نشریه جامعه شناسی سیاسی ایران
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 16، زمستان 1400)

Pilgrimage is a concept for the movement of human beings by determining a sacred destination, and the Arbaeen pilgrimage is one of the emerging forms of pilgrimage in Iran that has been considered in recent years. The Arbaeen Walk emphasizes the cultural-doctrinal issues more than any other element, because the Arbaeen and the Ashura epic have great potential for re-reading and interpretation, and the different spectrums of society each somehow relate to this category. The Arbaeen Walk is a multidimensional phenomenon involving the experience of pilgrimage, economics, politics, identity, the environment, and social issues, and is a religious community to achieve a sacred movement in which there is no innovation. Relying on the qualitative approach and analyzing the interviews with students, professors and staff of Allameh Tabatabai University, the present article seeks to analyze the perception and interpretation of these pilgrims from their lived experience of this trip. After analyzing the qualitative data, three main themes were identified. These pilgrims consider "unity-building and solidarity and empathy" as the most important opportunities for the Arbaeen walk, and also consider "lack of health" and "lack of travel facilities" as the most important characteristics of the weakness of this pilgrimage. From the perspective of this group of academics, "culture building" and "providing health services" can help to better hold the Arbaeen Walk.

The process of rebuilding and forming a bankruptcy rebuilding institution in legal systems is to help individuals and legal entities go bankrupt, which, by presenting a plan, prohibits the seizure of the debtor's property and helps him to continue his business activity to pay off debts. Given the positive effects that this institution will have on the economic system of countries, therefore, the explanation and analysis of approved laws in the field is important and necessary. This research intends to examine the laws related to bankruptcy and the formation of a reconstruction institution in the Iranian and American legal systems with a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach. Examining the approaches and process of presenting the reconstruction plan and also the effects of the bankruptcy reconstruction institution in the Iranian and American legal systems shows that the commonalities of the reconstruction institution in these two legal systems include: participation in substantive and formal conditions, sharing in contractual characteristics and effects and differences The institution of reconstruction in the two mentioned legal systems refers to the powers of creditors, how to supervise the legal authorities and determine specific deadlines in submitting the reconstruction plan, as well as how to protect the debtor and creditors in pursuing or preventing the prosecution of their claims.

The financial statements are the result of negotiations between the auditor and the client. Therefore, auditors need to be able to negotiate well with their owners and resolve existing disputes. This article examines how the social identities of the auditor and the client affect their performance in the negotiation process. The identity of the auditors shapes their motivational orientation towards the negotiations. Therefore, understanding the impact of gender on negotiation behaviors, trends, and outcomes, and thus the quality of financial statements, is increasingly important. Data were collected in the form of a questionnaire from 42 official auditors, members of the Iranian Society of Certified Public Accountants and professors in this field. The present study shows that male and female auditors approach negotiation of audit settings differently. Therefore, creating gender diversity in the audit team to resolve existing disputes can be very helpful. Findings also show that bargaining power and critical power are the main components of the success of female auditors, employers have more flexibility than female auditors and female auditors in the negotiating position can perform the same performance in terms of skills and competitive behavior compared to male auditors. .

After the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran, the issue of "public guardianship of the jurisprudent" in the face of lack of guardianship or limited guardianship of the jurisprudent by jurists and thinkers, has always been a place of discussion and debate in scientific and political circles. Among the most important of them are Ayatollah Khoei and Ayatollah Boroujerdi. The present article, with a comparative view and reference to the opinions of the two, using the method of qualitative content analysis, has proved their acceptance of government authority for the jurist. Examination and analysis of different sources and views show that both jurists agree on the need for people to refer to the appointed jurist in the absence of the Infallible (AS), but it seems that in the opinions and views, Ayatollah Borjardi has a more special view and There is a wider range of jurisprudential powers than Ayatollah Khoei, and even the authority to issue a government decree by the ruling jurist in general "new issues", distinct from the primary and secondary rulings, to untie the knot of affairs and the ability to apply the laws of the Shari'a with complexities and It prescribes time and the preservation and observance of the "public interest of Muslims." The more complex and fluid conditions of the time of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, which had intensified the need for the jurists to respond to these new conditions, as well as the beginning and culmination

One of the concerns of the present century is to prevent the destruction of the environment and to amend and approve the domestic laws of countries and binding treaties and agreements at the international level. Because the right to a healthy environment reflects transcendent and fundamental values such as the right to life, the right to health, which is exposed to irreparable danger. From the concern of water to nuclear pollution to global warming and ultimately endangering the future lives of the human race. In fact, proper management of natural resources depends on the existence of applicable, applicable and universal legal rules that require international cooperation of all countries and international organizations. In this way, international organizations, in terms of their roles and responsibilities, can take appropriate measures and pave the way for the formation of comprehensive and complete treaties. The question now is to what extent have international organizations been able to take effective steps to protect the environment? International organizations can play an important role in this regard by passing laws and providing solutions to oblige member states to protect the environment. In this study, the position and role of international organizations in the formulation and development of environmental law as one of the most important trends in international law and the right to a healthy environment as one of the third generation human rights and possible measures to promote and protect it.

Arbitration is the most common way of resolving disputes in the field of international trade. One of the most important and fundamental issues in international commercial arbitration is how to apply and the effect of not applying the rules. Although it is obvious that applying the rules of a contract determined by the parties or the arbitrators is against the principle of independence of the parties, it is not always possible. Sometimes the case law of a country that has a special relationship with the dispute or the case law form of the arbitral tribunal must also be applied. Arbitrators must therefore strike a balance between the application of the rules of procedure and the principle of the independence of the parties, and take them into account when they are related to the dispute. Therefore, according to the above-mentioned explanation and explanation in the present study, we seek to show what are the principles of separation of the rules of jurisprudence and the principles of requiring the arbitrator to observe the rules of jurisprudence? Finally, what is the interaction between international commercial arbitration and the jurisprudential rules of international law and domestic legal systems? And what is the effect of mandatory rules on the issuance and enforcement of international commercial arbitration awards? In the present study, descriptive-library method and finally analytical method have been used to collect materials and data and achieve the result.

One of the pivotal components in the formation and victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran has been the formation of protest movements around the axis of mosques. Despite the many literature and works in this field, but a large volume of these issues, the role of mosques as a public sphere has been ignored. Examine a traditional public sphere and its consequence on the formation of the Islamic Revolution. The results show that mosques in the period leading up to the Islamic Revolution as a common public sphere between the clergy, religious intellectuals and the masses for discussion, political dialogue and subsequently the formation of the ideological-revolutionary discourse versus Secular discourse emerged and paved the way for the victory of the revolution. The research method in this research is interpretive and qualitative and data and information have been collected using library resources and Internet resources related to the subject...

In democratic political systems, political participation is one of the most important political issues. People's participation in the process of governing society, especially participation in elections in developing countries, is much more sensitive because consolidating the foundations of democracy is not possible without political participation. The subject of this article is the study of the effect of social factors on the participation of Tehran citizens in the 11th parliamentary elections, which has been studied based on the theories of Putnam, Coleman and Bourdieu and using the survey method; The research hypothesis is that: Social indicators such as: social capital, education, social class, residence, occupation, ethnicity and public trust have a significant effect on electoral behaviors. However, due to the inconsistency of the performance of some former elected officials with their election slogans, the issue of trust has been of particular importance during this period. To test this hypothesis, 430 researcher-made questionnaires were distributed among residents of different areas of Tehran. According to the research findings, social factors have had a significant impact on political participation and voter behavior in the 11th parliamentary elections, and among social factors, social trust has had the most impact. A complete change in voter behavior led to a sharp decline in the number of elected representatives of the ruling faction in the government and the 10th parliament.

Elections are one of the most important indicators of democratic systems in the world today. This article tries to examine the factors and variables affecting the criteria of the people of Borujen for the selection of candidates for the Islamic Consultative Assembly. In this regard, the main question of the present article is: "What are the variables affecting the criteria of the people of Borujen for the selection of candidates for the Islamic Consultative Assembly?" To answer this question, by reviewing various theories, independent variables were identified that were thought to affect the criteria for selecting parliamentary candidates. Research Method This article is a survey research method. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and the data analysis technique is factor analysis and multiple regression. By factor analysis, 11 main components of the variables were extracted and their relationship with the dependent variable was tested. Hypotheses are tested using multivariate regression using the Enter method. The research findings indicate that: Partisanship with a beta value of 1.5377, reference groups with a beta value of 1.195, individual evaluation of statesmen and the system with a beta value of 1.066, utilitarianism with a beta value of 0.895, previous elections with a beta value of 0.871 and evaluation variable Other ethnic groups with a beta value of -0.234 have a significant effect on the selection criteria of candidates.

"Iran, a Short-Term Society" is an interpretation given by Homayoun Katozian in his works, which in his own words indicates the old ageof society. This interpretation refers to a historical rupture rather than coherence. This view can be explained in a specific logic and framework which begins with "Iranian tyranny" and goes on to discuss the "contradiction between state and nation" and the "short-lived society" or "old society." Explaining the short-term view of Iranian society, Katozian addresses three categories: the problem of legitimacy and succession, the invalidity of life and property, and the problem of accumulation and development; His view on the centrality of politics implies other dimensions and the whole of society.This article seeks to critically evaluate the perspective of the short-term society from the perspective of "Iranian identity", which emphasizes historical continuity; Components such as Iranian-Islamic ideas, geographical land and Iranian political system, Persian language and literature, tradition, custom, religion and culture, etc are prominent as long-term and long-standing Iranian heritage that are reflected in the theory of Iranian identity. The problem is where that the common circle of cooperation between politics and the people in normal times (authoritarian) and critical (chaos). this article, critically evaluates the short-term and pervasive view of Iranian society, history, and politics.

The constitutional movement paved the way for Iran to enter into new political relations in a new era, which could lead to the formation of a democratic government; but from the very beginning, this movement faced major problems and obstacles in achieving democracy. Accordingly, the study seeks to answer the question, "In the context of theories of transition to democracy, how did the lack of compromising elites during the constitutional movement lead to the re-establishment of tyranny and the non-institutionalization of political development? To answer this fundamental question, it was hypothesized that "the lack of compromising elites in resolving political disputes during the constitutional movement, paved the way for the elimination and exclusion approaches in elite political culture, thus reproducing tyranny and hindering the institutionalization of political development. The present study has described and analyzed the political and social developments of the constitutional period, using theories of transition to democracy, especially the third generation of these theories, the theory of the conciliatory elites of Schmidter and O'Donnell. This theory gives the main role to the political elites in the process of achieving political development and considers the most important tactic to be the expansion of compromise between all the ruling political elites and the opposition. From this study, it is concluded that, due to the lack of a conciliatory approach between the ruling political elites and the opposition, the constitutional movement has not led to the establishment and consolidation of the desired political order.

