مجله پژوهشهای محیط زیست
سال دوازدهم شماره 24 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The proper management of the recyclable wastes generated at small and medium size industrial units (SMIUs) through identifying obstacles and designing implementation plans, is the main objective of present paper. No. 2 Urmia Industrial complex was selected as the case study. A total of 9 barriers were identified in the context of the current weak management of recycleable wastes. Applying ISM methodology, barriers B5 (low economic attractiveness for the contractor), B1 (lack of public awareness), B9 (lack of research and development office), and B3 (inappropriate informing), were considered as the key ones. Given the importance of modifying the B5 barrier to improve current management process, two scenarios for collection of mixed or source separate recyclables were defined. Using the LCA approach, the emissions from scenarios 1 and 2 were estimated to be -17.86 and -15.22 MTCE/yr, respectively. The energy consumption rates were about 0.558 and 0.545 MBtu/yr. Furthermore, net sales of processed materials were 819 and 192 million rials (estimated based on 2017 market prices). The results of hierarchical analysis based on three environmental, economic, and technical/social criteria and the relevant sub criteria revealed the importance of the economic criterion in the decision making process. Eventually Scenario 1 was selected with a score of 0.5028 as the preferred option. In this paper, a new approach is proposed for sensitivity analysis. Based on this approach, while the weight of the environmental criterion kept below 0.22, in any weight of economic criterion, scenario 2 will be superior.

Despite the antiquity of drafting environmental laws in Iran, the environmental situation is not favorable based on the goals of the vision and general environmental policies, as evidenced by valid international indicators. This article has pursued two main goals, one of which is to express the most important challenges of environmental policy in Iran in the solution phase and the second is to prioritize the challenges to achieve the first goal by sampling snowballs from senior and middle managers in the field of environment. The three forces, as well as university professors and PhD students in policy (political science) and various fields of environment and management, were selected and questioned using a questionnaire. Finally, 6 major policy challenges were identified, in the second phase since the goal The data were limited in order, the data were arranged in descending order in terms of frequency and items that were agreed upon by at least 50% of the respondents. And with a confidence coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.9 was confirmed. Finally, the final questionnaire was given to 400 experts to choose their orientation. "Special economic and political factors have a lot of influence in providing environmental solutions." With a rating of 5.31, it was more important than the others, which is debatable.

Groundwater is an important part of the ecosystems renewable water. Therefore, reducing groundwater quality is a major threat to agricultural development, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Suitable application of pesticides in agriculture as not to contaminate groundwater, It requires understanding how these pollutants are transferred to groundwater and assessing the vulnerability of groundwater to pesticide contamination. In this regard, in the present study, the vulnerability of groundwater to pesticides in Malayer vineyards, was assessed in three scenarios of vulnerability in normal, unconventional and optimal conditions using three indicators: GUS, RF and AF. For this purpose, 9 pesticide, Diazinon, Malathion, Dursban Or Chlorpyrifos, Confidor Or Imidacloprid, Dimethoate, Linuron, Fenvalerate, Metsulfuron and Propargite Was studied. Also, zoning maps were prepared using kriging method in GIS software. In the first scenario, Koc and conventional t1/2 pesticide values were used. Also, vulnerability in the other two scenarios was assessed as vulnerability in the worst conditions and vulnerability in the best conditions.Then, according to the regional values of different indicators, pesticides ranking was done by combined programming method. Finally, by combining the results, the pesticides were divided into three groups of suitable, intermediate and inappropriate. The results showed that the probability of vulnerability is low in the northern parts of the study area and the southern part has the highest probability of vulnerability. According to the GUS index, most of the area is in the middle class in terms of leaching. Also Fenvalerate, Linuron and Metsulfuron pesticides were evaluated suitable for study area.  Key words: Groundwater vulnerability, GIS, Pesticides ranking, Composite planning, Vineyard gardens

