پژوهش نامه اسلامی زنان و خانواده
سال نهم شماره 25 (زمستان 1400)

As today's definition, female employment is often described with some characteristics such as performing activities just at a certain time, getting wages for working hours, and existing a distance between workplace and living place, which causes conflicts between the duties and rights. In the principles of jurisprudence, there are some preferences for solving the conflicts which their generalities are deduced by a jurist, but since compliance in the position of obedience is the responsibility of the obliged person, finding out the most important duty has always been one of the concerns of employed women adhering to Sharia. This study with a duty-based approach was conducted with the aim of identifying the types of conflict between women's employment and marital-based duties and suggesting conflict solutions according to the rule of Taghdim; thus, the related written sources were analyzed with a descriptive-documentary method. Therefore, 41 possible conflicts were identified and the most important duty was introduced for each one by matching the four types of women's employment in terms of obligation rules with the six marital-based duties under the two main contexts of the flow of obligatory-obligatory conflict and recommended-recommended conflict.

According to jurisprudence and law, the wife can refuse to obey the husband to get marriage portion. This right is so-called the right to retention and the verses, narratives, and rational foundations, like the proximity of the marriage to the commutative contracts, are its legitimacy. Because there is a doubt whether the marriage is commutative or not, the right to retention is limited, and it is acceptable just for the wife having the purpose of creating an executive guarantee for getting the marriage portion. Nowadays, this guarantee becomes a pressure tool against the husband and it is misused by the wife. Based on procedural unity vote 708 that, in spite of husband's hardship, the rule to instalment is not amount to reject wife's right to retention, and based on procedural unity vote 718 that extends the realm of exercise of the right to retention to wife's duties absolutely, husband's conditions become harder; thus, this study aimed to jurisprudentially-legally seek the basis of the right to retention in marriage and the causes of termination, abortion, and its adjustment by a descriptive-documentary method. Therefore, all related written sources were analyzed and it is concluded that if the marriage portion is exchangeable with the obedience, for respecting the husband, the capabilities of the right to retention as a personal right can be used for its abortion or adjustment. Moreover, for preventing the unlimited exercise of the right to retention, the two topics of the realm of exercise of the right to retention and the effect of husband's hardship on wife's right to retention should be taken into consideration. That will be the most important issue in the matter of big marriage portions.

This qualitative research was conducted with the aim of discovering the communication components of multi-role women with mental health via the conventional content analysis method. The population included married and employed women living in Tabriz. The sample of 22 was purposefully selected, based on the theoretical saturation of the interview and having three criteria of marriage, at least three years of work experience, and at least one child, and getting a score more than average in the questionnaire of mental health. The data were gathered using the in-depth semi-structured interviews. Coding the data concluded that there were three following main communication components and eleven categories: social health theme and three categories (communication with spouse, communication with children, and communication with institutions); occupational health theme and five categories (work attitude, work responsibilities, innovation at work, work vitality, and work communications); and spiritual health theme and three categories (communication with God, communication with the universe, and spiritual communication with people). The extracted communication components can be useful to produce educational-therapeutic packages and programs for multi-role women.

The family's rights is rooted in moral values and the deep relationship between legal rules and moral standards is among the basic principles of Islamic legal system; thus, paying attention to jurists' moral statements in legislating in the matter of the family is necessary. The present study aimed to investigate how the general moral-legal principles have an effect on couples' sexual relations with a descriptive-documentary method using earlier and later valid jurisprudential-legal sources. The main question is as follows: what is the use of the general moral-legal principles in marital sexual relations and women's achievement in their sexual rights, and can these principles have an effect on the redefinition of wife's sexual rights? According to the reviewed information, in Islam, a sexual issue is systematic, and it is totally confirmed that, in the light of the interaction between ethics and law, the general shared principles, as basic and pre-legislative ones, have effect on achieving the sexual rights. The results showed that the general principles such as justice, dignity, privacy, and freedom, are the important shared statements that can reread couples' sexual relations from the view of ethics and explain wife's sexual rights.

The present research aims to study the women’s challenges in the transition period from the celibacy to matrimony roles. The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The society included women who have been married at least for five years. Sampling was performed purposefully and interviews continued until data saturation. The number of participants was 13. The method of data analysis was Colaizzi's seven-step method. By asking the participants' challenges, important themes were extracted and coded. The main themes of the research were "Criteria changing before and after marriage", "Relationship with spouse", "Relationship with families", "Differences management", "Roles management" and "Flexibility in self-change". Given the themes of women's challenges in the transition to marriage, counselors can use the findings of this study in premarital counseling and premarital training.