The political system designed in the "policy letter" of Khajeh Nizam-ol-Molk has structures, functions and principles such as;Sitting in the oppression of the king, the condition of the servants and ministers, the judges and the orators and the accountant, Researching and achieving the work of religion and sharia, sending the spy system and plotting for the good of the country and the subjects,To consult kings in affairs with wise men and elders is to have an army, meritocracy, and to give authority to pure and noble men, and to have a treasury.Which can be traced in the form of a system analysis approach.This analytical model consists of several important variables:Input (support and demand), output, implementation include (decision-making, political action and system, structures and executive actors) and feedback of this process in the social environment.Despite the high adaptation of the idea of Khajeh's government to this approach, in the system designed by her;Both the designer and the executor, and even the evaluation of the feedback of the decisions taken by the regime, go back to one position and person, namely the powerful king.And in some way, structural and functional separation has not been done by Khajeh.However, Khajeh tried to distinguish between implementation and design by embedding the institution of the ministry in such a system. ButFor a variety of reasons, such as strong monarchical-customary-religious traditions, elite rivalries, historical backwardness in the political, cultural and security spheres, etc., this work remained fruitless.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a sociological analysis of the effects of social capital on political development. According to theoretical expectations, "social capital" reinforces "political development". To test this theoretical proposition, "social capital" was broken down into three dimensions: "structural", "cognitive" and "communicative", which are divided into seven subscales - "networks", "relationships" and "cooperation", "values", "mutual understanding", "trust" and "commitment" were measured. "Political development" was measured by eight subscales with an emphasis on political participation. The method of this research is fuzzy Delphi. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing pairwise comparisons and scoring based on a five-point Likert scale. According to the results, social capital has different effects on different dimensions of political development, so that it has a differential effect on political participation. In particular, relations, cooperation, and social values play a more decisive role in "political campaigning" than in "political protest." On the other hand, any kind of "interference in changing the political structure" is more possible through "social trust" and "social commitment" than through "social networks". The most important point is that political development in the radical sense, which is aimed at making changes in the political structure, is possible by creating and strengthening social trust and commitment.

Political capital is a valuable resource that its function is vital for the good governance process, and its ultimate goal is the fulfillment of democracy for citizens and legitimacy for the political system. Concerning the importance of this phenomenon and the production of considerable amount of studies about it in Iran during the current decade, studying the literature seems necessary. Therefore, this article aims at the systematic study of the status of political capital literature in Iran, using meta-analysis method, concerning the research question; What is the status of the political capital literature and its level in Iran according to the findings? The results indicate that, given the semantic overlaps of the political capital with concepts such as social capital; the frequency of studies conducted, has been high and expanding and amounts to 1000 studies. The approach of most studies was institutional and, theoretically, is conceptualized mostly under the social capital theory. Also, the level of political capital in various dimensions and levels of society, from citizens and civil society to state and government (especially concerning the variables of trust, participation and political networks), has been weak and downward. Among the effective factors are poor performance, inability to meet the demands of the people, especially livelihood and lack of proper response to the feedback of executive policies in the various areas of domestic and foreign policy by the government.

The roles of the manager can be in the areas of creating morale among employees, staff growth, problem solving, conflict resolution, appropriate allocation of resources, access to necessary information, communication with subordinates, transparency, understanding of responsibilities and .... The purpose of this study is a phenomenological study of the roles of managers in banks in Isfahan. This study is a qualitative research in terms of the nature of the data. Data analysis has been done qualitatively and phenomenologically. The statistical population of this study is managers working in banks in Isfahan. The sample size was 13 people who were selected by snowball sampling method. Data were analyzed from interviews and theoretical studies and research literature through primary and secondary coding. This led to conceptualization and categorization. The results showed that a total of 201 initial codes were extracted from 13 interviews for different banks and based on that, 100 initial concepts were obtained. Presenting exploratory innovation, paying attention to external factors, paying attention to internal factors, strengthening managerial competencies, strengthening human resources, developing structural factors, developing cultural factors, optimizing staff characteristics, paying attention to intervention conditions, alliance, strengthening balancing strategy, presenting Complex structures, attention to the market, profitability and attention to constant growth).

One of the main parts of Shahnameh was dealing with the wars between Iran and Turan during the reign of Keykhosrow and Afrasyab. Due to the political power of both countries at that time, many tensions and military confrontations took place, which were accompanied by adverse human and financial consequences. Considering the religious and moral character of Keykhosrow and his tendency towards spiritual and cognitive concepts, his approach to categories related to the kingdom, including war with foreigners, has been formed on the basis of human standards. Accordingly, in the present study, his military actions against the Turanians have been examined with reference to library sources, descriptive-analytical methods and the foundations of the theory of just war in order to explain the superstructure and depth of his intentions to attack Turan. The results of the research show that the purpose and motivation of Keykhosrow from the campaign to Turan and the beginning of the war was to secure personal and group interests and the manifestations of a just and realistic war are evident in it. Also, the Shah's actions in the middle of the war were carried out with the observance of moral laws, the preservation of human dignity, the avoidance of extremist treatment of civilians, and a rational and forgiving approach to prisoners of war. the prominence of human interests and the reform of Turan's political and economic structure at the end of the war indicate the dominance of the rules of just war in this politico-military confrontation.

Koosnameh is one of the epic poems that was compiled by Iranshah Ibn Abi al-Khair in the sixth century AH. Unlike many Iranian epics, Kushnameh has not been well received by the audience. Perhaps it can be said that one of the main reasons for this lack of luck was the non-Iranian nature of the main character of the story, ie Koush, and his belonging to the Zahak family, or perhaps his ugliness and anti-Iranianism can be considered in this matter A character who, with the guidance of a wise old man, transforms from an ugly and covenant-breaking person into a virtuous and virtuous human being. In this article, an attempt has been made to address the humanization of epic works in a book that is more anonymous than other epic works. According to the theory of the American mythologist and theorist Joseph Campbell, these individual developments can be depicted in the existence of Kush. Although Campbell's model, which consists of three main parts: separation, initiation, and return, does not fully conform to the story of Kushpil's existential transformation, it does represent the steps he took to achieve self-knowledge, and liberation from The hand of fate has faced them.

. But the continuation of the process of elite migration after the end of the war (and the establishment of political order in Iran) did not stop the process of elite migration. Given this, the question arises that what are the harms of the policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in order to counter the migration of scientific elites? In response to this hypothesis, it has been suggested that the harms caused by research policies, the lack of proper information about support programs, the pathology of policies due to the mobility of international students and the harms caused by the lack of proper bedding for elites are the most important harms of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Inhibition of elite migration. The policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to deal with the emigration of elites includes economic policies, policies to return the elites to the country, facilities provided to the finalists of the Olympiad, policies to play a pivotal role in the international student mobility market and policy-making in the field of research. The results of the present study show that although the Islamic Republic of Iran has used various strategies to combat elite migration, but nevertheless, these policies have faced many harms and challenges, which has slowed down the process of elite migration. Has not stopped. The type of research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.

The Caspian Sea, with its special geopolitical and geoeconomic position, has a special place and importance for the coastal states. It is also considered by regional powers in regional and global equations. The national interests and national security of the littoral states of the Caspian Sea require that peace and tranquility prevail in the region and that any action that leads to conflict between the littoral states be strictly self-controlled. In this regard, from the point of view of international law, these solutions can be presented. . Therefore, firstly: in this type of waters, there is no freedom of navigation. In the absence of a treaty, the rights of coastal States are in any case assumed to be equal. Third, the maritime resources and fisheries are limited to coastal States.Third, the maritime resources and fisheries are limited to coastal States.Third, the maritime resources and fisheries are limited to coastal States.

Understanding the behavioral reactions of visitors is crucial for tourist managers in the tourism industry.

The present article is the effect of storytelling marketing factors and travel involvement on the tourist behavioral intentions in choosing a tourist destination (Khorasan Razavi).

To identify the marketing factors of storytelling on behavioral intentions of tourists to visit Khorasan Razavi, by preparing a questionnaire with (51) items, among 420 tourists as available non-randomly distributed and 385 questionnaires, were used. Data to analyze research information and findings from examining questions and hypotheses at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics is used. At the level of descriptive statistics, indicators such as frequency distribution tables, and at the level of inferential statistics, the method of structural equations using soft-wares of (Smart PLS), and (SPSS 21) were analyzed.

The results shows, storytelling marketing has a significant effect on the mental involvement of travel in creating behavioral intention of tourists in choosing a tourist destination (Khorasan Razavi ). religious, historical and epic stories have the highest effect .

In the last two decades, security challenges in cyberspace have been the ultimate current problem of governments with cyberspace and network-based infrastructure. in addition to the unique opportunities it has created for nation-states, has also raised concerns. One of these concerns is the national security issues of nation-states, which have been severely threatened by organized and destructive cyber activities. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to test the hypothesis and the library and phishing method to collect data and information, along with the use of Castells's network community theory, to answer this question. The question is what are the new security challenges of the nation-state in cyberspace with emphasis on the Islamic Republic of Iran? The results of this study indicate that new cyber technologies, despite opening up irreplaceable opportunities in the military, economic, cultural, political and social spheres, have led to the advancement of nation-states. But at the same time, it has jeopardized national security and interests. In the meantime, the Islamic Republic of Iran, due to the fact that most of its economic, commercial, cultural, social and governmental activities and interactions are carried out at all levels, including individuals, non-governmental organizations and governmental and governmental institutions in cyberspace. Hence, over the past decade, it has always been under widespread cyber-attack by its enemies, and therefore has suffered great damage at various material and spiritual levels. This has led the country to place a high profile on the issue of cyber deterrence in its defense strategy.

The present study presents a model of ethical decision making of political managers in non-governmental organizations.

This research is a descriptive-survey research based on the purpose in the field of applied and developmental research, as well as on the nature and method. In this research, a mixed approach has been used. In the qualitative phase of the research, effective indicators in the ethical decision making of managers were extracted using the grounded theory technique. Also in the quantitative part of the research, using the ANP-DEMATEL technique, the internal relationships and prioritization of these indicators were investigated.

Based on the findings of this study, managers 'ethical decision-making indicators were placed in 6 dimensions of independence and neutrality, managers' expertise, process of responsibility, assertiveness, trustworthiness and forgiveness, as well as fair behavior. The results also showed that fair behavior has the most impact, effectiveness and also the most interaction with other dimensions. Also, prioritizing the main criteria based on the goal showed that the criterion of decisiveness was given the first priority.

It can be concluded that in order to make ethical decisions, the managers of non-governmental organizations need to strengthen characteristics such as independence and impartiality, managers' expertise, the process of responsibility, assertiveness, trustworthiness and forgiveness and fair behavior.