Feeling the sense of security has been considered as one of the important criteria of quality of urban life. The urban environment index is one of the factors that in the present study tried to measure its impact on the sense of security in the urban space. In line with this research, with the aim of spatial analysis of citizens' sense of security in the neighborhoods of Kermanshah; Faizabad, 22 Bahman, Javanshir, Abadani and Maskan, Shariati, Saadi, Aghajan, Chenani, Jafarabad and Elahieh neighborhoods were evaluated. The research method was descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application, and nature of the method. feeling the sense of security as a dependent variable and environmental quality as an independent variable in the form of six indicators of air pollution, noise pollution, waste, green space per capita, sewer condition and the ratio of durable buildings to total buildings and their impact on feeling the sense of security. After collecting the data, using TOPSIS technique, each neighborhood was evaluated in terms of feeling of urban security based on the proposed index. According to the studies, 22 Bahman neighborhood with proportional distribution of green space, less garbage volume, higher percentage of durable buildings, etc. The most affluent neighborhood of Kermanshah and Faizabad neighborhood with turbulent texture, air pollution, unpleasant odor of sewage, garbage volume, Noise pollution and the lowest distribution of green space, the most deprived neighborhood in terms of urban environment index was assessed among the studied neighborhoods. Accordingly, it was concluded that feeling the sense of security in these neighborhoods is directly related to the quality of environmental indicators. The results of this study can help managers and those involved in Kermanshah in increasing urban security by using environmental indicators.

Areas that need continuous monitoring, are protected areas which necessitates the need for ‎environmental impact assesment of development in these areas. For strategic planning and ‎environmental impact assessment of development in the Alvand no-hunting area, the environmental ‎degradation and SWOT-ANP models were used. First, ecological vulnerability in each of ‎the network units was calculated and classified and then using topographic maps, field observations, ‎experts' opinions, and local communities, 13 degradation units were identified in the whole area and ‎its severity Was determined. Finally, using obtained coefficients of degradation, the area was ‎classified into 3 zones, which need protection measures (56.01%), need reconstruction (35.41%), and ‎development potential (8.49%). Despite the potential for grade 1 development, based on local ‎conditions and socio-economic issues, there is no possibility of further development in the area. ‎Then, for strategic planning in the area, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were ‎identified, and then according to opinion of experts, each weighting (ANP) and were compared. ‎The weighting results indicated that internal factors with a total score of 0.631 were selected as ‎main factor in providing protection strategies in the area, and an Aggressive strategy with the ‎highest score (0.340) in the area was selected as optimal strategy. In addition, existing ‎strengths for protection in the area are more than weaknesses, and also opportunities are more than ‎threats, and providing optimal strategies can help improve the protection situation of the area and ‎improve its management. ‎

Many studies have focused on the socio-economic issues of villagers and the causes of their migration. But in most of these studies, the impact of watershed conditions, environmental aspects, and natural factors has been less investigated. This article seeks to examine natural factors along with social, cultural, economic, political, and welfare components to prioritize their impacts on rurality and rural settlement or evasion. The study area was villages of Ghoshkhaneh watershed of Shirvan County, Iran. Sample households were selected and surveyed based on the Cochran formula and through Multistage and Systematic Random Samplings. According to the results, natural, social, economic, and welfare components have significant relationships with rurality. The high impact of natural factors highlights the importance of natural resources on the sustainability of rural communities. According to natural factors, however, a need to rethink or prepare region-based natural resource plans, emphasis on green entrepreneurship approaches the creation of ecological businesses and applying future researches promises to move towards bio-sustainability, especially in rural communities.

Considering the importance of animal waste obtained from livestock industries as the enormous raw substances for energy production, the present study was conducted to assess the biogas production potential from livestock manure in dairy industries of Bushehr province, Iran. Temperature is a critical parameter for anaerobic digestion since it influences both system heat requirements and methane production. So, a furthere objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lowland and highland temperature regimes on the methane production from dairy digesters. Therefore, in this study, obtainable amount of biogas was determined by using data from industrial cattle farms in Bushehr. Then, the amount of the electricity that can be generated from biogas was performed. The findings of this study indicated that biogas potential of 1.97 million m3 year-1 could be produced from livestock manure in dairy industries of Bushehr which could provide an electricity generation of 3.55 million kWh year-1. Methane production under mesophilic temperature conditions could be several times higher than the methane production at psychrophilic and low temperatures. As a result, the highest methane yield was found at temperature of 33.9 °C. Under these condition, methane production potential was found as 2.4 million NL CH4 digester-1. Results showed that anaerobic treatment of manure has the beneficial outcomes of reducing environmental pollution through proper waste management, reduction of unpleasant odors and microbial pathogens with a sustainable production of energy source as biogas.

