نشریه مطالعات قدرت نرم
پیاپی 27 (زمستان 1400)

Knowledge sharing can be defined as a systematic activity for the transfer and exchange of knowledge and experience between members of the organization with common goals, which is considered as a process of identifying, distributing and using existing knowledge to solve problems of the organization's governance system. Using descriptive-analytical method, this article is based on the assumption that organizational knowledge and sharing among employees can have a significant impact on improving the quality of research and development activities and improve the performance of organizational soft governance and lead the organization to achieve advantage. Be competitive. Knowledge sharing will take place when people want to help and learn from others in developing new capabilities and competencies. The ultimate goal of the knowledge sharing process as soft power is to strive to transfer and transform all individuals' experiences and knowledge into organizational assets and resources in order to enhance and advance the effectiveness of organizational governance.

One of the developments of the world system has been to change the nature and forms of power and to promote the influence of soft power on hard power. Countries that have skillfully used the tools of their culture, civilization, history, and geography to impress others have found far more lasting and effective authority in national and global politics. Iran, from thousands of years ago until now, both as a country and a very complex and wonderful civilization at the crossroads of great human civilizations; And in the present age as a country with a wealth of history, culture and civilization in the heart of regional crises, and on the other hand the position of Iran as the largest Shiite country and the heir of the first religious revolution in the new world; It has been considered as a center of soft power production. Accordingly, the main question raised in this study is what are the cultural resources of Iran'''s soft power in Iraq? The hypothesis raised for the main question of this research indicates that the Islamic Republic of Iran includes various cultural sources of soft power in the period 2010 to 2020; The high position of authority in the two countries, the Iranian roots of Iraq, the spread of Persian language and literature, rituals and customs, the culture of peaceful coexistence, the advancement of knowledge in Iran, the presence of a significant percentage of Shiites in Iran and Iraq,

The main issue of this study is to identify the elements of Islamic civilization in the Arbaeen walk as the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran.The results of this descriptive-analytical research based on library documents and sources show that the unique capacity of the Arbaeen March is not separate from the birth path of Islamic civilization. In parallel with the movement of these rituals, the factors that created Islamic civilization had the opportunity to emerge and by providing regional and supra-regional goals, they became the generators of soft power.If the manifestation of unity in the pilgrims on foot, while regulating and social order, invalidated the biased instincts of the enemies based on the internal differences of the Muslims and caused the dignity of the Islamic societies. At the same time, the transnational community of this phenomenon brought to the fore the reflection of the Arbaeen ummah as a new media, beyond the borders of human societies. . In addition, it can put an end to hegemony in the wake of the Islamic Awakening and, as the greatest demonstration of peace, lead from a collective slogan to global reform.Meanwhile, the Islamic Republic of Iran, relying on these civilizing efficiencies that stem from the historical extension of the Ashura uprising, has protected the national and regional achievements of the Arbaeen March and made them a soft power as a priority in strategies.

From the perspective of soft power, this article seeks to answer the key question of why negotiation and diplomacy as key elements of soft power in resolving the North Korean nuclear issue with the United States have failed. And what are the requirements for continuing to use these soft power levers in the North Korean nuclear issue? The provisional hypothesis of the article is that the pursuit of conflicting goals by the United States and North Korea, such as nuclear deterrence and economic recovery by North Korea and complete nuclear disarmament by the United States, is the most important reason for the failure of negotiations and diplomacy. But the main requirement for the continuation of the negotiation process as the main tool of soft power is the non-use of hard power (sanctions and military tools) by the United States and the establishment of a culture of dialogue in international relations. The findings show that any progress in reducing North Korea's nuclear warheads or nuclear disarmament will be achieved solely through continued negotiation. Therefore, the rapprochement of the two countries' positions, mediated by actors such as South Korea, China and Russia, reducing the emphasis on hard power pyramids against North Korea and increasing international cooperation, especially among the permanent members of the Security Council on the one hand is necessary and Indicates the need to continue to use soft power. The data collection method is based on the library method and the research method is based on the descriptive-analytical method.

Due to the changing situation of the environment and countries, today in the security literature, instead of discussing hard and semi-hard power, we talk about soft power. Pro-status quo powers use the above concepts to influence and change target communities in their own interests. Now, the main question is how does the West use the tools of soft power to influence the intellectual-cultural spectrum of religious intellectual elites? Based on the ijtihad method of signification and the conceptual framework of soft power and the relationship between theory and culture; The field of influence in the flow of religious intellectualism can be analyzed and examined from two aspects. First; Presence and education in the West provide the ground for cultural absorption. In this case, the proposed theories will be based on the Islamic cover, instead of being a link between tradition and modernity. Another is that as a result of the trade-off between culture and theory, each culture has produced its own science, and each theory reinforces its own culture. In this case, the use of Western theories to explain and understand religion, completely shakes and even disintegrates the cultural foundation of traditional societies. Provides the West, which can be the most subtle and soft example of influence and a ground for undermining the soft security of the Islamic Republic

