فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 71 (زمستان 1400)

Neighborhoods are the vital nuclei of the city, so the dynamism of any city depends on the nature of the neighborhoods, their material and spiritual capacities, and their variability. Typically, neighborhood transformations are influenced by two categories of internal and external factors. One of the problems that neighborhoods face in most cities of the world today is the change of functions and land uses under the influence of external factors or shocks that enter them outside the neighborhoods and bring about new changes in them. The main purpose of this study is to explain the physical-spatial changes of neighborhoods in transition in the sixth metropolitan area of Tehran.

The present study is of applied type and in terms of method, has been one of the cognitive-analytical researches. The data collection method is a combination of quantitative and qualitative data and information. The most important components of quantitative data are the results of general population and housing censuses and other thematic data of the Statistics Center of Iran, as well as surveys and data collected by other relevant institutions, including the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Tehran Municipality and District 6, Tehran Center for Studies and Planning, Tehran Governorate. will be. In addition, the researcher's query data collection tool has been another source of empirical data from competent experts and thinkers. To analyze the data, research on the techniques of description and statistical analysis of population standard deviation, spatial mean changes, general statistics, covariance analysis, etc. to analyze the spatial distribution of the population and "Copras method and analysis of variance" to analyze the factors affecting Land use change in the area and Technis TOPSIS have been used to rank the extracted criteria.

In the present study, the physical-spatial changes of the neighborhoods in transition in the sixth metropolitan area of ​​Tehran have been explained. Due to the importance of the location of neighborhoods in Tehran, land use changes under the influence of external factors will create new changes in them. These changes in the neighborhoods of District 6 of Tehran metropolis have been more than residential to office-commercial use. This has had a negative effect on population growth / decline, declining density, declining household size and declining sex ratio. In addition, it has now led to economic activity in the northern regions of the region. The present study is related to the physical-spatial evolution of neighborhoods in foreign studies close to the research of Edo Robert Igbenta (2009). The results of this study show that the sudden change in the use of residential land to commercial use in the city of Enogo, maximizes the desired land yield. In addition to the aforementioned researcher, the present dissertation can be close to the research of Stewart Rosenthal and Stephen Ross (2014). They have studied the economic situation of neighborhoods and cities, the economic situation at the neighborhood and city level in general, and believe that, although many spatial situations show strong economic stability, but the change in the economic situation in Neighborhood level does not necessarily mean sustainability in the urban economy, and ignoring the various necessary functions in the dynamics of urban neighborhoods and focusing solely on their economic status leads to the gradual collapse of housing, transportation infrastructure, and unplanned strengthening of population overflows.

In the framework of ecological theory and political economy, statistical models of directional or elliptical distribution of standard deviation and population mean changes, population covariance analysis, Coopers technique, study of urban land use changes in region six and TOPSIS technique have been used. The results show: 1- The population of many central areas of Tehran, especially the sixth district, has been associated with population decline during the last four decades, and this has an effect on reducing / negative population growth rate, reducing density, reducing household size and reducing sex ratio. 2- The study of the situation of the main uses of the city, District Six, has shown a decrease in the area and share of residential uses, as well as an increase in the share of commercial-office uses. 3- Analysis of the distribution and density of the population during 1996, 2006 and 2016 shows that this distribution in 1996 was relatively balanced and without strong spatial clusters, but in the last two decades the trend of population clustering has been formed during 2006 and 2016. 4- The results of TOPSIS technique findings with emphasis on physical, economic, social, demographic, environmental, managerial criteria, laws and policy-making, and communications and accesses show that one of the evaluated criteria is the extent to which economic characteristics affect land use changes from residential to commercial. With a score of (0.967), it has taken the first place.

Rich energy resources and transit through Russia in Commonwealth of Independent States have attracted the attention of regional and supra-regional power and it created tensions. Thus, the attempt to integrate the geo-economic space and integrate it with geopolitical games is interesting for Russian strategists in order to change the situation in favor of their policies. Considering the volume of energy reserves  of  Commonwealth of Independent States, Russia’s transit line will be extensive and the influence of Russian oil and gas companies on Commonwealth of Independent States is obvious through energy geo-economic strategy while ensuring mutual political economic security. There is a common interests between them, Of course, this issue is a geostrategic and geopolitical importance for Russia’s issue because Russia will achieve its goals, which are the expansion of economic and political hegemony, through oil and gas energy tools It forms a subset of geo-economic thinking.