Qaen City is the administrative and political center of Qaenat County in south Khorasan province. Since the use of land is without consideration of ecological potential in addition to environmental degradation, it will also be diverted from sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the ecological capabilities of the city for its urban development. This research was conducted with the aim of determining suitable locations for urban development in the Qaen City, South Khorasan Province. For this purpose, using multi-criteria decision making methods (MCDM), the weighted linear combination method was chosen due to the possibility of standardization and assigning different weights to the criteria and in geographic information system based on observations of the natural environment (6 criteria), city ecological potential was evaluated within the limits of the city's final privacy. The results indicate that From a total of 225.12 square kilometers, the area of study area, 50.21 square kilometers is suitable for urban development And 7.26 square kilometers of moderate proportion and 1.95 square kilometers have a small proportion of urban development And an area of 165/7 square kilometers was considered inappropriate for the development of the Qaen City, and has no urban development capability.

The present study is a new research in the field of ecosystem services and specifically ecosystem cultural services. Therefore, in this study, the effect of watershed management measures (educational and biological programs) on ecosystem cultural services from the stakeholder’s point of views of dehchenashak sub-watershed and experts is discussed. According to the purpose, 4 criteria including: relationship and durability of local communities, landscape aesthetic and tourist attraction and education were considered in the form of a questionnaire. Also, Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software. The results showed that, the effect of watershed management measures on ecosystem cultural services has not been the same and the greatest effect is related to the criteria of education, landscape aesthetic and tourist attraction, relationship and durability of local communities, respectively. In other words, although all the studied indicators of the criteria have a significant correlation with the implemented measures at the level of 0.01, but the indicators of security, migration into village and aesthetic from the stakeholder’s point of views were not accepted. Also based on prioritization, indicator average the trust to experts (8.01) more than stakeholder knowledge awareness indicator (7.98), respect for the rights of others (7.61), improvement of relations (7.21), tourist attraction (7.07), landscape aesthetic (45.45) 6) correct use of resources (6.32), migration outside village (6.20), conflicts and disputes (5.37), security of local communities (5.28) and migration into village (4.70). In other words, among the mentioned indicators, the highest and lowest impacts are related to the indicator of trust to experts and migration into village, respectively.

The Mohajeran city was built as the first new city in Markazi province, and was built according to the principles of urban planning and architecture. The purpose of this study is a preliminary assessment of the environmental situation of the Mohajeran city. This study was performed using multi-criteria analysis (MCDA) approach, ANP method, Super Decisions software with 8 options, 7 criteria and 18 sub-criteria. Criteria include energy and carbon dioxide, waste and recycling, air quality, noise and light pollution, environmental management, transportation, land and building use (green space), water and wastewater. Evaluation of criteria was done through field visits, receiving information from organizations as well as interviews with the people of the city, distributing online questionnaires, interpreting and comparing satellite images from 2000 to 2020 in the region, determining the emission coefficients of pollutants from natural gas consumption according to EPA. The results of the evaluation of criteria by ANP method shows that the weight of land and building land use criteria (0.22) and wastewater (0.18) is more than the other 5 criteria. The per capita weight of green space (0.25) and access to the sewerage network (0.15) is more than other sub-criteria. Area 2 with a weight of (0.162) is the greenest and Area 4 with a weight of (0.079) is the greenest compared to other areas of the city.

The importance of sustainable environmental development in the process of urban development and the optimal and correct use of physical capacity in different urban areas, especially in neighborhoods to achieve urban management is very important. Therefore, in order to evaluate the efficiency of network analysis process (ANP) and fuzzy Delphi method in feasibility and explaining the physical capacity of sustainable urban environmental development, this research was conducted in Mazandaran province, Sari city. Also, after extracting the effective factors in feasibility and explaining the physical capacity of sustainable urban environmental development from studies in this field, it was screened and approved by experts using the fuzzy Delphi method. Then, using the exploratory factor analysis method in the form of indicators and sub-indices, classification and screening was performed and then the created model was approved using factor analysis. In this study, the opinions of 146 experts and specialists in this field were used in the process of exploratory factor analysis. Then, using the network analysis process method and with the focus on the opinion of experts, the indicators and sub-indices were weighed and using the DEMATEL technique, the effect and influence of factors on each other as well as the relationships between them were calculated. The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship and positive correlation between the sustainability of urban neighborhoods and the quality of urban environment and a significant relationship and negative correlation between the sustainability of urban neighborhoods and the age of neighborhoods in the process of urban development.

