نشریه دراسات فی السردانیه العربیه
سال یکم شماره 2 (الربیع و الصیف 2020)

The Ancient Arabic Fiction (Typology and Analysis of Fiction Elements), a joint work of Khalil Parvini and Hooman Nazemian, is a textbook of Arabic language and literature taught at the fiction course. This book, despite its many advantages, has some shortcomings in form and content, which this study attempt to examine by adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology. This study finds that the textbook has a beautiful appearance, appropriate cut and paper binding, and reasonable price. However, it should be revised in terms of length, typography, etc. The table of contents, though logically and coherently arranged, is very long. From a linguistic point of view; the textbook is written smoothly and fluently, the paragraphs are coherent but sometimes long and tedious, and the rules of writing, except for a few cases, are observed. In terms of content, some parts of the textbook should refer other literary sources. Despite being up-to-date, the textbook is not comprehensive enough to cover required topics. The work is well documented and enjoys a comprehensive bibliography but fails to raise new questions in the minds of the audience.

Arab women’s diasporic writing features a wide array of voices who rewrite the history of Arab diaspora in European countries. The voice of Iman Mersal and May Telmissany is very unique in Egyptian writings. Their works convey a different view of the Self and use literary techniques that invest in this experience to create a multitude of new visions to understand diaspora , given how they are humanist existential experiences that allow the artist to reconcile with the past, This study we will focus on analyzing  the use of the "photographic technique” as a tool of recalling home in as an example of Modern Egyptian Diaspora Literature to emphasize that recalling images of the past is a human psychological need for both modern and primitive humans. It bridges the gap created by alienation and deepened by diaspora and helps them overcome being uprooted from their birthplace and culture. To avoid an existential crisis, human beings create a state of recollection of that lost time through art, literature and legends. In this context, we are attempting to read the images of diaspora and alienation as expressed in standing by the ruins of old homes and recalling the past as a literary theme and deeply rooted poetic Arabic tradition. In this context, we are attempting to read the images of diaspora and alienation as expressed in standing by the ruins of old homes and recalling the past as a literary theme and deeply rooted poetic Arabic tradition.

This article explores the nature of the narrative techniques adopted by the writer "Abd al-Rahman Munif" in his novel Cities of Salt، and the significance of these techniques in terms of the fact that this novel is considered one of the important petroleum texts in post-colonial Arabic literature that deals with Western postcolonial discourse in general and the American discourse in particular. This novel has been the subject of profound debates in terms of its literary classification، but in-depth objective research proves that Cities of Salt is a magical، petroleum، post-colonial novel that addresses the negative social، economic and political impacts of oil discovery on the societies of the Arabian Peninsula. To this end، this article will shed light on the narrative tools that Munif used to communicate his post-colonial contradictory message through modern narration techniques such as magic realism، character formation، and multiple voices with the aim of presenting various perspectives of events by the author. In this way، Munif has presented an innovative narrative genre in Arab literature and a rare work on the international level، as very few Arab and international literary works have addressed the issue of oil، which has become considered as a taboo due to the American political pressure to prevent this sensitive issue from being discussed. On the other hand، in order to accurately explain the multiple layers، levels، and encodings embedded in Cities of Salt، this article will adopt Edward Said's theory known as contrapuntal reading، as a scientific methodology of research، with the aim of placing the novel in its appropriate socio-political place. This article will also build on concepts of magic realism by Stephen Slemon. It should also be noted that this article will touch on how Munif embodied the concept of inclusion، according to Todorov's narrative criticism theory، to explain how Munif incorporated minor stories into the general narration with the aim of shedding light on a specific point that serves the overall purpose of the narration. And of course، putting a work in its proper literary position contributes to establishing a kind of civilized mutual understanding between East and West through the current and future cultural dialogue، in a world where the struggle and resistance against hegemony، imperialism and aggressive wars are the main engines that generate global crises and many disasters and tragedies again and again، especially in the West Asia region.

Indeed, the thought that forms the artistic egation in Syntax to Negation of Revolutionary Values: Aesthetic Analysis of Negation in The Second Dog War
view of the literary text organizes the syntactic composition in the text, so the only way to reach that thought is to understand the syntactic meanings derived from the syntactic composition. That is, whenever the view of pessimism prevails over the text, the meanings derived from the syntactic composition appropriate to that view prevail over the text. We observe this in the novel "The Second Dog War" by Palestinian novelist Ibrahim Nasrallah, which is dominated by pessimism, because the characters in the novel are very negative and opportunistic, In particular, the protagonist of the novel, Rashed, who transcends all moral and social values in the pursuit of her own interests, in such a way that she fights against the revolutionary values she fought for in the past, So she rejects all those values to the point that with the help of the officer, she changes from a prisoner to a jailer and cooperates with the officer with full skill in trading with humans. This denial of values and their rejection linguistically fits the style of denial So, this style has been used more in this novel than other syntactic styles in order to fit the pessimistic view of the novel and the three levels of language, including Narration, dialogue, and description. It is because of this pessimistic view that the style of negation has a high status in the novel, especially in the matter of similarities, which are becoming more and more present in the novel, to the extent that the distinction between the original things and their similarities despite their differences in nature, it becomes very difficult. This article seeks to examine the aesthetics of the negation style in order to reveal the appropriateness between the negation tools and the pessimistic view along with the three linguistic levels using analytical descriptive methods with the help of statistical style to conclude that the narrator in this novel, The negative style has been used 1759 times, thus 52%, which is quite commensurate with the prevailing pessimistic view of the novel and the resulting corruption of oppressive Palestinian systems, because in the novel there are negative opportunistic characters who do negative things in the way of realization. They benefit, especially the protagonist of The Novel Rashed, whose character is completely negative, to the point that he turns his positive character into an opportunistic negative character.