In this research, the issue of conflict between the ordinary document and the official document that causes the issuance of the conflicting document is addressed. This is important in accordance with Iranian law and its feasibility with French law, in order to obtain the reasons for issuing an opposition document due to the violation of laws and regulations in Iranian law and the negligence of the legislator in legislating. Based on the changes in the nature of immovable property ownership in Articles 22, 46, 47 and 48 of the Iranian Registration Law, the conflict between the creative system and the ownership certification system is evident. Prior to the decision of the Guardian Council approved on 4/8/1695 regarding the above-mentioned materials, it was not possible to legally oppose an ordinary document with an official document, but with the stipulation of Articles 22 and 48 of the Registration Law in invalidating the validity of ordinary documents, and Article 62 Law on Permanent Provisions of the Country's Development Plans, approved on 11/10/2016, and the rejection of the "Plan to require the official registration of real estate transactions" approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly on 22/3/2016 in the Guardian Council Has been. However, this issue has created more complications and problems in the nature of real estate ownership in Iran, the most important aspect of which occurs in the courts and the conflict between ordinary documents such as pre-sale agreements or the transfer of housing with certified sellers. Officials and third parties can be.

The constitution is the mother document and the basis of the unity and solidarity of a nation-state and a tool for determining the central lines and principles, solving problems and macro-management of a territorial unit. Although the principle of stability should be taken into account in such a fundamental text, it is also assumed that with the occurrence of changes and different trends, there should be the possibility and context for a change in the constitution. The main issue and question of the present article is the analysis of the quality of constitutional review in terms of rationality and jurisprudential and legal logic. Accordingly, the question is how to draw the line between stability and change in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the principles and components of rational and jurisprudential law? According to the preliminary hypothesis, "Using the rational and jurisprudential-legal principles of the Constitution in the Islamic Republic of Iran, although considered as the main legal document of the country, but with the change in the socio-political principles and trends, it is possible to change the current situation." "In its ideal state, it is based on the right to self-determination and the logic of law and government, especially in the context of a referendum, and this is one of the foundations of maturity in the political system in Islam." The research method in this article is explanatory and the method of collecting data and information is documentary-library.

One of the factors affecting national security is the way of governing, which judges the political system based on its efficiency. The efficiency of the political system is a concept that, along with accountability, the rule of law, the quality of law, the control of corruption, and political stability, constitute the components of "good governance." This article sought to provide a coherent and consistent picture of the relationship between good governance and national security to the question of what effect the indicators of good governance have on Iran's national security? In response to this question, the hypothesis was raised that "with the reduction of good governance indicators in Iran, the coefficient of national security will also decrease." The method of this research was mixed and the technique used was a survey that required the necessary information through documentary tools, library studies, utilization of World Bank statistical data and interviews with experts. The results of the study showed a direct and significant impact of national security on good governance that we achieved during the study. Studies have also shown that the quality of legislation and efficiency, as well as the control of corruption, are among the factors that lead to improved national security.

The emergence of cryptocurrencies and the expansion of related exchanges can be considered one of the most prominent manifestations of the development of intangible assets in the financial and commercial exchanges of individuals. Human life has always been influenced by the two tendencies of trying to overcome the existing limitations and determining the framework and systematicity towards the achievements of this effort in order to avoid disorder and disruption of relations. The emergence of this phenomenon can also be considered as one of the products of this effort. Cryptocurrencies are now at the peak of the evolution of human endeavors to overcome the limitations of trade from barter and pure trade to the use of financial intermediaries that in the past and Today, money is the most obvious example of this, however, before entering the works and identifying the pillars, the contracts containing these currencies, the inherent status and identifying these currencies as money or goods, it is of particular importance that this article seeks to answer To it.

Political thought in Iran, especially at a time when it was maturing, was a combination of subjectivism in the guise of new Islamic, national, and civilizational discourses that applied a eliminatory approach to rivals. In this research, the author establishes a logical link between the roots and function of the dominant discourses in political thought, considering their elimination approach to each other in the period between the two revolutions. In this discussion, it is assumed that the political thinker, both in the form of discourse and as an individual element, has an irregular mentality that distances itself from the conventional approach of political thought, which is based on critical methodology. Dogmatic approach, drawing the utopia and subjective determinism become the dominant approach in each of the new Islamic, national and civilizational discourses. Each of these maverick discourses in dealing with a new aspect called "tradition" enters into this discussion, which results in intellectual confusion, intolerance of the opposition, and the use of an exclusionary approach, resulting in ideology. The subject of the discussion is the historical attitudes of political ideas in Iran, which has continued to this day through "monolithic discourse" in politics and has neglected the dialectic of political thought and has had a destructive effect on social and political elements.

It is impossible to stay out of cultural and ethnic differences in today's world societies. In the Middle East, religious, ethnic, and economic heterogeneity is a common feature of the Middle East. Also in Iran, the model of the nation is mixed and unbalanced. The purpose of this study is to investigate individual and social factors (schema and ethnicity) affecting ethnic convergence among ethnic groups living in Ahvaz. The statistical population in this study includes all citizens 18 years and older in Ahvaz. In selecting the sample population in this study, random sampling was used. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula of 384 people. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between social control and ethnicity and social security and education, social capital and cultural capital and the feeling of relative deprivation and ethnic diversity with ethnic convergence but between the variables age, gender and marital status with ethnic convergence Failed. It is obvious that ethnic diversity in Iran, as an objective reality in our current society, has requirements and demands rights that are legitimate. Therefore, in order to ensure justice and equal rights for citizens, they should be considered and a solution should be provided.

In this article, we will examine the role and position of identity in the conflicts between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States between 1979 and 2018. Accordingly, the main question is: What effect did identity have on the conflicts between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America between 1979 and 2018?The temporary answer to the present question is: The revolutionary-Islamic identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran is in opposition to the hegemonic identity of the United States of America, which has always caused conflicts in the relations between the two countries between 1979 and 2018.The temporary answer to the question of this descriptive-analytical article is that the revolutionary-Islamic identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran is in opposition to the arrogant identity of the United States of America, which has always caused conflicts in the relations between the two countries between 1979 and 2018. . In fact, what has prevented the establishment of normal relations between the two sides is not at the level of discourse or behavior, but due to the confrontational identity of Iran and the United States, which is a relationship in the process of militant and confrontational confrontation between the two countries over the past forty years. Has evolved.

The present research, with the emphasis on the concept of social capital and its components, has tried to introduce its constituent elements, such as: the level of trust, cooperation, the expansion of social networks and participation, and in particular political participation, examines the state of social capital from the perspective of academic scholars in political science and social sciences. In this research, correlation analysis has been used quantitatively and qualitatively. In collecting information by documentary and library methods, focusing on interviewing the owners (university professors, sociologists and political experts) has been done. And by asking questions in three parts: first, the meaning of second social capital, the status of social capital, and the third, the context of this situation, to examine the concept of social capital in Iran. According to interviewees, the three characteristics of social trust, social cohesion, social participation are considered as the main elements of social capital. The undesirable and unfavorable state of social capital, the decline and decline of social trust are due to the reasons of social unreliability, structural corruption, neglect of civil institutions in Iran. Human development, reduction of structural corruption, political legitimacy through increased social capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

War has always existed as a phenomenon in social life and has always been condemned, and the condemnation of war has been part of the political and moral literature of almost all philosophical and political schools, but war in spite of all its disgraceful dimensions under certain circumstances and under certain factors. Not that it is not bad, but it becomes very necessary, by reviewing the history of different societies, it clearly saw the golden leaves of its courage and resistance, which are always considered as a shining part of the political and historical life of the people. The honor and repulsion of the enemy's aggression has always been honored with the approval of reason, wisdom and knowledge, to the extent that in Islam war is considered as a branch of religion, but the question arises whether war is allowed in Christianity. ? Could there be a situation where war is considered permissible? In this article, we try to answer these basic questions. The results of the article show that Augustine, with the fear of the Christian tradition and by combining the views of our thinkers before him, especially Cicero, skillfully fills the gap caused by the idea of ​​non-war and the need for justice by resorting to war in the Christian tradition. Also, in the teachings of Christianity, entering into war under any title is forbidden and Christianity forbids resorting to war in general.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ethnic cultural values ​​on the political and economic attitudes of ethnic groups living in Golestan province. Cultural values ​​as an independent variable and political and economic attitudes as a dependent variable. The present study in terms of purpose; Applied, in terms of method; Descriptive-analytical and in terms of data collection; It is a kind of field research. The statistical population includes 1868819 people from Golestan province, which was obtained based on the 2016 census. According to the Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected according to the stratified random method. Schwartz (2006) standard questionnaires and researcher-made political and economic attitudes were used to collect data, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed. The variables were analyzed by regression and the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS 26 26 software. The results of examining the research hypotheses showed that: 1- Cultural values ​​affect the political attitude of ethnic groups 2- Cultural values ​​affect the economic attitude of ethnic groups.

Good governance is a concept that includes the standards, standards, procedures, and principles of governance through which governments conduct public affairs and manage public resources. Transparency, accountability, accountability, participation, the rule of law and flexibility are the most important components of good governance. This article tries to examine the relationship between authorization of city and village councils and the components of good governance, and how can the soft power of the country be increased in this way? The present article is a descriptive-analytical study and examines the question using the library method. The concept of good governance is closely linked to local institutions such as town and village councils in terms of moving political systems toward democratic processes and emphasizing elements such as participation and empowerment. Strengthening local governance in urban and rural areas is one of the indicators of the concept of good governance and the component of governance and rule of law is one of the main pillars of soft power. . The relationship between these two concepts has another direct and immediate aspect, and that is that the participation of people in the city and villages indicates a deep relationship between people and sovereignty and trust between them, which in turn attracts public opinion and strengthens the national image and brand or the same Soft power will follow.

The relationship between the United States and the European Union has a long history. In the present study, which is forward-looking in terms of research design, and since the purpose of the research is to find the answer to the problem and the main challenge, this research is classified as a result-oriented research, so after performing the necessary analysis on The positions of European and American officials and politicians and content analysis, in Section 2, are presented as 5 scenarios on the convergence and divergence of the two great powers, namely the United States and the European Union, towards Iran by 2030 The two general scenarios are: Iran: Sanctions, Critical and Constructive Talks (Two Scenarios), Iran Nuclear Program: Borjam Agreement (Three Scenarios) The results of this study show that in relation to alignment or The heterogeneity of the EU-US relationship There are two central perspectives. Culture-oriented perspective and policy-oriented perspective. The results also show that the indicators of convergence and divergence in the relationship between the EU and the US government depend on their area of ​​interest. In areas with shared and parallel interests, we see more convergence and cooperation, and in areas with conflicting interests, we see more divergence and competition. The results of this study showed that possible scenarios in different dual sectors tend to the scenario of competition and continuation of the current situation as a two-pronged approach to Iran until 2030.Keywords: USA, Convergence, Divergence, European Union, Iran

The Pahlavi government of Rareza Khan launched a coup d'etat and by implementing the modernization policies of the army was able to achieve the relative unity of the Qajar elites who were suffering from the unstable situation after the constitution. Thus, the Pahlavi government was initially a purely military government Bringing his social status required him to show himself a religious person so that he could not face opposition from scholars in the evolution of his power from prime minister to monarchy. But after he came to power and during his reign he applied several reforms, some of which were culture. It had targeted the traditional and religious society of Iran. This was criticized by many religious scholars of the society. Since Imam Khomeini is the greatest indicator of Islamic thought in the contemporary era. This article has tried to examine Reza Shah's reforms according to Imam Khomeini's views through descriptive research and analysis and to determine to what extent Reza Khan's reforms were contrary to Imam Khomeini's principles of Islam. Despite these objections, Imam Khomeini Reza Shah To what extent did it lose its social base among the religious strata of society?