River sediments are one of great importance adsorbent of the metallic contaminants. Globally, aquatic ecosystems are highly polluted with heavy metals arising from anthropogenic and terrigenous sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the geochemical pollution of metal contaminations in stream sediments and it,s possible sources of in Pole-rud in easthern of Guilan province pollutants. Collected stream sediments were analysed for heavy metal concentration with ICP method. The degree of pollution in Pole-rud stream sediments for lead, Nickel, zinc, Cobalt, chromium, titanium and vanadium was assessed using geoaccumulation (Igeo) index and contamination factor (CF). The results indicated that: (1) the calculation of geo-accumulation index suggest that Pole-rud stream sediments have relatively high polluted index for lead element and moderately polluted for Cobalt and chromium; (2) contamination factor for lead and aluminum are very high contamination, for, Cobalt, chromium, titanium and vanadium are moderate contamination and for zinc is low contamination; (3) the sediments have been polluted with lead and aluminum have high anthropogenic influences; (4) Cobalt and chromium elements indicate terrigenous sources.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sewage discharge from the industrial town on apple orchards in the Ayneh Varzan area of Damavand. The wells water of the region was sampled monthly in two seasons of summer and autumn 2018 and a total of 36 water samples were taken. For apple sampling, ,10 stations in the region were considered and 30 apple samples were harvested. To prepare apple samples, after drying, digestion was performed using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a ratio of 3:1 and 80 ° C. The concentrations of heavy metals lead, cadmium and chromium in solutions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The total mean concentrations of metals in all water samples in the region were lead, cadmium and chromium respectively, 1.609, 1.290 and 2.768 mg / l. Results show chromium and cadmium, higher and Lead is lower than irrigation water standard of Iran. The mean of lead, cadmium and chromium in apple samples were 0.192, 0.261 and 0.156 μg / g, respectively. The average concentration of chromium and cadmium were higher than national standard of Iran. Cadmium concentration in samples obtained more than standard of the World Health Organization. To assess the risk of apple consumption, DI (daily metal uptake) and risk index (HQ) were calculated. The HQ risk index for lead, cadmium, chromium was 0.9914, 0.9990 and 1.009, respectively.

Assessing the effect of sand and gravel harvesting on groundwater resources is of great importance due to being situated of underground aquifers below the surface of mines and sand production factories. The main objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the pollution of the groundwater caused by the extraction of sand and gravel in sedimented pools located in the mines of Shahriar and Qods cities. Our research indicated that so far no study has been carried out on groundwater contamination caused by the extraction as well as washing of sand and gravel. The present study was conducted in three phases: data preparation, creation of a continuous map of groundwater contamination by Simple Kriging method, and the detection of relationships and spatial correlations between qualitative parameters and gravel mines. The results indicated that levels of bicarbonate, carbonate, nitrate, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, and acidity pollution parameters of groundwater are desirable, whereas the amount of sulfate, electrical conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of groundwater in the study area are higher than the standard level. The values obtained from the spatial correlation between the distance from the sand and gravel harvesting region and sulfate, electrical conductivity, as well as TDS were -0.53, -0.56, and -0.66, respectively. These values demonstrate the high correlation between these three parameters and the extraction of sand and gravel.

The presence of excessive concentrations of metals like cadmium, chromium, cobalt, mercury, lead, zinc and arsenic, inside the human or animal body is very dangerous as they are non-biodegradable in nature and have long biological half-lives and can accumulate in different parts of the body. Therefore, the removal of these heavy metals from water and sewage sludge is an important problem. Adsorption process is considered as one of the most effective processes for the removal of heavy metals. Different materials are used as adsorbents. The choice of inexpensive and efficient adsorbent in the process of removing pollutants is the most important factor in the absorption method. In this study, capacity of the coal mining waste as natural and modified by NaOH for remove of cadmium contaminant element was investigated. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were performed to calculate the capacity and rate of Cd sorption by this compound. Results showed the adsorption efficiency is higher in coal slag modified by NaOH 2N compared to NaOH 1N. The kinetic results showed that 80 percent of cadmium was quickly sorbed as the equilibrium time was reached within approximately 60 minutes. Overall, the modification and change in the structure of coal slag could lead to increase the ability of removal and sorption of Cd from aqueous solutions.