The main purpose of this article is to examine the opportunities and challenges facing Iran's soft power after the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, based on the SWOT matrix. In this regard, the question that arises is "What opportunities and challenges does the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran face after the withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan and the re-establishment of the Taliban government in this country ?" The results of the research, which has been obtained by descriptive-analytical method approach and application of SWOT model, show that cases such as: 1- Iran's irreplaceable economic influence in Afghanistan; 2- Enabling the strengthening of trilateral cooperation between Iran, China and Russia and reducing US influence; 4- Instruments of pressure and deterrent power of Liwa Fatemiyoun; And 4. Public dissatisfaction with Biden's performance in Afghanistan and the new state of the media created in Iran's favor have provided opportunities for Iran to exercise soft power and play a leading role in the region. Meanwhile, there are also challenges such as 1. Taliban ethnicity; 2- The possibility of influencing ideas such as ISIS and the Islamic State of Khorasan province in the Taliban; 3- The possibility of the Taliban's coercive approach towards the Shiites; 4. The influence of the governments of Pakistan, Qatar and Turkey in the context of the developments in Afghanistan is one of the obstacles and threats to the influence of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role and performance of Western intelligence and security agencies in the Middle East crisis after the 9/11 attacks. In this research, library or documentary methods with tools, ie scanning, have been used. The main question in this study is: What role has the Western intelligence community played in the Middle East crises since 9/11? Hypothetically, it seems that after 9/11, the Western intelligence community, through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), was directly involved in the Middle East crisis. Western intelligence agencies have become a tool for alteration, and have directly led to developments in the Middle East that have led to crises caused by inefficiency and misinformation in practice. Because after the incident, the countries of the Middle East were attacked on the pretext of being terrorists and became a tense and critical field. The US National Security Strategy document was based solely on concerns about the possibility of the development of weapons of mass destruction by some governments, the possibility of transferring these weapons to terrorists, and the inability to effectively contain and deter these threats through prevention.

Mass media are the most important and the most effective means of information transfer in the process of the realization of communications . Groups like Daesh considering the ability of media in effecting the minds in regional and international levels, have used media and its related technics massively for legitimating their acts and especially their political system of governing(Khilafa). So the main purpose of the present research is analyzing the Daesh's media technics in exerting power on the base of representation theory and thematic analysis method. The main question of the article is what are the main themes of Daesh's media technics in exerting power? Finding of the research based on the thematic analysis of Dabeq and Rumiyah, magazines most important media that Daesh employs, shows that Daesh exerted hard and soft power in several realms via using smartly the media techniques; 24 media technics have been used in the texts analyzed in this article. Daesh revived Islamic Khilafa by using religious rhetoric and myths and accompanied a significant range of Muslim people around the world via empowering virtual and convincing power. By presentation of universal values and norms, Daesh members asked Muslim people to join Islamic Khalifa via Hejra and Beyah and join to Holly War or terrorist acts to represent the daesh power across the world. Other elements analyzed in the research are focusing on the military power, punitive power, economic power and social and welfare services by Daesh.

One of the necessities of Islam in the face of new issues is to ask questions of the Holy Quran, but before that it is necessary to pay attention to the appropriate and efficient research method to discover and identify verses related to that issue. An essential step in intermediate research for change in the field of Islamic sciences is to pay attention to the issue of research methods in the Holy Quran. Among the new theories proposed in the modern age is the issue of "soft power". Although this theory was first proposed by Western thinkers, what is the view of the Holy Qur'an on the subject of soft power? In this article, we have tried to analyze the themes extracted from Quranic verses with interdisciplinary approach and using the method of qualitative content analysis, and to identify the types of soft power and its sources. The research findings show that in the Holy Quran, two types of powers of the right and wrong front are mentioned and in order to gain soft power, four sources of divine sovereignty, divine honor, divine ownership and divine power have been introduced.

Colonialism to advance its political and economic goals not only acts through coercive domination, but also adopts intellectual and cultural methods to turn its domination into hegemonic domination; That is, by producing meaning, it shows the relations of power as natural and rational, and in this way, it stabilizes the mentioned relations. The main issue in this article is how the United States culturally colonizes Iraq, and answering the question of what concepts the American media uses to deepen this issue and turn its dominance in Iraq into a hegemonic one. In this article, using the method of semiotic research and qualitative content analysis, the main sections of the four American Facebook pages (US Embassy in Baghdad, US Agency for International Development, Radio Sawa Media Campaign and Young Iraqi Young Leaders Exchange Program) created for the Iraqi audience were studied. It was further shown that the United States reproduced its colonialism in these pages by representing concepts such as: strengthening the public sphere, building democracy, strengthening the role of women, paying attention to minorities, and similar issues for the Iraqi audience and exercises cultural domination in the Iraqi society.

The Islamic Republic of Iran carries and possesses rich and valuable cultural components and components that are influenced by the holy and transcendent teachings of Islam, especially the Ahl al-Bayt school of infallibility and purity (AS), and can show more active cultural diplomacy. In this regard, Saudi Arabia, a Muslim country that has been one of the goals of Iranian cultural diplomacy, can be considered as a "case study".The main question of the present study is what are the components of the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Saudi Arabia?The research method is descriptive, analytical and applied, which while interviewing elites and experts, has benefited from extensive library research, documentation and of course the research model of "case study method".The result shows that value-insight components have the highest degree of importance from the point of view of experts and compared to other components, and of course more success rate, both in the current situation (1400) and in the future (1404). ) will have.

The main purpose of this study was to present a model to investigate the factors affecting the competence of managers at the level of the Islamic Revolution in the field of culture and media studied by the Radio and Television of Iran. Management, general competencies of media management, competencies of media management of radio and television and competencies of revolutionary management were explained, through which a questionnaire was prepared and among the statistical sample including 196 senior and middle managers of message fields in Tehran and Provincial centers were distributed in a simple random manner. By collecting distributed questionnaires, the data were analyzed in order to examine the research hypotheses in order to present an appropriate model of factors affecting the competence of managers at the level of the Islamic Revolution. Also, based on the obtained impact coefficients, the results showed that the highest impact factor in relation to the dimensions related to the competencies of the radio and television media management department was obtained with 0.78, which shows the importance of mediation competence in this regard. After that, in terms of importance, the most important dimensions related to revolutionary management competencies, general media management competencies and general management competencies were obtained with 0.76, 0.745 and 0.74, respectively.