Granting women the right to vote has been one of the most challenging areas of Shiite jurisprudence in the recent period and has been recognized in the present period, despite numerous ups and downs. From a jurisprudential point of view, since voting is considered a form of judgment and many Shiite jurists do not consider women's judgments to be correct, traditionally, Shiite jurisprudential authorities have been opposed to granting women the right to vote. In the last century, with the introduction of the electoral system in Islamic countries, the issue of granting women the right to vote was gradually raised. In addition to financial, economic, employment, and education rights, Islam pays special attention to women's political rights and provides legal personality for women in political and social issues because women have played a significant role in the history and developments of their society. In the history of Islam, there is a lot of evidence of women's involvement in political affairs.

The aim of this study is to design a jihadi lifestyle model of educational managers of Islamic Azad University. Findings indicate that the jihadi lifestyle of educational managers has the main dimensions of educational and research activities, devotional and political activities, physical and environmental health, social and psychological health, knowledge-based, province-centered, self-sacrificing spirit and simple life. Subcategories are divided. Then, according to the results obtained from prioritizing the dimensions of the model, it became clear that devotional and political activities, pivotal province and hostility, and human relations and the spirit of self-sacrifice are in the first priority. Also, social and psychological health, physical and environmental health, contentment and biological simplicity are in the second priority, and finally, educational and research activities and knowledge-based are in the third priority. In a small part of the statistical population of the study, 200 educational administrators of the Islamic Azad University of Region 5 are included. Data analysis was performed using software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods, exploratory factor analysis and LISREL and SPSS confirmatory software and structural equations were used to analyze the research. The results showed that all relationships in the structural model of the research are significant.

The secession of large parts of the Caucasus as a catastrophic result of the Iran-Russia wars not only affected the country's independence and territorial integrity, but its consequences on the northern and northwestern borders and even other parts of the country are significant. Meanwhile, the role of Armenians as a significant part of the population of the regions separated from Iran, which had a significant impact on the course of the Iran-Russia war, is undeniable. The present article, entitled "Reflection of Iran-Russia wars in the region with regard to the role of Armenians", examines the results of the separation of strategic regions in the north and northwest of the country by considering the role of Armenians. From a religious, ethnic, linguistic, cultural point of view, as well as political, administrative, economic, industrial, commercial, etc. developments and has evaluated and explained the role of these developments in Iran-Russia relations. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and data analysis is based on the method of content analysis of works including books, articles and poetic writings. The results show that after the Iran-Russia wars and the secession of the Caucasus from Iran, the Russian government is no longer willing to tolerate Georgian and Armenian autonomy as they enjoyed it during Iranian rule.

The Qajar era was the beginning of extensive changes in all dimensions in the face of Western civilization. In the years of European progress; Iranian society was experiencing an unfavorable situation due to various internal and external factors. In such circumstances, in order to compensate for this backwardness, the West was modeled in many areas, and architecture was no exception. During this period, there was a sharp break in the process of Iranian architecture and the imitation of Western architecture in Iranian architecture began, which one of these aspects of influence appeared in architectural decorations. The present article has studied the political history of the Qajar era with an analytical-historical approach and has answered the question of the role of Qajar politics on the influence of architectural decorations from the west through the data method of the foundation. After coding the events and analyzing the data ؛ها ;Weakness in the four indicators of knowledge of the interests of society, creating welfare and security, management and care of internal affairs, program and method of action as the central codes affecting the government's orientation to the West was obtained in direct connection with the arrival of Western architectural ornaments in Iran Is.

Anyone who claims a right and wants to achieve it, has to file a lawsuit in the judiciary. But merely claiming to have a right cannot be useful in achieving the goal; the claimant of the right must provide other tools and means for himself, in order to overcome the existing problems in achieving his right by using the tools along with making a claim in the judicial authority. Among these cases is the cause.In Iran, the reason is not mentioned and instead the legislator used the term litigation, which in fact was the subject of litigation. Some jurists believe that the cause is different in nature and application from the direction of the dispute.The legislature has also used the term origin in some articles of the Code Civil Procedure. (Such as Article 17, Article 98, etc.) Our goal is to examine the reasons for the difference between the cause of the dispute and its origin. Therefore, in this research, we have studied this issue with descriptive analytical method and the results of the research showed that the cause should be considered the point of direct reliance of civil litigation on subject matter, while the relationship between the source of litigation and civil litigation is due to the cause of litigation.In other words, a lawsuit has a single origin but may have multiple causes. In many cases, the cause of the dispute is the source of the dispute; But in many cases the two must be distinguished from each other

The lack of resources, and the large costs incurred by governments, have led to the functioning of such non-governmental public institutions in governing systems. But because of the importance of providing public services in society, and on the other hand, governments seek to strengthen the foundations of government by emphasizing the provision of public services, in addition to increasing satisfaction. However, the existence of two coherent mechanisms can help governments. The first mechanism is the dissemination and coherence of a favorable system of government with the support of current laws, in order for the rule of law to govern the structure and activities of public non-governmental organizations so that it can align them with government objectives. On the other hand, the various supervisions that originate from the laws can, according to the administrative structure of non-governmental public institutions, which is based on its statute, eliminate the grounds for deviation from their intrinsic activities and with good governance. Provide a coherent and purposeful system in public non-governmental organizations. However, it seems that the dependence of non-governmental public institutions on the allocation of funds from the general budget of the country has given them the supervision license under the shadow of good governance. And this in itself may provide a positive effect in order to maintain the activities of these institutions in accordance with the law, but unfortunately, dependence on the government can be affected by some political issues and as an obstacle to the growth and prosperity of these institutions.

The efforts of Muslims to better and more accurately understand the verses of the Holy Quran have led to different interpretations of these revelatory verses in general the phenomenon of various interpretations shows the woder and wonder of the Holy Quran and the great extensive content of the last divine book this perspective can be considered as an attempt to better understand verses from a particular perspective and point of view .That some influential components of historical political socio intellectual thought have left a vary decisive role in the time of group of commentators and has caused explanation and compilation of effective and decisive interpretations from this point of view the paths that emerged in the first decades of the life of Islam after the profet have a prominent role in the ideas of Muslims of revelatory t.With the demise of the Prophet of Islam , peace and blessings of God be upon him , and gradually with the distance of Muslims from their lifetime, different interpretations and interpretations of some teachings of Islam and veraea of the Quran emerged.It is obvious that there are several reasons for the conflict of views in the interpretation of the revelatory commandments the temporal and spatial requirements of the political requirements of the ethnic and individual origins of the commentators , as well as their background and intellectual support and theory , have played a very important role in the differences of views .

Marginalization is a global issue, and governments seek to reduce it. Today, based on various measures, the face of marginalization has changed fundamentally compared to the past. These areas have strengths and opportunities, as well as weaknesses, threats and social harms. The purpose of this article is to examine the strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats of marginalization from a social and cultural perspective in areas 10-12 and 14 of Isfahan. Findings In District 10 of Isfahan Municipality, cultural and social strategy is aggressive, in fact, it is the use of capabilities to take advantage of opportunities. In region 12, the strategy presented is competitive in the social dimension, i.e., improving internal systems by using external opportunities, and in the cultural dimension, it is a defensive strategy, i.e. reducing weaknesses and avoiding threats. In District 14 of Isfahan Municipality, the strategy presented in both social and cultural dimensions is defensive. Here, it is necessary to reduce internal weaknesses and avoid environmental threats.

Oppression is one of the ideals of the prophets, which is specified in the precious sources of narration. These concepts were highlighted when the people were ruled by authoritarian rulers and the political, social and economic situation deteriorated. In this study, relying on descriptive-analytical method, the most important examples and components of oppression of the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balaghah and other religious sources in societies with democratic government have been analyzed. Using dictionaries and commentary, the main concepts of the discussion, namely; Oppression, destruction, society and tradition have been carefully examined and other important factors in the collapse of societies have been mentioned. In order to provide accurate information about the Qur'an, a case study of oppression and its examples in the verses of the Holy Qur'an and religious books has been studied. On this basis, only the communities specified by the Qur'an are mentioned, and in the end, the why and the cause of the destruction of the communities due to oppression and its effect on the destruction are discussed. The results of the article show that God seeks the right of the oppressed and the expression of truth in this world by sending prophets, but what has prevented oppression from being fully implemented in human societies is oppression in all its forms and that the main cause of the destruction of tribes in Divine verses are oppression and other factors are subordinated to oppression.

Presentation of effective factors in e-banking security for society interests in Islamic republic of Iran Recently, in e-banking fields, instruments and technology issues have been more studied, while the other factors have not been taken into the account. This problem has resulted in failures in several e-banking security projects. The aim of this paper is studying of effective and important factors on e-banking security regarding for society interests in Islamic Republic of Iran.Semi-structured interview technique is employed in this paper. The extracted data of interviewing from 17 experts in the e-banking fields are analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results have shown that the effective factors in e-banking are seven parameters: ISOs, OTP, comprehensive education, culture building, up to date software, infrastructures improvement, and utilization of experts. These effective factors are proposed in the paper using the presented qualitative model. Also, the results showed that the domestic banks should reduce their dependency on the foreign banks.

At present, Turkey is an immigration destination for many Iranians due to their easier residence conditions than other countries. This is especially true for Turkic-speaking people such as the Turkmen of Golestan Province. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the economic factors of Turkmen migration to Golestan province to Turkey. This study was performed in two parts: qualitative (foundation data method) and quantitative (single sample t-test and descriptive statistics). The qualitative section was conducted by interviewing 20 experts, including faculty members, administrators, experts and thinkers in Golestan and Turkey provinces who had appropriate and accurate information about the migration of Turkmens from Golestan province. The qualitative section was also conducted by presenting a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative section to 185 Turkmen immigrants from Golestan province to Turkey. Based on the results of the qualitative section, 69 open codes, 8 central codes and 4 selected codes were identified as economic factors for the migration of Turkmens in Golestan province to Turkey. Also, based on the results of the quantitative section and one-sample t-test, the t-statistics of the variables of job opportunities, expected income, provision of future employment of children and economic security are equal to 6.166, 14.618, 18.087 and 7.479, respectively. کهbe that their significance level is less than 0.05. Based on the results of descriptive statistics, the mean value in all 4 variables is higher than 3, which shows that all the answers were based on the opinion I agree with in the questionnaire. This result is also true for all the variables that make up economic factors. Therefore, it can be concluded that economic factors including the four variables mentioned affect the decision to migrate.