In recent decades, the potential danger of heavy metals in effluents and the entry of water into surface and groundwater resources have been increasingly being considered by the international community. The aim of this study is to provide an indirect method for estimating the efficiency of absorption of rubber chips filter for heavy metals lead, zinc and manganese from industrial effluents. Column adsorption test in a pilot system was conducted as a factorial experiment with three factors based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Three factors were studied including particle size (0.5 and 5 cm), filter thickness (10, 30 and 50 cm) and sorbent contact time with solution. The adsorption of the elements was modeled using 6 models of linear regression, regression tree, artificial neural network, random forest, cubist and support vector machine, based on the Field absorption experiments data. The results showed random forest models, artificial neural network, regression tree and cubist had acceptable performance for predicting adsorption efficiency in all three elements. However, according to the R2 coefficient and RMSE, random forest and artificial neural network showed more satisfactory performance than regression tree and cubist model. Evaluation of the importance showed the high importance of the parameter of adsorbent contact time with the metal solution in all machine learning models. The accurate predicted ability of developed models could significantly reduce field experiment workload such as predicting the removal efficiency of rubber chips. The relative importance of variables could provide a right direction for better treatments of heavy metals.

Various methods are suggested for the removal and detection of heavy metals in the environment, most of which require a lot of time and money. Therefore, phytoremediation is a method that requires less time and money than other methods to remove heavy metals from the environment. In the present study, the image processing technique by smart mobile phone was used to determine the contamination of pennyroyal hyper accumulator plants by three heavy metals lead, nickel, and cadmium. Thirty plants were planted in thirty pots in perlite. For 28 days, these plants were photographed by mobile phones, both inside the box and contact imaging. Matlab R2017b software environment was used for image processing and artificial neural network operations. To determine the structure of artificial neural network, 12 neurons (Includes red, green and blue of RGB color space, hue, saturation and brightness of HSB color space, luminosity, blue Chroma and red Chroma of YCbCr color space and bright, red/green and bright yellow/blue L*a*b* color space) neurons as input layer and 4 neurons for output layer once (includes lead, nickel, cadmium, and control) again 2 neurons (containing heavy metal and control) in the output layer, both box and contact images were considered and the best network structure was identified.

Green mining is a set of scientific and technical methods to reduce the harmful environmental effects of mining in different stages of exploration, extraction، processing, and exploitation and inactive mine. The main purpose of this research was to design a green mining management model by determining of the indicators affecting green mining. The research is basic and applied type. We used the questionnaire form to get expert comments about green mining indicators. DEMATEL and DPSIR methods were used to evaluate these data. Based on the data, 11 indicators are affecting green mining. The results show that the economic growth index and the minining environmental database index are the main indicators of a green mining model. The indexs of environmental regulations, globalization and acting to environmental conventions are the weak indicators of a green mining model. Environmental knowledge of organization, companies and employee index, role of mine owner's index and role of NGO Index are relatively independent indicators from each other's and with low impact. The index of continuous environmental evaluation and the index of application of modern technology in green minning are independent indicators and do not have effect on other indicators.

The purpose of this study is to investigate The Threshold Effect of Economic Growth on the Relationship between Energy Consumption and environment Pollution in D8 Countries during the period 1990-2015. The panel smooth transition regression model (PSTR) is used for this purpose that is well proper for heterogeneous panel data. The Economic Growth used as the transition variable. The results show that there is a non-linear relationship between the explanatory variables and the dependent variable and relationship between energy consumption, population, Industry value added and co2 emissions indirectly is affected by Economic Growth. Estimated threshold value of transition variable is equal 8.3418 and the slope parameter is equal 21.4942 that contain only one transition function and only one threshold value. In the first regime, Energy consumption, population and Industry value added have a positive impact on co2 emissions. In the second regime that the amount of Economic Growth is greater than threshold value, positive impact of population on dependent variable has been intensified. In this regime the effect of Energy consumption and Industry value added on co2 emissions is positive but its impact is less than before.