The research method of this article is analytical-descriptive. The information was collected and translated using valid scientific- specialized articles from academic and research sites, also the concept of geo-economic thinking, the role of oil and gas energy and routes are explained. Transit in this region is assessed, according Russian’s  maintenance and monitoring the region in global level. Monitoring and intervention through geo-economic considerations are discussed too.

Competition over the control and supervision of oil and gas extraction centers and transition lines are an important factor for the hegemony of energy-owning countries. Meanwhile, rivalries and conflicts between Russia and foreign countries, especially those with oil and Gas energy reserves, over capacity building for investment and maximizing national-commercial interests have led to geopolitical conflicts by trans-regional countries and it caused the creation of new structures to improve infrastructure. It will affect trades and the movement of goods and services, as foreign countries in which do not have close access to ports and open waters, this will pave the way for new opportunities for Russia to remove such barriers.

Russia’s approach to foreign countries is nothing more than a fundamental change in its economy ,and it efforts to resolve local-regional problems and  conflicts. In this regard can involve the broad  participation of these countries. Russia and foreign countries are close to each other in economic-trade matters, and membership in alliances such as the shanghai cooperation Organization which has largely allayed Russia’s concerns about foreign influence, but the influence of the United States and its allies in the region couldn’t be ignored. However, it creates a security vacuum that could challenge Russia’s geo-economic goals.

Urban population, urbanization growth, Reduce green spaces, High fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and Use of inappropriate materials They have created a heat island over the cities That cause the city's air several degrees Celsius warmer surroundings.Nowadays, science has proven that there has been a lot of climate change throughout the life of the planet Earth, and many indicators show that human intervention in nature is accelerating natural processes. Humans have been known to be involved in the occurrence of many natural disasters including global warming, sea-level rise, forest destruction, ozone depletion, acid rain, and biodiversity decline. Population growth, urbanization, green space decrease, fossil fuels overuse, greenhouse gas emission, and the use of inappropriate building materials have caused the emergence of thermal island microclimates over cities which make cities warmer than their vicinities (villages) by several centigrade degrees.

This phenomenon is influenced by several factors such as city location, city size and population, urban density, urban geometry, thermal properties of urban surfaces, waterproof surfaces, human-caused heat and air pollution. Some of these factors require long-term urban planning, but others such as using appropriate building materials can be considered as an early yielding decrease strategy to mitigate the destructive effects of heat islands. Therefore, this paper, after identifying the factors affecting the creation of heat islands and introducing the decrease strategies, tries to examine parameters such as mean radiant temperature and air temperature in three high albedo (0.8), medium albedo (0.5) and low albedo (0.3). In this regard, by choosing Poonak street in Qazvin, which has a variety of building materials, and by studying through Envi_met simulation software.

Materials used in urban environments absorb and accumulate solar and infrared rays and transmit them to the atmosphere, so materials play an important role in reducing the reception, storage of heat, and its transfer to the urban environment.
 The findings show that, it was concluded that changes in the amount of ambient radiant and temperature power can have a significant effect on the mean radiant temperature and consequently on outdoor thermal comfort. The results show that although cool materials with high albedo are suitable for roadbeds and roofs, but high albedo materials in the façade, due to their high reflectivity, bring lower thermal comfort and warmer environments in cities. In cities with heat islands, cool materials can warm the environment, but in cities with no heat islands, use of high albedo materials reduces indoor energy consumption in summer.