The subject of civil liability arising from Internet communications includes violation of privacy, right to be forgotten, possible crimes arising from Internet communications, violation of civil rights and many human, financial and moral damages, the realization of civil liability depends on the fulfillment of its elements such as Loss is a harmful act and a causal relationship. Therefore, without fulfilling any of the aforementioned pillars, the guarantee cannot be considered as arranged. In some respects, claiming damages and methods of assessing the moral damage caused by internet connections can also be one of the important issues, which unfortunately, there is no single procedure in this regard. As a result, the pillars of civil liability arising from internet communications in the EU, contrary to Iranian law, have other pillars such as predictability of damage and moral and material damage in Iranian and EU law can be compensated and methods of compensation for material damage to The form of guardianship and in case of moral damage will be compensable in the ways determined by the court. In general, in the present article, considering the library studies and the importance of how to claim damages and the rules and principles governing this type of liability in Iranian and EU law, it can be stated that the existing laws and regulations in this field in Iranian law. Unlike the European Union, it is not comprehensive.

The subject and concept of corporate social responsibility in recent years due to the growth of non-governmental organizations, protest movements against corporate power, increasing social awareness, development of capital markets and public companies and financial and moral scandals of large companies, has become a dominant example in The corporate governance space has become. The purpose of this study is to develop an appropriate model of social responsibility reporting based on critical thinking. In terms of applied purpose, the present study is a combination of exploratory data (qualitative and quantitative) and in terms of research method, it is of the data base type (qualitative stage) and cross-sectional survey (quantitative stage). The output of the confirmatory factor analysis test for the final model of the research was presented in the form of two graphs of standard values ​​and significant state values ​​or coefficient (t-value). The results showed that the reporting components of social responsibility and critical thinking include moral, social, economic and legal components and among the components of the social responsibility model based on critical thinking, the legal component (5.69) has the highest average and The economic components (5.75), social (5.40) and moral components (4.04) are in the second to fourth places, respectively.

The purpose of this article is to strategically model the quality of the relationship between exhibitors and trade show organizers. In this study, the predictive indicators in improving the quality of the exhibition relationship and explaining a comprehensive and integrated strategic model regarding the necessary measures to achieve the desired quality and the relationship between planners and exhibitors of trade fairs were studied. Is divided. In the qualitative stage, in terms of approach, it is the data type of the foundation and in terms of the purpose, it is fundamental. The method of analysis in the qualitative part is also the method of content analysis. In the quantitative part, in terms of purpose, it is an applied research and because of the method of a descriptive research, it is of survey type. The collection method is collected in a quantitative part through a questionnaire whose indicators will be obtained from the qualitative part. The results showed that the underlying factors as a predictor have the most direct and significant effect on the quality of the relationship between the organizer and the exhibitors. The quality of the relationship between the two exhibition groups has a direct and significant effect on exhibition outcomes. Integrated management for the strategy and optimal performance in the exhibition is suggested by the organizer.

The purpose of this study is to examine the rights of neutral or bisexual people, the status and legislative support of these minorities in the law. In general, we should have a look at the rights of these people and finally express the legislative gaps and support for these people. Therefore, in relation to this important, the present study has been done analytically-descriptively. With these descriptions, the results show: Although the issue of bisexuality is taboo in Iranian society and the social rights of these people are denied amid the concealment of their gender, but in some rights of these people, including inheritance and scattered, will, retribution. , Diyat, etc. have been explained and studied in jurisprudence. Based on it, it can be investigated in the law that the gender of a man or a woman is neutral in appearance or in appearance. But a serious challenge, especially in financial law (inheritance, blood money, will, etc.) is neutral to neutral. This is while the jurists unanimously reject the problem of neutral marriage and consider it haram. Based on these results, bisexual minorities have problems in the Iranian legal system as well as socially (such as non-acceptance of this situation due to the traditional and religious form of society) and legally (such as complex administrative bureaucracy), as well as the cost of treatment. . It seems that the support of the law and the legislator in this field will be more dominant and colorful.

The issue of land has always been one of the most important issues in the country.The nationalization of forest and rangeland lands is done to ensure the public interest and is considered an example of the exercise of sovereignty, and in the event of loss due to national action, the government is exempt from compensation. The present study seeks to answer this question. In cases where the government nationalizes non-national lands and exceptions of individuals against the law, can the government still be exempted from liability based on the right of sovereignty? In this article, after analyzing the actions of the government in the diagnostic practice of national lands, and critique of different opinions, we will come to the conclusion that the nationalization of exception lands, the realization of civil liability and government guarantees can not be doubted.Keywords: National Territory - Public Interest - Execution of Sovereignty - Compensation - Civil Liability

In the era of communication and people's access to various social media, illiteracy of journalists and their misdirection is one of the most important factors behind the backwardness of this field of study. The method of this research is survey and census and its statistical population is all final year undergraduate journalism students of the country's universities. The findings of this study showed that from the students' point of view, lack of work experience and inexperience of professors in the profession of journalism is one of the main challenges in teaching this field of study. They consider the country's media environment as security and political. According to the findings of this study, students also consider single-stage student selection as one of the challenges of teaching journalism and emphasize that in this selection, attention is not paid to the mental and physical condition of the candidates and land management. The result of this study also showed that one of the challenges of this field of study is not evaluating the ability of professors in the profession of journalism, ie any professor can become a professor of this field by passing a number of educational units and accepting theoretical exams. Journalism in communication institutions is not available at the university when they are hired, and a professor can become a lecturer in this field without even an hour of journalism, while these professors are not able to teach in the practical classrooms of this field of study.

Individual freedom is one of the fundamental human rights. But social life requires the establishment of regulations that require the restriction and deprivation of individual liberty. Social life leads to the confrontation of powers and individual freedom. Power, as opposed to individual freedom, has two dimensions: hard power and soft power. Military and economic power as hard power can lead others to change their positions (hard power here means criminal law), but soft power is the ability to achieve goals through attraction rather than coercion. . The main issue of the research is to explain the challenge of soft power with individual freedom. Due to its nature, applied research and descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, it seeks to explain the position and role of soft power in restricting individual freedom. The findings showed that soft power, which has the property of control, is opposed to individual freedom. In other words, social crime prevention measures taken by the two institutions of the family and the educational system, have led to the internalization of teachings in the individual, which ultimately leads to intellectual and mental demarcation in the individual, which leads to restriction and even deprivation of individual freedom. To be.

The Qajar era should be called the period of transition from traditional tribal political system and bureaucracy to monarchy and modern bureaucracy. During this period, the occurrence of injuries and bottlenecks in the evolution of the Iranian management system, caused the inefficiency of the administrative system and created obstacles to the qualitative development of the Iranian bureaucracy. Although reforms were made within the complex to rectify administrative turmoil, the system was unable to see the necessary transformation quickly due to the cross-sectional progress and unprofessional attitudes about the administrative structure. In addition, some of the problems of this system were so widespread that it has not been removed from the face of the administrative institution to this day. The results show that in examining the course of the administrative system of Iran in the Qajar era, several stages should be distinguished and considered: the stage of traditional management in the context of the ancient Iranian bureaucracy, which followed the Seljuk and Safavid administrative traditions, And reference to tangible but necessary problems that led to some improvement in the performance of government departments and finally the stage of approach to the rules of modernity which using historical experiences led to the quantitative transformation of the administrative institution in the Pahlavi period and the transformation of government into modern government. In the present study, the phenomenon of bureaucracy in the Qajar era is discussed from a sociological point of view.

The effect of the actions of each of the plaintiffs on each other can be analyzed only in the form of proving the claim by the plaintiff and in return for rejecting it by the defendant. Proof of the claim by one party or rejection by the other party may also be effective against other plaintiffs or defendants, which will add to the complexity of the case. In general, in lawsuits for commercial documents, the decomposability or non-decomposability of the votes issued depends on the cause that caused the violation of the right to protest. If this is a common cause among all the officials of the commercial document, the violation of the vote due to the objection of one of the officials will be effective against the others, in other words, the vote will be indivisible and otherwise the vote will be decomposable. In terms of subject matter, in fact, the main question is whether these lawsuits can be decomposed and if a case is decided on a part of the request for a vote or not, and the possibility of filing a lawsuit to claim a commercial document in the case. Are there several cases in each of which we demand a part of the document? It seems that the separability of claims for commercial documents is subject to general rules in terms of subject matter and does not have a special feature.

This article seeks to investigate the relationship between the perception of corruption and social justice among citizens aged 30 and over in Sari city in Mazandaran province. In this study, I used the theory of Rawls, Marx, Weber, Pareto and Durkheim to explain the relationship between corruption and the feeling of social justice. The required data were collected by survey method and questionnaire tools from a statistical sample of 400 people. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The research findings show that between the dimensions of the corruption perception variable and the justice perception variable Social, there is a significant relationship. Examining the relationship between variables shows that there is an inverse and negative correlation between variables, the highest impact after the perception of total corruption, respectively, perception of international corruption, perception of systemic corruption, perception of macro corruption Among the dimensions of corruption perception, the most destructive relationship and effect based on Pearson correlation coefficient and regression on social justice is related to the dimension of systemic corruption and perception of corruption. Respondents consider systemic corruption as one of the most important issues and problems of society. The results of the research confirm the theories presented in the theoretical framework and are in line with previous research.

Since behavior has a fundamental role in the material element of crime. Therefore, addressing the category of behavior is of particular importance for a long time and in this regard, it is appropriate to study behavior in terms of psychology, sociology and social sciences to understand the mutual role of each in the material element of crime. On the other hand, personality is one of the scientific and completely specialized phenomena in the field of psychology, because personality is a complex phenomenon with various dimensions that has a great impact on human and social behavior. In other words, all human behavior is under the influence of this phenomenon. Many of them have been practiced, some of which are sometimes impractical and some of which have significant scientific validity. In general, it can be said that personality traits, similar patterns of behavior, feelings and thoughts and individual characteristics that distinguish a person from others. These characteristics can have three functions: summarizing one's personality traits, predicting one's future behaviors, and explaining one's behaviors. The trait view is based on the assumption that humans are extensively prepared to take action and respond to stimuli in specific ways. These extensive preparations and specific methods of response form the personality traits of each individual.

Undoubtedly, in the present era along development of societies and spread of crime, the crisis of disability and inefficiency and failure of governments to prevent crime and reform criminals has led to the tendency of NGO to participate in the criminal policy program.Attracting the participation and opinion of the people in the justice system can gain their trust and make the implementation of justice easier, so today the governing institutions see no other way but the participation of the NGOs. NGOs are influential in various areas of criminal policy, including legislative, participatory, judicial and executive criminal policy.Role of the NGOs in the executive criminal policy is very prominent. For example, they can play an important role in the execution of punishments, including alternatives to imprisonment, as well as in the post-prison care process.According to the main research question (What is the position of the NGOs in Iran's executive criminal policy?) using descriptive and library analytical methods, according to the Islamic Penal Code and instructions on how to participate and interact with non-governmental organizations and the judiciary adopted in 2009, the author first examined concepts such as criminal policies, then suspended the punishment of the period of care of the impact of criminal policies in prison, and after punishment, presented practical suggestions.