Story results from a writer’s fantasies, feelings, and inner fears which are expressed in word form. Fictional characters emerge from the depths of the writer’s existence and enter the world of fiction. In general, we can say that the story comes from reality and illustrated by the author’s mind. Usually, authors use different metaphorical expressions to convey their intended message. The Collar of Pigeons, a novel Raja'a Alem, records social and religious events occur in Mecca and Madrid. Here, the Kaaba is a symbol of holiness though some people attempt to degrade its holiness. In terms of characterization, the novel is quite unusual: Raja uses dialogue, description, and inclusion to describe and present the characters of her novel, who are mostly complementary ones. The religious and imaginative atmosphere of the story along with its controversial structure has attracted numerous readers. The chronological, spatial, and logical arrangement of events in presenting characters follows a linear narrative flow. The formal structure of the story is divided into two parts, each with a different location. Different characters are identified with different “Izzah” identity. When examining the characters of the novel, it becomes clear to that the author considers maintaining the identity of the Kaaba, the main concern of the novel, by placing the narrative center in the Kaaba and the events that happen in this holy place. This article adopts an analytical and descriptive method to analyze strategies of characterization in the order, continuity, and arrangement of different parts of the novel.

Place is one of the most elements in a novel because it is a space where there are elements of the novel and the relationship established among them, including events. Also, it is an environment to form character and the element that completes the time of the story. “Place” in the novel has witnessed many changes in new studies and also multiple different categories have been formed for it. The present study intends to investigate one of these categorizations- i.e., closed and open places (which is entitled spatial dichotomy or the confrontation between two opposing spaces and its effect on the characters of the story. The reason why we chose this novel was to examine the high frequency of open or closed places such as houses, schools, cities, and villages in the novel. One of the most important results is a wide-ranging description of the closed spaces due to the living problems and personality disorders of the novel characters. Moreover, the novel indicates that open places are not always a source of happiness and well-being for the characters, rather psychological and material consequences and effects of these places may differ in person’s perspective to that place. The method applied in the study is a descriptive-analytical one, based on the description and analysis of the data derived from the context of the novel.

The semiotic method is one of the most important methods that approach heritage texts, approaches that enabled researchers to reread and interpret new interpretation. This article deals with the analysis of the Maqama {old type of story} of Eid by Ibn Morabea Al Azdi, a semiotic analysis that reveals the hidden relationships and the deep structure, but this does not mean that the meaning is final, because the text according to the semiotic method remains open. We concluded that this maqama is a reflection of a set of values, behaviors or ideology, and its deep structure reveals the desire for wealth, through the counterparts of poverty and wealth, support and compliance.

The novel constitutes an essential and prominent genre of literature، because of its effect in employing the emotions of individuals and the variables of the movement of society، and representing them in the finest forms of the imagination، and providing solutions to the problems of lived reality، and making it one of the urgent goals as an intended goal in order to coincide with the general social good. Time and space among the fictional elements; The two themselves are inseparable. They interact and exchange influence and influence; It cannot do without these two elements; They are the backbone of narrative work. In this research، we try to study the two elements of space and time in the narration of the Gypsy Suns، and we try to study their relationship together. We adopted the narrative structural approach in analyzing the aforementioned novel. And we concluded that Haidar Haidar created a space for scattered events، as if the reader had to rearrange these events. Haidar Haidar invested these events that resemble a circle that are repeated to show the reader the situation of the Arab world at the end of the last century to infuse the vocabulary of that era with extremism، isolation and family disintegration to deal with these events and their impact. Continuous with progress in time. This presentation of facts in Arab society presented by Haydar Haydar we see it as a realistic presentation without falsehood by breaking the stereotypes of many literary works that contradict reality and jump to the truth. We see in the predominance of retrieval in the novel to escape from the present time، as the novel has had a plentiful share of the techniques of the frequency of the narration، whether in terms of speed or slow، the description is a temporal mechanism that works to slow and stop time، and this creates a time space in which events stop. Based on an understanding of the general framework of events، in it the scenes، paragraphs، and dialogues of the novel converge، whether it is fact or fiction، because when literary work loses locality، it loses its specificity and thus its originality. And leave the character the freedom to show different feelings towards him. The Gypsy Suns novel is considered a chronological novel since its inception with an ascending temporal event. Haydar Haydar relied on the technique of contradictory dualities، which the international writer Samuel Cried was famous for، objectivity and subjectivity، past and present، optimism and pessimism، simplification and complexity، tolerance and hatred، coincidence and necessity، love and killing، life Death، contradictions portrayed by the writer through the main character in the novel and through the effect of the rest of the characters who were influential in the course of events، even if we got to know them in a few lines.