The results indicate that in order to reduce the mean radiant temperature (the most important factor of thermal comfort), direct and indirect radiant flux values must be controlled. Therefore, with the decrease in the amount of albedo in the facade materials, the radiant flux of the environment decreases leading to a simultaneous decrease in air temperature and the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). Materials with albedo have the highest reflectivity, as a result of which the materials remain cold and heat is not transferred to the interior; however high albedo is not suitable for facade materials in cities that have a heat island, because it causes an increase in ambient temperature. The solution is to use materials with low albedo; thus, the ambient temperature does not increase and because the heat from the materials to the interior is not transferred. Use suitable thermal insulation in the wall so that the heat absorbed by the materials is not transferred to the interior.

In the world, the Middle East undoubtedly has the most hydropolitical issues, because one of the most important sources of water supply in this arid region is the permanent international rivers. Therefore, in this region, relations between countries on access to water resources are significantly related to economic and political relations. On this basis, Iran is one of the constituent and important countries of the Middle East region, which has common border rivers with its neighbors in four geographical locations. Nearly 22% (1918 km) of the country's common border 26 They form small and large rivers. (The total borders of the country are about 8755 km, of which 2700 km are sea and 4137 km are land). The largest river border is related to Aras river with a length of 475 km and the smallest river border is related to Diraj river with a length of only 2.5 km and is part of the common border between Iran and Iraq. The only navigable border river of Iran is Arvand River with a length of 86 km with Iraq. These rivers, especially the rivers entering the country, have created tensions today, which are expected to turn into raisins and wars in the not-too-distant future, and relations between existing countries. It will disturb the region, in which case it will have many security consequences for the geographical space of the country. Thus, the resulting trends, especially the environmental crisis formed by water scarcity in the border areas, will leave many security-disciplinary consequences, the results of which are especially important to know with a futuristic view to design strategies. Accordingly, the question that arises in the present study is how Iran can resolve the challenge of its border rivers and what are the security-disciplinary consequences of the challenge of Iran's border rivers?

Qualitative research includes a set of material-interpretive practices that make the world visible. Therefore, in accordance with the qualitative strategy, the "descriptive-analytical" research method has been used to conduct the research. It is worth mentioning that the present research is applied in terms of purpose. In this regard, in this research, in addition to illustrating what exists in the field of hydrodiplomacy and its performance in border river issues, it is also explained and explained its concept. In this article, library information, websites and first-hand sources have been used to collect and record it. The scope of this article is the border rivers of Iran, which with a systemic approach and based on hydrodiplomacy, seeks to provide scenarios and solutions to solve the water crisis of border rivers and reduce water challenges to facilitate NAJA missions.

About 22% of the common border of Iran is made up of 26 small and large rivers. Hence, the issue of water from a geopolitical perspective has not yet been considered in decision-making by Iranian decision-makers. Although today the issue of water crisis is one of the topics that has been discussed and there is not a day that is not discussed about various issues and aspects, its effects and consequences of wetland drying and improper consumption and management strategies inside, with However, the role of water from a regional and international perspective at the level of macro-diplomacy decisions has been small or overshadowed by other issues, including political and security considerations, has been of lower importance. From an international perspective, Iran is located in a region where the issue of water is of paramount importance along with the issue of energy. Only by looking at the hydropolitical conditions of the region (as a section of the geopolitical system) at the scale of neighboring countries, it can be seen that Iran is important not only in terms of political geography; But also the political conditions related to water and water interactions in the region have made Iran have unique characteristics from this perspective. Failure to pay attention to it can lead to irreparable damage. For example, despite past good cooperation between neighboring countries in the northwest of the country in the exploitation of the common Aras River, which originates from Turkey and is shared jointly between Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia, due to the complexity Our political relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia and the activities of Turkey in the source, the existing stability can be shaken and the scope of this instability may extend to Iran as well. Thus, although the degree of dependence of water with foreign origin is between 7 to 8%, and this rate is not significant in the national dimension, but it is very important and sensitive in the regional dimension. For example, the dependence coefficient of Sistan to Helmand is almost 100%, Moghan region near Aras river is close to 80% and Sarakhs region is close to 90%. This dependence across political borders has led to the role of border waters in political relations between Iran and its neighbors. Because one of the main indicators of vulnerability to water shortage in a country is the degree of dependence on inflows across borders. Thus, the placement of water in the field of national security issues comes close to reality when a country is heavily dependent on rivers or streams that originate outside its territorial space to provide the water it needs. In the meantime, the historical and geohistorical records governing international rivers, as well as numerous agreements and many conflicts, have led to the hydropolitical formation of Iran's international rivers. Accordingly, in Iran, the main border rivers that are the cause of regional conflicts at different levels are: (Helmand, Harirod, Aras and Arvand River), of which the two rivers Helmand and Harirod, the most important rivers The entrances are in the east of the country, where part of the Iran-Afghanistan border is located on those two rivers.

