weeks. The mice in the ET group underwent ET on the treadmill for six weeks. The mice of the HFD-ET had both the HFD and ET. The real-time-PCR method was used to measure the gene expression of SERCA2a, SERCA2b, and RYR2 in adipose tissue.
(Ethic code: ABRU.AC.IR/15664-96.44)

Two-way ANOVA showed that the relative gene expression of SERCA2a, SERCA2b, and RYR2 were not significantly affected by HFD, ET, and HFD-ET (P>0.05).

The HFD and ET did not change the regulatory proteins of the futile-calcium-cycle under near-thermoneutrality in the beige adipose tissue. Therefore, it was speculated that the non-shivering thermogenesis that is induced by these conditions might occur independently of futile-cycle-calcium.