پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 19، بهار و تابستان 1400)

Studies of social history regarding the historical background and semanalysis of the folk tales' texts pave the way for researchers to retrieve and rewrite history in the opposite path of the dominant narrative and to write about different classes and strata of society, especially the lower ones. However, looking at the case less meticulously, we can consider folk literature a kind of their desired historical narrative.  Folk literature refers to fictions  and cultural products rooted in the past history of people. Therefore, people's fictions can be considered historical documents. In studying storytelling, one of the research approaches is text analysis and its relationship with the culture and society from which the fiction is derived. Considering various narrations of Moshkel-goshâ fiction in Iranian culture and many ups and down in cities, this study analyzed the fiction in order to realize its historical-social context and the mentality of its creators. To understand the universe of thought of the creators of this tale, the researcher has attempted to clarify its socio-historical background through the explanatory method and accordingly analyze the elements and meaning of its text. The narration of Kerman is pivotal in this regard because its people have been exasperated intensely. This fiction embraces vow culture and is a type of social reaction that alleviates the underprivileged and grants them social hope while challenging the materialistic and theoretical domination of the rulers. This fiction has perpetuated on across Iran, distinctly expressing the afflictions of the underprivileged and their resistance throughout history.

After the conquest of Lydia and its capital Sardis by Cyrus the Great in 547 BCE, almost all parts of Asia Minor, including Cilicia in southern Asia Minor, came under Persian rule.Although the syennesis dynasty, the rulers of Cilicia were able to maintain their hereditary sovereignty over this land to some extent as semi-independent by helping Cyrus conquer Sardis, but the geopolitical and economic position of Cilicia caused the Achaemenids to pay special attention to this land from the very beginning.Because, being on the trade route, which on the one hand to connect the sea routes in the Mediterranean to the royal road  and on the other hand that connected Asia Minor to northern Syria and the Mesopotamia, had made Cilicia a center of trade and played an important role in the economic development of the Achaemenid Empire.However, despite the position and economic importance of this land in the Achaemenid period, but so far no independent research has been done in this regard. Therefore, by looking at the geographical and geopolitical location of Cilicia, and using ancient historical reports and archaeological data and based on the method of historical research in this study, an attempt has been made to examine the trade and economic status of Cilicia in the Achaemenid period.

The process of modernization many deployed in the Pahlavi II era since the year 1953, with oil revenues in the years to come and more dimensions included. Economic modernization has led to changes in the education and employment of women .The statistics indicated an increase in the number of women in education and employment but because of the lack of equality of facilities in cities and villages, this could not be general and did not include all the women. Subsequent social changes have also led to changes in lifestyle and coverage of women. In this research, the descriptive –analytical manner, has study the presence of women in the field of education and their entry into the labor market and employment, and how these factors affect in the changes in lifestyle and modernism and confrontation society and women has been analyzed with the emerging conflict arising from modernization. Findings of the research have shown that women in this period, while in education and employment at a higher level than the past were, but government policies that tended to modernity and western lifestyle, in conflict with their life values found and in Confrontation with that had.

The ancient history of the Eastern Iranians, as it appears in Avestā and Pahlavi texts, is an evidence of the emergence of the idea of kingship and kingdom in Eastern Iran. After the Aryan migration, the Kavī or Eastern Iranian kings, founded the oldest kingdom structure in Eastern Iran, and what is called Kīānied history is the ancient history of Eastern Iranians which is mixed with a legendary tint. In the history of Iran, the foundation and the emergence of the idea of kingship and kingdom during the Median Era in the west of Iran Plateau is much later than the emergence of the kingdom for the Eastern Iranians. Although the Medes and, in general, the Western Iranians, have been influenced by the established Mesopotamian patterns in the founding of the kingship institution, they themselves have had a long tradition of kingship, and the importance of this Iranian background in the emergence of the kingship institution for the Medes and other Western Iranians should not be ignored. In connection with the history of the kingship of the Medes, the problem is that Assyrian sources from the ninth to seventh centuries B.C referred to several big and small castles and realms of certain governors all over the west and north-west of Iran Plateau and revealed that Medians resided in Media and have a tribal life structure, but Greek records referred to Median kingdom as a powerful and well-organized kingdom with developed cultural institutions and administrative organizations.