Hydro-diplomacy has a great impact, especially in the integrated management of border waters, which in the current situation as a new tool with the help of the foreign policy apparatus to solve water crises and challenges, the results of which are "cooperation, convergence." "Interaction is the development of world water-based peace and humanism." Accordingly, a futuristic outline in order to create the desired conditions requires a review of our attitudes to water issues as an important issue, and with a realistic systemic approach, we can use hydrodiplomacy and negotiation management. With neighboring countries, the country achieved desirable and worthy results in the next decade. Because a futuristic systemic approach puts the medium and long-term perspective on its agenda, and by depicting scenarios using the institutional capacities of hydrodiplomacy to acquire and exploit water resources in neighboring countries, می‌آید. Therefore, in the present era, it is not a secret that Iran is in the midst of a water crisis in the current situation, and in the same way, it is heading towards the trans-crisis, which can be used by using the capacity of hydro-diplomacy to realize the country's water rights. Took effective steps for peaceful coexistence, and on the other hand, controlled and managed the predicted water-based tensions and conflicts, and then proceeded to peacefully allocate appropriate border waters. Therefore, in order to solve the country's water crisis, Iranian policymakers and politicians must put a future-oriented approach based on hydro-diplomacy on their agenda so that they can achieve the desired conditions in terms of access and supply of water resources in the next decade.

The extraction of minerals presents both opportunities and challenges for human well-being and social life. Research has extensively explored the challenges faced by communities trying to maintain a healthy and prosperous social life around a mine. Creating the infrastructure to properly direct capital and resources to generate wealth and added value is one of the major responsibilities of policymakers in any country, including Iran, which is impossible without a thorough analysis of the potential of the various regions. Studying the role of industries (mining) in improving the livelihoods of rural households in Azadshahr County is the focus of this study.

It is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in its goals. Information was collected by two methods library and field (researcher-made questionnaire). Azadshahr mine employees in Golestan province with 400 heads of households are included in the statistical population. 196 people were selected according to Cochran's formula as the greater caution sample size of 200 people. The questionnaire was filled out using a 5-point Likert scale (very low, low, medium, high, very high) in human, social, physical, natural and financial dimensions. Based on the approval of experts and professors in the field of rural geography, the content validity of the questionnaires was verified. Based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient, reliability was calculated for human capital 0/894, financial capital 0/813, natural capital 0/813, social capital 0/868, and physical capital 0/856. The collected data was analyzed with Friedman, Chi-square, Phi Cramer, and Spearman correlation coefficients within the SPSS software environment. The map was created with ArcGIS software.

At 99% confidence level, there is a link between industrial (mining) businesses and increasing the sustainable livelihood capital of rural households, and employment in this type of business has greater effects on economic, social, physical and human capital, but their effects on natural capital are much weaker. In human capital, the variable characterized by the highest average rank was the presence of skilled and semi-skilled manpower, while the variable characterized by the lowest average rank was the inventive and creative class. This type of business was rated highest for its effectiveness in reducing unemployment among villagers. The lowest score was given for its opportunities to engage women. The highest average rating was given to reducing conflicts between residents, while the lowest average rating was given to access to information and communication technology. Based on the average rating, physical capital was rated highest for its contribution to improving housing conditions of villagers and lowest for its contributions to building religious structures. Land deformation received the highest average rating in natural capital, while the impact of this activity on environmental protection received the lowest. A Spearman correlation coefficient was used to demonstrate the relationship between mine income and subsistence capital. The coefficient has a significant relationship according to the level of significance. It is true that there is a significant relationship between employment in the mine and earning income, but this relationship is moderate. The chi-square values for subsistence capital show a significant difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies when the significance level is lower than 0.01, meaning that the difference between these two ratios is statistically significant. The phi Cramer test indicates a relationship between monthly income and economic capital variables. Considering that the correlation between monthly income and variables is high for most variables and is significant at a level lower than 0.01, it is possible to conclude that there is a strong relationship between the two.