The law stipulates the rules of social management, and the constitution, as expected, puts the political management of the country under reassuring legal discipline. The ruling powers in the Islamic Republic of Iran are the legislature, the executive branch and the judiciary, which are exercised under the absolute authority and leadership of the ummah in accordance with the principles of this lawPrinciple One Hundred and Ten states the duties and powers of the Supreme Leader in eleven paragraphs. In this area, some of the criteria related to appointing jurists of the Guardian Council, the head of the judiciary and the head of the Radio and Television, forming an expediency council and appointing its members, overseeing the National Security Council, as well as decree and approval of constitutional referendums. It defines the realm of the Supreme LeaderThe mentioned cases also place the absolute authority of the jurist within the scope of the constitution and its specific pillars. Thus, it can be said that the absolute authority of the jurisprudent has wide powers in this area and the systems resulting from it.Absolute guardianship of the jurisprudent and leadership in the Islamic political system, the central point of solving the problems of the system, ensuring the movement in the line of sound faith and the principle of coordination of the program to achieve public goals and in general, the element of public guidance.

The purpose of this study was to draw the model of "entrepreneurship development" with the approach of empowering the disabled and veterans, using the "data foundation theory" method. In this study, using a targeted sampling approach, researchers selected 16 welfare experts and entrepreneurship specialists as the main participants in the study and the three main data collection tools; Interviewing, taking notes and reviewing documents. Data were analyzed by content analysis. By examining the data obtained in the first step of open coding, 314 concepts were obtained. The data of the second stage of open coding were classified into 269 concepts and 50 major categories. Then, in the axial coding stage, 16 nuclear categories were identified, which were upgraded to a higher abstract level in the selective coding stage, and were classified according to conditional, interactive / process, and consequential characteristics. The development of entrepreneurship based on the empowerment of the disabled and veterans under a paradigm model based on five causal factors and contextual and intermediate conditions, with different processes (empowerments) led to appropriate results and outcomes. To improve the entrepreneurship of the disabled and veterans, these changes include; The consequences will be feelings of satisfaction, social welfare, social status, feelings of self-efficacy, life expectancy and feelings of worthiness among the disabled and veterans.

Having a complete and accurate system for monitoring and control is one of the most important and vital pillars in efficient management.All institutions, organizations and ministries that use public funds have legal duties and powers thatThey are only allowed to operate within their framework. Usually these responsibilities are formed in the statutes of these organizations or the lawThey are mentioned; But the constant desire of some managers to shrug off the do's and don'ts and performance based onDesire and free will can not be denied. For this reason, public and public oversight of public institutions, including the municipalityIt is necessary to transparency and efficiency of public institutions. This research withThe aim of the study was to monitor public institutions with an emphasis on municipalities as a library. The results of thisThe research confirms that the foundations of power control is an analysis of the arguments and foundations of the legitimacy of power control.Pays. From the content of this article, it is well inferred that the Iranian constitutional system is based on political ideas.And Islamic sources are sensitive to the density of power and the possibility of its unbridledness and aggression. Therefore in this system withThe issue of monitoring power and controlling and limiting it has been taken very seriously several , including the principleThe trustworthiness of the power, advice and determination of institutions that pay attention to public ;public oversight canEstablish mechanisms to monitor the performance of municipalities

Iran's judicial structure is based on the principles of a fair and just trial. This structure is supported by a number of principles as set out in the relevant laws, including the Code of Criminal Procedure. The judge and the lawyer are the two pillars of this set of principles. One of the most important laws related to the position of a lawyer in the official system of the country is the single article related to the selection of a lawyer by the litigants approved by the Expediency Council in 1991. According to this law, job guarantees of judicial officers have been extended to defense officials (lawyers). In addition to the employment regulations, other guarantees arising from the principle of judicial immunity, which is known as the index of advanced proceedings, are included in the positions of the defense system of the country in the position of defense. We call these safeguards, which rely on the theory of transfer of security and judicial respect for defense principles, defense immunity. The exercise of defense immunity has domestic, national and international effects. Litigation, guaranteeing domestic and international judicial authority, guaranteeing trust in the defense system, overseeing criminal justice activists, guaranteeing judicial and defense security, guaranteeing the right to life and human rights and political freedoms are some of the effects of applying the principle of defense immunity in Iran's criminal proceedings

The Karabakh conflict is one of the old conflicts in the territories under the control of the former Soviet Union and within the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, which is of the above importance due to its influence on the stability and security of the Caucasus region and the special position of regional and extra-regional powers in the foreign policy. It has a great reputation and has attracted the attention of the world communityThis conflict has historical roots and contexts that include ethnic, religious and territorial claims and disputes to the extremist policies and goals of nationalist parties and groups, as well as the economic and political interests of regional and extra-regional governments, despite being limited in one circle. The small geographical area has regional and international dimensions and consequences, and it has provided reasons for regional and world governments to take positions.In this article, we discuss the importance and position of the Karabakh conflict in the foreign policies of regional and extra-regional governments, and we try to discuss the goals and interests of the policies and the role of such governments in the aforementioned conflict.

Crimes against chastity have always been considered as the most challenging crimes in the criminal law of Iran and have been changed in substantive and formal laws since 1304. Examining whether these crimes are measurable and whether there is a criterion and criteria that crimes are contrary to Recognize chastity from other crimes or other actions and behaviors is the subject of this study. In crimes against chastity, there is a limit due to the exclusive nature of crimes and the comprehensive definition and obstacle of rules and criteria. However, in the case of crimes against chastity, it can be said that standardization is ambiguous, but ugliness of action, public aspect of action, and being immoral, good and shameful can be the most important criteria in recognizing these crimes. Crimes should not be ignored. Therefore, in the current law, the criterion for determining the crime is the illegitimate relationship between the holy Shari'a of Islam and the custom of society, and regarding custom, it has been mentioned before that when a custom is cited, there is no text and if there is a text, one cannot refer to custom. But in general, it can be said that having a public aspect, being ugly and being shameful can be criteria and standards of crimes against chastity.

In the present era and the contemporary poetry of Iran, both before and after the Islamic revolution, the use and influence of poets from the Qur'an is obvious. The pre-revolutionary poetry is full of Quranic themes, despite the anti-Quran and religious evasion common in that era. After the Islamic revolution, Persian poetry turned to Quranic concepts and themes with great thirst. In fact, contemporary poets are heirs of fourteen centuries of Islamic rule in Iran and Iranian Muslims who are accustomed to reading their divine book and have adapted from this holy book in their works and writings, and many words, interpretations, proverbs and wisdom It has found its way into the language of the people. In this article, evidence of the influence of the Qur'an in terms of themes and stories, style and structure, words and compositions in contemporary Persian poetry and its two different and separate branches has been presented. The results indicate that poets such as: Parveen Etisami, Mohammad Hossein Shahryar, Amiri Firouzkohi, Sohrab Sepehri, Mehdi Akhwan Tahalit, Forough Farrokhzad, Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kodkani, Hoshang Ebtahaj, Ali Mousavi Garmarodi, Simin Behbahani, Sepideh Kashani, Alam Moallem, Nasrallah Mardani, Mahmoud Shahrokhi, Qaiser Aminpour, Salman Herati, Hassan Hosseini and Ahmed Azizi have accepted the greatest influence from the Quran and its artistic style. The influence of contemporary poetry from Quranic teachings is considered from two perspectives; One in terms of formal and outward impressionability and the other inward and content.

Arbitration in international trade has gained a special place in recent decades, and traders and those involved in international trade have found it a good and reliable way to resolve their trade disputes, so today the condition for resolving disputes in general contracts. Commercial is a relatively basic and fixed condition. Third-party objection is one of the most extraordinary ways to file a complaint against adultery in cases where a ruling is issued in a lawsuit that violates the rights of a third party. The third party has the right to object. Inevitably, in order for a third party to object to the arbitral award, a series of necessary conditions are necessary.Although the new UNCITRAL rules are based on the privacy and confidentiality of the arbitration proceedings, there is only one exception to the agreement of all parties to the arbitration to allow a third party to attend the arbitration proceedings or to issue an arbitral award.

The expansion of the communication system in the world will lead to a kind of increasing cohesion between groups and interdependence in the international system. The development of this space, especially in the virtual dimension, has caused new attitudes and concepts in the human and social field, especially internationally. Shift from the concepts of hard power to the softening and complexity of social and international communication is one of the issues that has emerged in the new realm of communication and cyberspace as a platform for social and international action. Interdependence between social and international groups can create a new form of structure that requires the role of foreign policy and the new approach of governments. Therefore, it is important to study the impact of cyberspace on this internal and international interdependence along with the domestic policy approach. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of cyberspace from the perspective of interdependence and Iranian policies. The main question is what effect the expansion of cyberspace has on Iran's domestic policy approach. . And create a government at least in Iran.

The current research has been carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing effective factors in the development of rural tourism in Ilam province. The approach of this research is mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) and the method of collecting information in this library and field research. In the qualitative phase, the statistical population consists of rural tourism experts consisting of experienced university professors and tourism sector activists and managers who have sufficient knowledge and experience about rural tourism, and in the quantitative phase of tourists, native people. In the qualitative phase, 15 experts were selected by the snowball method and interviewed with them, and the qualitative data was analyzed using the theme analysis method. In the quantitative stage, the number of 384 tourists and local people was determined as the sample size using Cochran's formula and stratified sampling method. The research questionnaire was created by the researcher and taken from the opinions of experts, whose face and content validity and Cronbach's alpha reliability were confirmed. The findings indicated that 5 main categories and 20 sub-categories were identified as effective factors in the development of rural tourism in Ilam province. Also, the results showed that, by using the fuzzy TOPSIS technique, sufficient monitoring and effective control levers regarding the improvement, repair and maintenance of the first rank, business boom with the development of commercial tourism and training and generalization of communication methods in the second rank tourism areas.

The purpose of this research was to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate aspects of cultural management in Islamic Azad University. The method of this research is of a mixed type (quantitative-qualitative). The statistical population of the research to conduct semi-structured interviews included professors, policy makers, executive agents, cultural managers, etc. 16 people were selected in qualitative method by snowball method and 335 people were selected in quantitative part by simple random method and data analysis was done in qualitative part by using MAXQDA software, in total 64 basic themes and 6 themes were selected with qualitative approach. The organizer was extracted under three overarching themes of appearances, values ​​and beliefs.At the level of professional ethics, there are 3 categories: personal, intra-personal, intra-organizational; At the level of cultural capital, there are 3 categories of tendencies and inclinations, effort and effort, at the level of identity, there are 3 categories of job conflict, professional orientation, mastery of work and progress, and the achievement of individual and organizational competence. Finally, in terms of the impact and weight of the ranking, 6 main categories were obtained in the order of identity seeking, professional ethics, cultural capital, resilience, academic justice and academic maturity.And the data analysis in the quantitative part using lisrel software accepted that the results showed that all the indicators examined in order to evaluate the fit of the confirmatory factor model in relation to the variables (identification, professional ethics, cultural capital, resilience, justice) academic and academic maturity) have been accepted. According to this article, it can be said that the fit of this model has been confirmed.