Due to scarcity of rainwater and water resources, water-related issues have been of great importance in Iran. Alborz and Zagros mountain chains, respectively in the north and the west of Iran, have prevented the central plateau to receive appropriate amounts of rainfall; in other words some regions benefit from higher precipitation amounts and thus permanent rivers, other regions rely solely on groundwater resources. Obviously, the more limited the water resources, the more significant the water management becomes.Therefore, to this end the following questions were posed: Did the governments equally control water recourses in different regions, whether river-based or qanat-based? Or is there a difference in water management, based on the amount of accessible water resources? In case there is a significant difference in water management methods in different regions, what are those differences?  How much control and supervision did the governments of the time, have over water resources management in different regions?This study is a qualitative-analytical one. To conduct this study library data and references were used.The results show that in river-based regions, water was controlled and supervised by the government. However, in regions where qanats were used, the water management system was handled by the qanat owners and the private sectors. Generally, the fewer the amount of accessible water is, the fewer the excess of agricultural production is. As a result, the income gained from those water resource were very low. Due to this, less attention was paid to such regions by the governments, and therefore, the governments were more focused on river-based regions as they could bring more income.

In the late Middle Ages, following socio-economic developments, Europe entered the era of the Industrial Revolution through various stages; Thus, with the passage of the subsistence economy and the formation of commercial capitalism, wealth was accumulated, and with the use of this capital by the middle section of the bourgeoisie in the field of industry and production, Europe entered the industrial age. While in Iran, with the rise of the Safavids to power, the Bazar was reorganized economically and geographically, and with the development of Bazar economic networks, conditions were provided for the formation of a commercial bourgeoisie. But despite the accumulation of capital by Bazar forces, this force, unlike the bourgeoisie in the West, did not become an industrial force and retained its commercial character. Therefore, the question arises that in comparison with the effective role of Bazar forces and the bourgeoisie in the process of industrialization in Europe and the West, what factors prevented Bazar forces in Iran from entering the industrial stage. In this article, the method of historical-comparative sociology has been used as a method. Findings show that the dominance of speculative spirit over Bazar forces and the continuation of this dominance over economic action in Iran made Bazar forces reluctant to invest in industry and production areas.

With the commencement of limited giving state (divani) lands to the militaries as an iqta in the Buyid period and spread and Stabilize of this in the Seljuk period, Made a major changes in the land economy’s structure of Iran’s plateau which remained almost unchanged from arrival of the Islam in Iran until the Seljuk domination. The main problem of this article is to investigate the effects of iqta expansion on the structure of Iran’s land economy and its usual production relations. Also in this article, with the analytical-historical method and using the comparative comparison technique, I have studied the prosperity of agricultural production and the production relations related to it between iqta regions and other areas. I have also compared conditions of the land economy before and after the expansion of this land using system and it have been shown that the expansion of the iqta has caused damage to Iran’s agricultural economy, both in terms of  the growth of  productive forces and changing the most type mode of production relations in the Iran’s plateau land economy from "fixed ownership portion" To the " MOZARIE "and how it led to the more Exploitation of direct productive forces and separation them from the tools of production and the appropriate share of the product. Moreover, the causes of this downward trend in Iran's agricultural economy and the adverse consequences of these changes in production relations after the expansion ofiqta are discussed.

With the development of diplomatic relations between the two governments of Iran and the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century, the presence of Iranians in the holy cities of Iraq also expanded. The Ottoman government did not have a positive attitude towards the presence of Iranians in Iraq. It tried to limit the conditions for the presence of Iranian citizens in Iraq by enforcing some political and social. Law on the Acceptance of Ottoman Citizenship, Prohibition of Iranians Marrying Ottoman Women, and Compulsory Military Service for Iranian-born WomenWere among these goals.The reluctance of Iranian citizens to accept such laws imposed by the Ottoman government, on the one hand, and the strictness of Ottoman officials in enforcing them, on the other, were among the issues that made the situation of Iranian citizens living in Atbat in the nineteenth century difficult. In this research, a descriptive, analytical method based on documents in the archives of the two countries answered the question:1. What was the Ottoman government's approach to enforcing social laws in Iraq? Ottoman government in Iraq thought that the Iranian government was behind the scenes of Shiite political and religious activities in Iraq.There are Shiite political and religious groups in Iraq and the lack of monitoring of Iranian activities there will make the Iranian nation stronger and threaten the Ottoman identity in this part of the territory under their rule. They never had a favorable opinion of the presence of Iranians in the holy cities of Iraq.