Iran's mining and mineral industries are considered to be its most important economic sectors. As a result, the growth and development of this sector has been able to promote and improve the sustainable livelihood of rural households by increasing economic activity, employment, and income. It is perhaps the most serious impact of coal mining on the environment that there are environmental changes, land erosion, vegetation changes, soil degradation, and land deformation. It is often overlooked how mining affects the quality of life of local communities, as most of the benefits go to the mining industry and its workforce, thereby excluding the rest of the population. Additionally, the villages have been able to benefit from the mines through the employment of workers. It is expected that developing the skills of local uneducated communities will increase livelihood opportunities, especially for residents of rural mining areas. The development and expansion of mining activities will reduce transportation costs and, when combined with the development of conversion-related and complementary industries near the mines, will create jobs and attract rural labor, as well as increase the sustainability of rural livelihoods and population retention in rural areas.

Many methods have been developed to identify phenological events based on remote sensing data. Most methods for detecting phenological events involve two basic steps; (1) Generate time series from satellite data (2) Use time series to determine phenological events based on relational sets. The first step involves building the time series of each indicator based on remote sensing data and smoothing the data to reduce noise and produce a smoother time series. But this time series is affected by clouds, humidity, and weather, disrupting the signals received by satellite sensors. Many time series reconstruction methods have been used to reconstruct disturbed satellite signals. Recently, widely used methods such as Savitsky-Goli filter (S-G), least squares for Gaussian asymmetric functions (AG), and Double logistics (DL) functions have been used. In previous studies, many researchers have concluded that the performance of smoothing methods in estimating plant phenology, spatially and temporally, due to bias and random errors due to clouds and plant type and physical conditions of the environment, no single method of performance Does not display superior. The purpose of this study is to evaluate three time series smoothing methods, using statistical criteria and phenological parameters extracted from the NDVI Index obtained from Landsat 8 satellite images.

In this study, phenological parameters of the start of season (SOS) and end of season (EOS) for rapeseed vegetation growing season in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Farokhshhar region obtained from observational data and NDVI index of Landsat 8 satellite images in the period 2018-2016 were used. To smooth the data and extract the phenological parameters of the beginning of the season and the end of the season of satellite images, Savitsky-Goli filter, least squares for Gaussian asymmetric functions (AG) and double logistic functions (DL) in TIMESAT software were used. In all methods, the adaptation to upper envelope with the raw NDVI time series was used to reduce bias. In the Savitsky-Goli method, in addition to adapting upper envelope, the window size parameter (r) was also used. Pearson correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to compare the output of time series of smoothing functions and raw time series of NDVI.