An epic poem, epic, epos, or epopee is a lengthy narrative poem. The research tries to provide a serious reading of epics of Christian Arabic poetry that were inspired by many lessons and conclusions from the Day of Al-Ghadeer. Christian poets weave from the inspiration of this day artistic images with creative abilities to guide recipients to its importance in correcting the course of humanity. Arab poetry epics are poetic material, a revolution and an important one. It was not shed light on it, and literary studies were not presented on it that highlight the potentials of creativity embodied between the folds of language, significance and image. To the recipient to urge and guide him to adhere to the facts, lessons and ideas that are involved under the idea of Day of Al-Ghadeer that would call for adhering to the bonds of the people of the house, the ship to the salvation of humanity. Together, these concepts and data increased our insistence on reading epics of Christian poetry, trying to search for the extent of their ability to achieve the process of communication between the recipient circles, as we saw, to analyze it in a different way by delving into its connotations, its purposes, the reality of the functions that the language performs in it, and its communicative goals through focus On the structure of language, and the basic functions it performs as a discourse, it is only embodied through language as the nerve in the events of communication between the creator and the recipient

Dada is a phenomenon that exploded in the face of political, economic, and moral crises, and considered it the pioneers of the Savior who will dispel all these problems. The only form of salvation was rejecting all that was traditional and adopting the logic of chaos and rejection. In Dada, the primary suspicion of the narrow horizon of art translates into outright hostility toward its values ​​and institutions. The poet Shawqi Abi Shaqra was one of the most prominent pillars of the "Poetry" magazine, which was founded by the surreal poets at the time and has a fundamental role in the spread and development of the modern movement of Arabic poetry. This paper attempts to find, through a descriptive-analytical method, the features of Dada movement in Abi shaqra's poetry to search for the tributaries of Dada and its features in his poetry. This study reached results indicating that Abi Shaqra worked hard to completely liberate from the bond of the past that transcends half-solutions and the idea of ​​compromises, and liberates a person from restrictions that hinder his movement, so that he may reach the future to shape it as he likes. Likewise, the apparent creation of Abi Shaqra and his attempt to liberate the language and strip the vocabulary of its sensitivity and the creation of contradictory structures created anarchism in his poems and made it an eloquent embodiment of Dadaist works.

The Arabic novel is the result of global intellectual developments, the emergence and growth of which has been influenced by Western ideas particularly since the mid-nineteenth century. This study attempts to examine the narrative features of contemporary Arabic novels in a descriptive-analytical manner by collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information. In the early 1960s, the Arabic novel entered a new phase of development since the late nineteenth century; in the last three decades it has proved its own unique and special linguistic features. This study examines Naguib Mahfouz’s Arabian Nights and Days and Abdul Rahman Munif’s The Wanderer, the two novels which share common narrative features and structures. In order to analyze the story at different, its narrative structure, and omniscient narrator it is possible to apply the traditional narrative method (such exposition, conflict, climax, and falling action), examine the characterization of protagonists, and dialogues between the characters.

The importance of this research is the study of the quality of stylistic features in Iraqi narrative texts. This research examines stylistic and narrative features of Khan al-Shabandar novel. The art of fiction has a close relationship with sociocultural contexts of Arab countries, especially Iraq which has experienced destruction, lack of security and stability, division, sectarianism, exile and murder which are the products of wars. Issues of war and massacre constitute the main bulk of the oeuvre of contemporary Iraqi novelists, issues which have left significant effect on psyche of authors who combine the pain of war with the blood of the innocent people. As a result, they have begun to write down the sufferings of the country. Their fiction is the result of a true imitation of the truth with all its pains and sufferings and the ugliness of murder and terror. In fact, the creative writing of contemporary Iraqi authors shows the awareness of the danger of violence in all its dimensions. In Khan al-Shabandar novel, numerous scenes of violence reflect a bitter reality, a bitter reality which portrays bloody scenes of street explosions, destroyed buildings, the spread of fear, terror, repression, and explosions— as if the country has become a scene of war. This research seeks to examine the rhythm of events and time in the selected novel, paying attention to words of violence. It also tries to examine the context of the narrative. It might be suggested that the novel teems with rhetorical questions and command. The events, which narrate a fearful experience of a real context, are narrated based on the poetics of a rhetorical (dramatic) question.