This research investigates the effects of earnings quality features on the excess returns of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 1386-1394. In other words, it measures and compares the predictive power of each of the earnings quality feature and management capabilities in predicting stock excess returns. The statistical population consists of all firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange while the sample size was 105 firms. The method of testing the hypotheses was econometric panel data using E-views software. The results show that at the 95% confidence level, except for the variable of non-optional accrual, the remaining six earnings quality features and management capabilities are able to predict the firms's excess returns and have positive effects on the excess returns.The results indicate that the predictive power of the independent variables are different. In addition, the results imply that the accrual quality with a R2 value of 98% is the best predictor for the stock excess returns in the Tehran Stock Exchange.

Natural resources have long been one of the most important pillars of human life. Therefore, respect for natural resources and the environment among human societies has been considered in all historical periods. And today, the rapid process of industrialization of societies, along with the tendency to globalization, has subjected the world to great changes in social, economic and political dimensions, as well as the destruction of natural resources and its pollution, destruction of forests, extinction of animal species. Wildlife, air pollution, water and noise pollution, desertification, increase in greenhouse gases are among them. Today, natural resources and their protection have become such a moral and social value that criminal protection is necessary. The question is, what is the purpose of the Rio Convention and what effect does it have on environmental crimes? The Rio Convention was adopted in 1996 to combat desertification, which includes criminal protection of natural resources. Has aroused and even introduced a new category of crimes, in this regard, environmental crimes can be mentioned as one of the new forms of delinquency. Paid.

"Public order" is a universal term in the subject law that is the source of many works in various legal fields. However, the sensitivity of criminal law has highlighted the explanation of this concept in this field of legal knowledge more than other legal fields. In order to explain the nature of legal order, two theories of natural law and positivist law have been proposed. The followers of the school of natural law consider public order to be derived from social structures and the result of the rules of social life, while those who believe in the positive school consider public order to be merely a product of subject law and see its source of existence and validity in law. However, public order seems to be inherently a mediator between a lawless society and a legal society, which on the one hand is the consolidator of the laws of the society and on the other hand is consistent with the laws and legal requirements, and accordingly It develops between the views of the two aforementioned schools. Public order is a complex and ambiguous concept that can not be deciphered from its examples and implications except by referring to the custom of life and behavior of citizens, and this issue makes the study of custom important in order to interpret public order.

The family is one of the first public and global institutional systems that is absolutely necessary to meet the vital and emotional needs of human beings and the survival of society. But the place and functions of the family in different parts of the world are greatly influenced by the prevailing ideas of the comprehensive. This article surveys the comparative study of Omanism and family-centeredness in Islam. The main question that has been asked in this regard is how has humanism affected the family in the West and their effects compared to the pivotal family in Islam be evaluated? The present article is an analytical-description and uses the library method to survey this question. Research shows that Omanism has its roots in the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution and by giving originality to human beings, it has promoted individualism, and under the influence of individualism, the family in the West has moved away from its usual natural form. Changes in family forms and the formation of single-parent families, delays in marriage and increasing divorce, changes in family structure and impairment of parents' position in the family and reduced emotional relationships among family members are among the most important effects of family-based Omanism. But in Islam, unlike humanism, the family-centered approach is emphasized, and the maintenance of the male-centered family structure as the head of the family and the respect for parents and the condemnation of divorce are emphasized.

In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, we aimed to investigate the cyber attacks of terrorist groups from the perspective of international law and with a view to the performance of the United Nations. Due to the fact that cyber attacks are not mentioned in any of the international law documents, the need to investigate these attacks by terrorist groups as a new means and method of warfare in the current era is strongly felt. The importance of this becomes more apparent when the irreparable effects of these attacks on critical civilian infrastructure are examined. If terrorist groupsUsing the Internet to carry out cyber attacks and these attacks have a minimum level of severity and create effects in the form of injury, death, damage or destruction, it is considered as an armed conflict, so what measures should the United Nations take for Dealing with cyber attacks by terrorist groups? The United Nations, by issuing resolutions and the work of various groups, is trying to create security in the cyber space by not giving the internet to terrorist groups by governments and preventing cyber attacks by these groups.It is raised.

The Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan are two neighboring countries that have many commonalities and are, algebraically, side by side with a relatively common regional destiny. In this regard, in this article, using a descriptive-analytical method and using the theoretical framework of the Copenhagen School, we seek to answer the question that what role does Pakistan play in ensuring Iran's national security? The hypothesis put forward is that Pakistan plays an important role in supporting Taliban terrorism, developing the port of Gwadar versus the port of Chabahar, supporting NATO and US presence in the region, separatists in Balochistan, Pakistan, and drug trafficking. Iran's national security and in this regard, Iran's support for Kabul during the Kabul-Islamabad dispute has weakened Iran's national security on the part of Pakistan. The findings of this study show that therefore the conflicting interests of the Pakistani government with Iran, facilitate The presence of US and NATO troops in the region has been and the threats posed by drug trafficking and transit and the issue of Afghanistan have been the result of cooperation between the government and the Pakistani community against Iran's national security.

In Article 166 of the Constitution, it is stated that the judgments of the courts must be substantiated and documented by the legal articles on the basis of which the verdict was issued. In this principle, it is considered necessary to cite mandatory sources in the judgments of the courts, and it is also stated in Article 167 of the Constitution. that the judge cannot refuse to deal with a lawsuit and issue a verdict on the pretext of silence, defect or abridgement or conflict of codified laws, but he is obliged to try to find the verdict of every lawsuit in the codified laws and if no verdict is found in the laws, citing the sources valid Islamic or valid fatwa to issue a verdict and this principle allows the judge to issue a verdict in cases of silence, defects, brevity, conflict and ambiguity of the law by referring to sources or valid jurisprudential fatwas as the case may be In civil affairs, following the order of Article 167, valid legal sources and fatwas are among the mandatory sources, but in criminal matters, there is a difference of opinion as to whether Article 167 is valid in this context as well or not. The difference of opinion in this matter is due to the fact that some judges have referred to jurisprudential sources regarding Shariah prohibitions for which no punishment has been determined in the law, and some judges have referred to jurisprudential sources and fatwas in these cases

The data indicate that during the Ilkhanate period, the Muhtasban monitored the market and economic affairs.Among the duties of the Muhtasib were overseeing economic affairs, business, treaties, and women, and forbidding the aggression and harassment of one another, and even forbidding the harassment of the stars, and finally, about public health. In addition, the Ilkhans created a good culture to better promote Hasbeh. Among other things, they set criteria for the quality of goods.Timur's successors were also determined to influence the lives of the people through religion and the support of religious authorities, so they took advantage of the presence of muhtasban and used positions that influenced urban life to achieve this goal.Accountants were appointed in each city. To be in charge of monitoring the market and the livelihood of the people and to take care of the moral and spiritual strength of the society.The Turkmen rulers also paid great attention to the implementation of the Shari'a and the revival of the good and forbidding the bad, and this led to their legitimacy and acceptance among the people.The powers of the Muhtasib have been changing over time. At one time, the Hasaba institution was in charge of the judiciary and qualified individuals were appointed to this important task.In other words, apart from the customary and social aspects, it also had legal and jurisprudential aspects. But over time, its jurisprudential aspect gradually decreased and its political aspect increased, and it was the ruler of the society who employed the accountants.

The subject of this article is the clarification of the law governing the contract of transfer of certain property in English and Iranian law. While in English Law, movable and immovable property is subject to address of landed property in terms of acquisition of ownership and in terms of contracts, they are subject to the law governing the determination, in Iran immovable property is subject to address of landed property in terms of acquisition of property and movable property is subject to venue of the contract. However, dislocation cannot destroy their acquired rights, and in terms of contracts, the law of venue of contract is the same as the law governing the contracts. Therefore, foreign nationals can freely apply the rule of law. Due to the development of world trade, none of the regulations of the venue of contract of the venue of implementation of the contract and residence act of the parties can replace the principle of determination. Followers of the principle of the rule of determination believe that the determination has a wide sovereignty in the formation the contract; and it is valid in all legal relations, even if it is not in the form of a contract.

The labor procedure system in the Islamic Republic of Iran is based on the handling of employee-employer disputes by special or quasi-judicial authorities, and the structure and jurisdiction of these authorities are explained in articles 157 to 166 of the Labor Law and the labor procedure regulations approved in 2011. Based on the aforementioned legal standards, the settlement of labor and employer disputes in Iran's legal system takes place within the framework of three conciliation bodies, the adjudication board and the dispute resolution board, and the organization of these three main bodies follows the common principles governing labor and thesis proceedings. Among the principles of simple and less formal proceedings and the participation of the parties of the work relationship in the formation of these authorities have been carried out. However, by studying and examining the documents of the International Labor Organization and a comparative approach to the structure and jurisdiction of the labor court authorities in the Islamic Republic of Iran and other legal systems, it can be seen that the labor court system in Iran in terms of structure, jurisdiction, and manner of The investigation and presentation of the desired model have important legal shortcomings, such as the lack of complete structural independence, the lack of general jurisdiction, the conflict of jurisdiction with some other specialized authorities, the unsuccessful imitation of the standards of civil procedure and the non-compliance of the structure and jurisdiction of the authorities handling claims.

With the significant increase in the role of sports in the development of countries, progress in this field has become one of the priorities. Women's sports have an important role in this field, but less attention has been paid to it. Countries like Iran and Malaysia have had many social and cultural challenges in women's championship sports, and considering the importance of this field and the limitations of the researches that have been done in this field, therefore, the present study aims to compare the impact of social and cultural factors on women's championship sports. Iran and Malaysia have been conducted in the last 50 years, the statistical population of the research includes experts, champions, officials, academic sports professors and coaches related to women's sports in Iran and Malaysia, and sampling was done using the snowball method, and finally with 22 interviews ( 12 Iranians and 10 Malaysians) theoretical saturation occurred. The data collection tool included semi-structured interviews and after checking the validity of the data, coding was used using MaxQDA software and survey theory method to analyze the specialized interviews. According to the findings, the concepts obtained for women's championship sports in Iran are 46 concepts and Malaysia 43 concepts, and these concepts are similar between the two countries in 34 cases, and 9 factors are the differences between the concepts of the two countries.