Statistical evaluation of smoothed time series
Statistical analysis of the output of smoothing functions showed that the time series produced by the S-G model compared to the raw time series of the NDVI index had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE = 0.342) and the highest correlation (r = 0.98) belong to S-G model. The advantage of DL and AG models is that the difference between the mean correlation coefficient for all performances and the correlation coefficient for the best execution is small and it can be inferred that the software parameter settings have little effect on the outputs of these models. After plotting the smoothed time series curves, the results showed that the use of smoothing models effectively eliminated noise and disturbed the raw time series of the NDVI index, and reconstructed smoother and softer time series. The results also showed that time series that have a higher correlation coefficient show more details and changes within the inter-seasonal, such as the recession stage (dormancy). Evaluation of smoothed time series in estimating phenological parameters The results showed that in estimating the start and end of the season (SOS / EOS), the output of DL model is more accurate than the output of S-G and AG models. Compared to observational data, the output of all models has a time delay in estimating the EOS. Overall, the DL model performed better in estimating the SOS and EOS phenology parameter with 1 and 9 day difference with observational data respectively.In this study, we showed to what extent the time series of the three smoothing methods SG, AG and DL in the reconstruction of the raw time series of the NDVI from the Landsat 8 and estimating the phenological parameters of the start and end of the season are accurate. The results of this study showed that the adaptive S-G model is more robust for reconstructing raw time series than AG and DL functions, and this is due to the sensitivity of this model to small changes in the NDVI time series. The AG and DL functions tend to eliminate noise at the peaks and bottoms of the time series. The results also showed that the time series with the highest correlation coefficient (r) are more suitable for reconstructing the raw time series of the NDVI index compared to the time series that produced the smallest RMSE. The DL model performed better in estimating the SOS and EOS phenology parameter. In SOS estimation, the S-G model performs worse than the AG and DL functions. The efficiency of any smoothing method depends on the choice of parameters. For example, the use of adaptation upper envelope generally improves the results. AG and DL fitting function methods are the preferred option for smoothing low quality data (eg high noise and high data loss) due to less sensitivity to regulatory parameters. The AG and DL fitting functions are limited when giving inter-seasonal details of the time series curve. Numerous factors such as vegetation index selection, satellite sensor data and vegetation type are affected in evaluating time series and estimating phenological parameters. However, the results of this study are valid for the data and the location under study, and the results may vary with other data or under other circumstances.

This study showed that the statistical criterion of Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is superior to the root mean square error (RMSE) and the S-G model is superior to the AG and DL models for reconstruction of time series and the DL function show the best performance for estimating SOS and EOS phenological parameters.

Cirques have long been used as a direct indicator of the extent and nature of old glaciers, so they are an indicator of past climates. The heights of Kerman province with high altitude and snow cover as a cold-humidity center in Central Iran, has glacial landforms such as cirques, valleys and glacial sediments. Among these landforms, cirques play a very important role in supplying water to large parts of the region by storing snow and ice. Morphometric and geoalometric analysis of glacial cirques in the region can reveal environmental changes and climate fluctuations during the Late Quaternary period.

A total of 884 glacial cirques were identified in the area and plotted on a graded map in two linear and polygonal formats. By fitting the power models to the longitudinal profile of the cirque works, the coefficients and statistical parameters of the circuses in the region were extracted. cirque classification operations were based on the methods of Wilburg and Rudberg, Evans and Cox. For the morphometry of these cirques, parameters such as (L), (W), (H), (L / W), (L / H), (W / H) and the size of the cirque are used and its morphometric characteristics.

 To accurately identify the location of glacial cirques, the study area is divided into 81 sub-glacial basins. Of these, 19 sub-basins are located in Jupar heights, 12 sub-basins in Khyber heights, 16 sub-basins in Jabal Barez heights, 15 sub-basins in Plovar heights and 19 sub-basins in Bidkhan, Hezar and Lalehzar heights. At altitudes above 3,000 meters below the glacial basins, 884 glacial cirques in the area were identified, classified, and drawn on a map in two linear and polygonal formats. There are 133 glaciers in Bidkhan heights, 231 in Lalehzar heights, 262 in Hezar heights, 91 in Jopar heights, 66 in Pluvar heights, 85 in Jabal Barez heights, and 16 glaciers in Khyber heights. In the developed cirques, the studied area has a greater ratio of length to width of these cirques, and according to the longitudinal axis, these circuses are stretched in the direction of the valley and have a longitudinal shape. At the heights of Bidkhan, Hezar, Jupar and Jabal Barez, the coefficient of change of the transverse axis of the evolved cirques is higher than the coefficient of change of their longitudinal axis. Accumulation of ice and snow in cirques of this category and the lack of movement of ice and snow due to its small volume and melting, as well as the activity of running water causes the destruction of cirque walls and increase the coefficient of change in the transverse axis of cirques of this category In the heights of Bidkhan, a thousand mountains have become visible. In Jupar heights, most of the roughnesses are composed of Kerman conglomerate formation, along with the lower limestones. Glacial erosion combined with erosion due to melting and freezing of ice has caused erosion of the side walls of the circuses and as a result has increased the coefficient of variation along the transverse axis of the circuses of Jopar Heights. The average coefficient b for the longitudinal axis of cirques N2, N1 N3, Bidkhan heights, Lalehzar, Hezar, Jupar and Jabal Barez is less than 1. In general, the coefficient b for the longitudinal axis of the cirques of these heights is equal to B <1. As a result, allometric behavior is negative for cirques at these altitudes. Low coefficients b for cirques in this category indicate the low impact of glacial erosion on the evolution of these cirques. The average coefficient b for cirques N1, N2, N3 of Plovar heights is equal to 1.0171. In these cirques it is 1 