One of the most important social developments in Iran is the occurrence of unexpected natural disasters. In the local historical study, due to its comprehensive impact on people's lives, the description of natural disasters is a source of serious criticism, because these events are the starting point of many historical developments Is significant in national, local social, political, and economic transformations.This study aims to investigate the economic and social impact of unexpected events such as famine and starvation, cold, flood, earthquake, infectious diseases on the city of Qom in the Nasserite era and its long-term consequences with descriptive-analytical method and data collection method. Explain in the form of libraries and documents. The research findings show that unfortunate and unexpected natural disasters have a negative effect on population decline and weakening the economic system and people's livelihood and have significant effects on political and social events in later periods.

In 1922, the Caspian Sea, with the consent of the revolutionary Government of the Soviet Union, experienced the commercial presence and shipping of the Weimar Germans who had commenced trade with the Iranian ports in southern coast of the Caspian through the Baltic Sea and the Volga River. Despite the establishment of the regular Hamburg-Caspian-Anzali line and the increased Irano-German trade in a short time, the line was stopped soon (1924). The present study, using historical-analytical methods, examines the impact of political conditions in Europe on the presence and short-term business activity of the Germans in the Caspian Sea. The findings show that in response to political developments in Europe, Soviet Russia had agreed to transit German goods through Russia and the Caspian to Iran. This endeavor, despite success, failed as the Soviet government revised her policy soon. This indicate that Soviet strategy, free from economic gains and losses, did not tolerate the presence and activity of the western countries in the Caspian Sea.

The culture of work and effort in society plays a fundamental role in promoting the dynamism of societies, And the participation of different classes in production is the main factor in the development of economic and social health. Based on this, this subject focuses on the culture of work and effort in ancient Iran until find out; What role did women play in production In Achaemenid times? And in what domains and under what occupations they played a role? And another matter; what was the attitude of the Achaemenid community to the work of women? And what are the benefits and wages of working women to men? So by examining the tablets of Persepolis, and also with the approach to some historical reports and based on describing and analyzing the available documents and records of the achievements of this research is that; women, like men, have been busy with diverse jobs, and because there was no prohibition on the entry of women into a particular profession and the skill and performance of individuals in their work determined their superiority Women In some businesseshad a remarkable number even from men also were better. They were sometimes chaired by the managers of the workshops on a population of men and women. They were sometimes were managers of the workshops as superior on a population of men and women.

A petition includes different problems by which, people are involved in. Since it was impossible to eliminate and solve the problems simply and normally, the petitioners sought the king protection. Thus, either the king himself directly responded, or he obligated the princes, rulers, or other authorities to do so. The objective of this article is to be acquainted with different social problems in Iranian Azerbaijan province during three years of Naser al-din Shah reign, the documents include petitions by Iranian Azerbaijan province residences such cities as Tabriz, Urumieh, Ardabil, Mianaj, Khoy, Khalkhal, Marand, Salmas, Savojbolaq, Jolfa, Saeen Qal’eh, and Maragheh between 1301 – 1303 AH. The research method used in this article is historical (inductive) one, and a descriptive – analytic method was used for compilation and writing of it. Also, compilation of data and information was made as libraryly and documentary. Special attempts were made to describe and analyse the contents of petitions by residents in Iranian Azerbaijan Province during the reign of Nasser al-din Shah Qajar. The study and analysis of the petitions show that lack of formation of administrative institutes, absense of life and financial security caused by domestic rulers, and above all, the Shah consideration and following through the petitions were the main reasons for people to represent their petitions to the modernized, Europe – visited Nasser al-din Shah Qajar.