In some Hadith and interpretive sources, according to some narratives, because women were created from men, women's effort is focused on men and causes decoration and corruption in the world. The present study was conducted with the aim of the documentary-content validation of these narratives with a descriptive-documentary method applying a documentary-textual critique tool of Hadith; thus, the main related written sources about Hadith and history were reviewed, and the related narratives were examined. The results demonstrated that most of the related narratives are documentarily weak due to the elimination of documents, and/or the weakness and ignorance of the narrators. The women's creation from men is an issue that is contrary to the Quranic verses and narratives, and it is consistent with Israeli teachings. Reviewing the historical sources reinforces the probability that the narrative which considers women's effort as decoration and corruption points at a specific person who caused Jamal war. If this probability is ignored, it cannot be attributed to an innocent; because of its opposition to the Quranic and narrative teachings, and the opposition of its context to the innocents' speech, so that it is unlikely that the innocents mention women's effort alongside predators' and animals' effort, on the one hand, and separate believers from women, on the other hand.

The attitude to marriage is one of the most important predictors of satisfaction after marriage and studying it can clarify the contexts and causes of marriage delay. This research aimed to investigate the role of parents' marital interactions and their marriage-related education in the prediction of children's attitude to marriage with a non-experimental correlation method. The population included single girls and boys in the city of Tehran and 384 people were selected by the multistage sampling. The data were gathered by the standard questionnaire of attitude to marriage, and the researcher-made questionnaires of assessment of parent's marriage-related education and assessment of their marital interactions. They were analyzed by the multivariate linear regression test. According to the results, among the variables, just mothers' marital interactions influence children's attitude to marriage and the increase in its desirability leads to a better children's attitude to marriage. Therefore, by informing the parents, especially the mothers, about their effective role in children's attitude and performance in the future family life, and by providing necessary education, the family role in children's successful marriage can be increased.

As proposed suspicions about women's and men's covering are extending, it is necessary to scientifically get knowledgeable about interpreters' views; thus, this study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the limits of covering and look from the view of Sunni-Shia interpretations using a descriptive-documentary method. Therefore, the related written sources were examined, and the limits of covering and look from the view of Sunni-Shia interpretations were analyzed by coherently and logically reviewing the previous studies on Hijab and jurists' and interpreters' views about the covering in the verse 59 of Surah Ahzab, and the verses 30, 31, and 60 of Surah Noor. The results showed that the obligation of covering is accepted by all Sunni-Shia interpreters and is one of the necessities of religion, but the limits of covering is a controversial issue among Sunni-Shia interpreters. Despite the reputation of obliging to cover the whole body except the face and hands, other interpretations mention that it is an obligation to cover the whole body except the face, cover the whole body, cover the whole body except the face, hands, and feet, and cover the exterior ornaments alongside the limits of covering and look.

The present research tried to explain and limit maternal civil liability for harmful acts of the child in cyberspace with a descriptive-documentary method. The data were gathered via reviewing the related written sources. Analyzing the previous studies indicated that there is no study with the same topic. The findings showed, according to the jurisprudential-legal principles, the mother in the position of one of the parents has the right and duty of custody of the child. This duty is not limited to the physical environment, it also consists of the cyberspace; because, based on Article 7 of the Civil Liability Law, the mother may become liable for harmful acts of the child. It seems that the adjustment of maternal liability for harmful acts of the child in the cyberspace is logical and necessary, due to maternal special conditions, such as lack of legal guardianship over the child, making a living (in the absence of the spouse), less knowledge of the cyberspace in comparison with men, and the particular conditions of the cyberspace. In addition, the ruling on the maternal liability to the extent of her negligence, in assuming that her husband is accompanied by her, as well as her special conditions and the cyberspace, is consistent with the jurisprudential-legal principles and can be recommended.

Today, there are different governmental positions in the range of the leadership of nation to presidency, ministry, and the supervision of provinces. Many jurists and experts, based on religious narratives, believe that masculinity is a condition of guardianship and presidency, and forbid women to get governmental positions. This descriptive-analytical research tries to analyze the most important reasons mentioned by jurists and experts of political jurisprudence with a documentary method, and to compare the findings with governmental and social positions in the Islamic Republic of Iran. After reviewing the related written sources, we concluded that the condition of masculinity in guardianship and leadership is accepted by the majority of Sunni jurists and many Shiite jurists except some contemporary ones. The presidency, the chairmanship of the judiciary, and the supreme of military command are the obvious examples of guardianship and leadership that women are not allowed to be responsible for; but there is a doubt about its implication regarding the ministry and getting a ministerial position is not also allowed except in the cases of conflict, necessity, and/or special interests.