 At the heights of Bidkhan, Hezar, Jupar and Jabal Barez, the coefficient of change of the transverse axis of the evolved cirques is higher than the coefficient of change of their longitudinal axis. Pluvar Heights has the largest cirques in the region with its cirques of 1194.5 meters. After that, the heights of Barez Jabal with cirques of 1176.7 meters are in the next rank in terms of the size of cirques in the region. In the study area, Jupar Heights with circuses of 994.9 meters has the smallest developed cirques in the region. The average coefficient b for the longitudinal axis of the cirques of category N2, N1 N3 of Bidkhan, Lalehzar, Hezar, Jupar and Jabal Barez heights is less than 1. In general, the coefficient b for the longitudinal axis of the cirques of these heights is equal to B <1. As a result, allometric behavior is negative for cirques at these altitudes. The average coefficient b for cirques N1, N2, N3 of Plovar heights is equal to 1.0171. In these cirques it is 1 <B. In these cirques, the allometric situation is somewhat established. The average coefficient a for the transverse axis of cirques N1, N2, N3 of Lalehzar heights is equal to 0.72, in heights of one thousand equal to 0.96, in heights.

Natural hazards are an issue that most parts of the world deal with in some way. Natural disasters and hazards have always had devastating effects on human settlements and heavy losses on their inhabitants. Despite many scientific advances, humans are still unable to prevent and resist these natural phenomena. Due to being located in the Alborz Mountains, Abyek is vulnerable to natural hazards, including a vulnerable earthquake. Considering the role and function of the city, city economy and also the effect of interaction factors on each other, this study seeks to identify the best places for optimal location of crisis management sites by considering the parameters and effective spatial factors, so that due to the very important role of crisis management support bases in organizing and managing the crisis, the right place for its construction in the city of Abyek, it should be proposed to be considered by the officials in proper urban design and planning.

The present study is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. After identifying the crisis management indicators in Abyek, a questionnaire was designed and after confirming the validity and reliability of the options, it was distributed among the statistical community including officials and urban planners. Then, using the method of hierarchical analysis process and Expert Choice software, the weight of each decision element was determined. After converting the data layers to raster using GIS, finally using the Index overlay method, the layers were combined with each other and the most suitable points were obtained to create crisis support databases.

Criteria and sub-criteria were used to locate crisis management support bases, according to the principles and criteria of the Crisis Prevention and Management Organization of Tehran and also the opinion of relevant experts. These criteria and criteria are: population density- Open and green space - fire -hospital-cultural centers- Educational Centers- gyms -Fault-Gas station -Arterial path grade 1& Arterial path grade 2. Findings of the research in four indicators: prevention, preparedness, disaster relief and response indicated that in the accident prevention index, the results were not satisfactory and show very little dissatisfaction and satisfaction of citizens with crisis prevention measures in Abyek. In the field of crisis preparedness, the results were not satisfactory and show the low satisfaction of citizens with the readiness of the city of Abyek in the face of crisis. The results of the disaster reduction index against the crisis showed very low to moderate citizens' satisfaction with the reduction of the effects of natural disasters in the city of Abyek against the crisis and the results obtained in the crisis response section also show very low to moderate citizens' satisfaction with the reaction of the crisis management headquarters of Abyek city during the crisis. Finally, the final weight of all location elements of the Abyak city crisis management support bases was determined, and the final weight and value of all elements were obtained as follows: Population density, hospital, Fire Stations, first class arterial road, fault, park, second class arterial road, cultural, educational use, gas and gas station, sports use. Integration of AHP with Geographic Information System At this stage, all the information layers are restored. Then, according to the type of layer and the criteria related to each layer, the layers were prepared using the distance tool. In the next step, the weight obtained for each criterion in the network analysis process was multiplied by its own spatial layer using the Index Overlay method. Finally, all layers of information were combined and the location map of crisis management support bases in Abyek was obtained. The map below shows the final output of the work. As it can be seen, according to all the steps mentioned, 5 options were identified as optimal for the crisis management support bases of Abyek city.