Economic valuation of environmental, agricultural and social impacts is one of the tools of ecosystem management aimed at achieving sustainable development, emphasizing the need for its use in large construction projects. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the environmental, agricultural and social effects of Kermanshah Railway in terms of stated preferences. 200 questionnaires were distributed and completed among the inhabitants of the adjacent areas of the railway in different seasons of the year 2017. The results of the conditional logit model showed that the amount of damage caused by railway for each of the environmental (habitat characteristics and vegetation and climate), agricultural (land use) and social (vibration and noise) characteristics of the order is 79250, 60430 and 12370 Rials per person per year, respectively. Also, the highest willingness to pay for the sub-sectors was obtained for compensation of 224800 Rials for land use specificity and then 46000 Rials per year for social property per household. Finally, the total value of the damages caused by the railroad was 29685 million Rials. According to the results of the current study, people's desire for environmental protection is higher than other sectors. Which illustrates the importance of the environmental sector from the people's point of view. Finally, according to the results of the present study, it is recommended to pay attention to various social, environmental and agricultural sectors before carrying out construction projects such as railways to prevent their adverse effects.

Increasing carbon storage in forests is the goal of sustainable management, in recent years, it has been recognized as one of the important tools in mitigating the impact of climate change. Carbon trading is one of the market-based tools as a cost-effective and convenient way to climate change and environmental issues. The aim of this study is to determine the economic value of carbon in poplar plantation. Carbon content was measured in the plantation of Populus deltoides and adjusted carbon price was determined using the non-stationary regression model. Net present value of carbon was calculated and finally sensitivity analysis of price and carbon interest rate were performed. Results show the plantation stock was 180.2 m3/ha (57.6 t/ha) and carbon content was 32.2 t/ha at age 36 years. Net Present Value calculated at different ages and the sensitivity analysis showed that the net present value increased with increasing price and interest rate.

Import substitution strategy is one of the policies proposed for the resistance economy. In the current situation where the sanctions are imposed from outside of the economy, import substitution strategy and specially, the final import substitution policy is inevitable. The growth of economic activities in the final import substitution process to achieve the goals of the resistance economy could leads to increased emissions of air pollutants and adverse environmental effects. Hence, in this study, environmental issues, along with economic goals have been explored in the final import substitution policy to be able to provide appropriate solutions that meet both environmental standards and important categories of the economy.To achieve this goal, modified environmental input- output models have been used to estimate the value added, employment and emissions of pollutants in seventeen economically active sectors in the field of final import substitution. In order to generalize the common data- output model to environmental issues, an interactive model with the creation of the fourth additional block has been used to include the environmental output. Economic information is extracted from the usual input- output tables and reports of the Ministry of Industry. information related to the environmental sector is provided by the energy balance sheet. Finally, The Leontief Production Function is used to examine the various effects of the development of final import substitution based on data- output analysis. This function is written according to the macro accounting model of growth resources. By quantitative explanation of the exchanges between economic and environmental goals, we can divide the sectors into four groups (low economic potential and high pollutants, low economic potential and low pollutants, high economic potential and high pollutants, high economic potential and low pollutants).According to the findings of the study, the development of final import substitution policy is strongly recommended in high economic potential and low pollutants of the economy (Pharmaceutical and health products, textile products, wood and paper, food and beverage products), because final import substitution policy could help to strengthen the internal relationship of these sectors with other industries in the country and growth indigenousness and indirectly reduce the emission of pollutants. This issue is more important in pharmaceutical and health, food and beverage products, due to the strong outsourcing economic relationship and the weak environmental relationship with other sectors. Because at the same time it creates the most added value and indirect employment and also the least indirect environmental damage occurs.

Due to the importance of ecological indicators in assessing environmental hazards, in this study, the ecological footprint index and biological capacity on Iran's economic growth in the framework of production function were investigated. Based on the results of variables stationary, the long and short run relationships between variables were investigated by applying Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The results of causality tests indicate that there is a significant causal relationship from capital, labor force, energy consumption, ecological footprint and biological capacity variables to economic growth. The results also shoe that the ecological footprint index, despite the negative impact on economic growth, was not statistically significant. The empirical results also indicate that capital, energy consumption, and biological capacity have a significant and positive effect on economic growth in long run. Therefore, it is suggested that the country's production and trade policies be formulated in such a way that while preserving the biological capacity as much as possible, by limiting the import of goods that destroy domestic biological capacity, help to strengthen the biological capacity as much as possible.