Due to being located in the Alborz Mountains, Abyek is vulnerable to natural hazards, including a vulnerable earthquake. The relative position of the city along the faults of the region as well as the worn tissues in the Abyek is the first priority of crisis management in this city. Analysis of information obtained from the opinions of city officials indicated that the city of Abyek is in a bad situation in terms of crisis management indicators. Then, multi-criteria decision-making methods and the use of GIS to determine the optimal location for the establishment of multi-purpose crisis management bases in the Abyek city showed that five options as the most desirable locations for support bases there is crisis management in the Abyek city, and among them, the three options that are almost in a better position in terms of indicators such as accessibility are: Northeast of the city, the southern part of the city and the northwestern part of Abyek.

Urban population, urbanization growth, Reduce green spaces, High fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and Use of inappropriate materials They have created a heat island over the cities That cause the city's air several degrees Celsius warmer surroundings. Nowadays, science has proven that there has been a lot of climate change throughout the life of the planet Earth, and many indicators show that human intervention in nature is accelerating natural processes. Humans have been known to be involved in the occurrence of many natural disasters including global warming, sea-level rise, forest destruction, ozone depletion, acid rain, and biodiversity decline. Population growth, urbanization, green space decrease, fossil fuels overuse, greenhouse gas emission, and the use of inappropriate building materials have caused the emergence of thermal island microclimates over cities which make cities warmer than their vicinities (villages) by several centigrade degrees.

This phenomenon is influenced by several factors such as city location, city size and population, urban density, urban geometry, thermal properties of urban surfaces, waterproof surfaces, human-caused heat and air pollution. Some of these factors require long-term urban planning, but others such as using appropriate building materials can be considered as an early yielding decrease strategy to mitigate the destructive effects of heat islands. Therefore, this paper, after identifying the factors affecting the creation of heat islands and introducing the decrease strategies, tries to examine parameters such as mean radiant temperature and air temperature in three high albedo (0.8), medium albedo (0.5) and low albedo (0.3). In this regard, by choosing Poonak street in Qazvin, which has a variety of building materials, and by studying through Envi_met simulation software.

Materials used in urban environments absorb and accumulate solar and infrared rays and transmit them to the atmosphere, so materials play an important role in reducing the reception, storage of heat, and its transfer to the urban environment.
 The findings show that, it was concluded that changes in the amount of ambient radiant and temperature power can have a significant effect on the mean radiant temperature and consequently on outdoor thermal comfort. The results show that although cool materials with high albedo are suitable for roadbeds and roofs, but high albedo materials in the façade, due to their high reflectivity, bring lower thermal comfort and warmer environments in cities. In cities with heat islands, cool materials can warm the environment, but in cities with no heat islands, use of high albedo materials reduces indoor energy consumption in summer.

The results indicate that in order to reduce the mean radiant temperature (the most important factor of thermal comfort), direct and indirect radiant flux values must be controlled. Therefore, with the decrease in the amount of albedo in the facade materials, the radiant flux of the environment decreases leading to a simultaneous decrease in air temperature and the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). Materials with albedo have the highest reflectivity, as a result of which the materials remain cold and heat is not transferred to the interior; however high albedo is not suitable for facade materials in cities that have a heat island, because it causes an increase in ambient temperature. The solution is to use materials with low albedo; thus, the ambient temperature does not increase and because the heat from the materials to the interior is not transferred. Use suitable thermal insulation in the wall so that the heat absorbed by the materials is not transferred to the interior.