National resources recognition and exceptions under article 2 of the law of Conserve and Protect Forest Reserves undertaken ministry ofJihad of Construction (Organization of Forests and Pastures) was put. In the law of Determine Lands Dispute subject to article 56 of the Law on Conservation and Exploitation of Forests and Pastures,the legislator nominated a delegation to deal with the protest of nationalization. By passing the law of Increase Efficiencyin 1389 and the law of Removing Manufacturing Barriers in 1394, Persons who have not yet objected to the nationalization of lands, right to protest in a five-year term was given to the persons in that commission.At the end of the deadline, question arises, Inwhich authority can people object to nationalization of lands?According to footnote 1 of Article 2 of the law of Conserve and Protect Forest Reserves and footnote 1 of article 9 of Increase Efficiency law and article 45 (1) the law of Removal Barriers Productionand circularize directions, atthe moment, there is no reference to the lawsuit the courts must hear the relevant cases in accordance with Article 159 of the Constitution . This paper examines theses law and the ambiguities andin this regard,it has suggested the solutions.

At first CITEJA on 1933, then ICAO on 1952, 1978 and at last on 2009 adopted the CONVENTION COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE CAUSE D BY AIRCRAFT TO THIRD PARTIES (Convention on General Risks ) for unification of aviation regulation for damages caused by aircraft in international flights. We try to express the bases, conditions, advantages and disadvantages of convention on General Risk 2009. Actually evaluation of accession to that convention, and also review of that is significant. Liability in Convention at the first step is based on Negligence (Fatal based), and in absence of negligence, is based on Strict liability. Iran does not have a special law and regulation, and judgments of Iranian courts is based on civil (Tort) and criminal laws of that, but regarding to Convention on General Risks is notable, If the operator approves that the damage was not due to its negligence or other wrongful act or omission or that of its servants or agents; or was solely due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of another person, the compensation will be limited, but in otherwise operator should base on dissipation and strict liability compensate completely.

In Iranian law, the principle is transferability of financial rights; In this way, every person who owns his financial rights can transfer his financial rights to someone else at his will. It seems that any type of rights that can be transferred to others can be transferred to others through coercion (such as inheritance). In legal terms, there is an equal relationship between the ability to transfer rights voluntarily and forcibly. In this regard, there is no difference between objective and religious rights, unless these rights are based on a person, in which case, transferability of these types of rights cannot be considered. According to these prerequisites regarding the transfer of the contract, it can also be said that the simultaneous transfer of contractual rights and obligations is a situation in which a person hands over his contractual position as a party to a third party and allows him to fulfill his obligations and benefit from his rights. He makes his successor. Regarding the criteria for transferability of rights and contractual obligations, there is a difference of opinion among legal writers, and in our opinion, the continuity of the contract (as opposed to being instantaneous) and the absence of rights and obligations not attributable to a person are the main criteria.

Despite the government's efforts over many years, guilds have been largely unsuccessful in achieving their main position and role in society. These defects are the product of the existence of insufficient, general, conflicting and ineffective laws, and the other major part is the result of the failure to guarantee this issue in the eyes of law enforcers, including judges. Therefore, it is important to check to what extent the judicial authorities have been successful in guaranteeing these rights. ? Authorities such as the Court of Administrative Justice, despite the partial support of the rights and freedoms of this field, around the main examples of trade union rights such as; The restrictions on joining the guild and employment, organizations and other rights have not reached a specific procedure. This information is also available in the rules section. Therefore, by giving more autonomy to judges, amending, clarifying and updating the laws and reflecting it in the unanimous decisions of the General Board of the Administrative Court of Justice, empowering and not taking over by the government, we can hope for better protection of trade union rights and freedoms.

Population growth and rising public expectations have led to unbridled changes in the structure and composition of materials to meet the needs of life, which has devastating negative effects on the environment. The effects of some human actions on the environment and society are so serious that their compensation and restoration is limited in the current civil liability. Because the current institution of civil liability will seek compensation and compensation after the loss. In this regard, the acceptance of the institution of prevention in civil liability or in other words preventive civil liability on the one hand can be effective as a part of the modern civil liability literature in preventing acute environmental damage. On the other hand, precautionary measures to prevent biological damage in terms of sustainable development and economic, social and cultural dimensions also have positive effects that justify the need for its acceptance in the field of environment.

Mena catastrophe was happened in 2nd Mehr month at 1394 solar year and it caused to killing more than 7000 pilgrims from 36 countries and 464 killed persons were from Iran who they went to Hadj ceremony in Saudi Arabia territory and this event was precede and beyond usual subject and also passing time can’t forget it. Mal- management and inefficiency of Saudi Arabia in Hadj implementation according to historical experience cause to repeating pilgrims offense and legal effects in international arena. It is necessary to investigate Mena catastrophe with intentional case or Saudi Arabia government inefficiency; and another states international demanding about offense nationalities against it is studied with legal guidelines ant it has draft capability in international preferences. Saudi Arabia didn’t act about blood precious and killed persons damages. So in current study, we tried to investigate Saudi Arabia government responsibility and it’s recognition terms with demanding right against Iranian offense pilgrims and determination legal preferences to claim and pretend.

Due to the importance of electoral claims and the need for fair proceedings to them, Explaining of the nature of electoral Claims among Gurdian Council functions could lead to judicial proceedings in electoral Claims despite the Guardian Council's approved oversight and There should be no conflict with the approval of this council.By examining Iran's Legal system in the form of exploratory- analytical research, it is clear that Electoral criminal cases are handled by the judiciary in a variety of ways. Legal election claims are not usually filed in the courts. The creation of a special electoral court is also inconsistent with the Council of Europe model of constitutional jurisdiction. However, given the non-political nature of electoral claims, it appears that judicial Review of Guardian Council decisions is possible via The Court of Administrative Justice. As a result, it should be noted that electoral disputes between citizens and election candidates and officials are mainly can be filed in the form of criminal claims and the presumption of legal claims In various ways, although it is not common, it is not prohibited by law. The Special Electoral Court's ruling requires a change in the model of constitutional jurisdiction, But judicial review of Guardian Council decisions requires a change in the ordinary law and interpretation of the Guardian Council from the Principle (170) of the Constitution, that is more compatible with the approach of monitoring, ensuring and guaranteeing the principle of legality.

The court's decision, as a result of the litigation process, has the elements and conditions that the law deems necessary to be justified. Article 166 of the Constitution and paragraph 4 of Article 296 of the Code of Civil Procedure of Iran refer to these elements and conditions. The substantiation of the court's decision from the substantive point of view requires the expression of elements of litigation which, as the pillars of the verdict, contain the substantive, judicial and affirmative content of the litigation in the form of a logical argument. The main element of the court's decision to be justified is formed by the presentation of thematic matters by the litigants; Then, by describing these matters by the court, it becomes thematic. Proof of the subject matter, which is done through legal proof evidence and in order to satisfy the judge's conscience, constitutes the proof element of the court's decision. The description and application of the matter presented in accordance with the rule of law must be announced in the court decision. This part of the court's verdict is called a verdict. All these elements must justify the result of the vote in an argumentative way and in order to convince the participants and even the general public.

Helmand River and its critical situation is considered as one of the critical situations between the two countries of Iran and Afghanistan. According to the introduction mentioned, this crisis has become the source of harmful socio-economic-political effects that It has been irreparable for years. The intermittent droughts of the Helmand River during different historical periods have caused harmful political, security, economic, social and cultural effects on Iran and the Sistan region. The sources themselves have become another factor to create pressure and use as tools in the hands of this government. The catastrophes of the crisis, the intensification of the drought and its continuation in the future will become more tangible and complex. The depth and extent of these catastrophes They should be more tangible for the affected governments, so they should not be ignored and should necessarily be among the foreign policy priorities of these two countries, especially our country. In this regard, the best choice of the two countries is cooperation and interaction, otherwise the crisis will intensify. Lack of effective action causes disaster and consequently creates a crisis Thighs and fights.

the occurrencecrime, the criminal justice system uses all the facilities to deal with crime and delinquency, and there is no doubt that the cycle of criminal justice should be rotated in such a way that the rights of all persons entering the criminal rotation system are provided in a desirable and acceptable manner. . During the criminal proceedings, the accused has rights, some of which are explicitly provided for in the extra-legislative, legislative, and sub-legislative provisions, and others are either not mentioned or are incompletely and vaguely stated. Most of the defendant's rights can be found in the preliminary investigation stage, because in this stage, the basis of a criminal case is laid. It is at this stage that due to the nature of the investigation, the rights of the accused are more endangered and violated than other stages, so more support for the rights of the accused is felt at this stage. Of course, the accused also has rights in the judgment and execution stage of the sentence that need to be observed and protected. In regard, the prosecutor has a vital role as the public prosecutor. The prosecutor in the criminal process should not only aim and ensure the conviction of the accused, but should try to provide a fair and just trial while respecting and protecting all the rights of the accused. In this descriptive-analytical study, we will try to investigate the role of the prosecutor in protecting citizenship rights in the Criminal Procedure Code 1392.

1,346 / 5,000Translation resultsThis article examines the situation of eastern Golestan province in the villages of Gonbad, Minoodasht and Kalaleh counties by raising the issue of the difference between rural women's occupations and new approaches to rural development. This issue was raised in 1396 in the official structure of the country's management system. Golestan province is one of the provinces with geographical and ethnic diversity of favorable opportunities for development and participation of women in home-based businesses. With reference to the national documents, this article has sought to find solutions for the promotion and development of rural home-based businesses according to the school of modernization. The statistical population consists of two groups of 20 elites to identify the components of the development model and working women in the eastern villages of Golestan province, which are specifically the villages of Gonbad, Minoodasht and Kalaleh. The sample size is 381 people and the sampling method in this study is random. The research findings indicate that the current situation of rural home-based businesses is significantly different from the favorable situation. 2- The relevant hypothesis in all three cities of Gonbad, Minoodasht and Kalaleh was confirmed as follows: The development of rural home-based businesses has a significant relationship with obstacles (social, economic and cultural). 3- Promotion and development of rural home-based businesses has a significant relationship with modernization (modern) and participatory approach. 

Restricted references and documents related to Attar,s life, existence of multiple Attars, Attar independence from the kings courts, unavailability of critical editions of his works, and studying his life based on the works that are not now imputed to Attar are among the major reasons of these ambiguities. However it can be accepted that his name is Mohammad and his cognomen is Abu Humid and his pen-name is Farid ud-Din. He was born Near 540 AH in Kadkan village of Neishabur that is now regarded as a part of Torbat Heidarieh City, and died in 618 AH in Neishabur. There are exaggerative words about the number of Attar works. But the works that undeniably belong to Attar include four Masnavies namely, Asrar-Nama, Ilahi- Nama, Musibat- Nama, Mantiq ut-Tayr, Odes and Sonnets Diwan, Mukhtar- Nama that includes his best Quatrains, and Tadhkirat ul-Awliya that is his only prose. Among these works, his four Masnavies have a particular importance for the Iranian mysticism, and it can be stated that Mantiq ut-Tayr is the most famous and deepest one. This Masnavi has talked about conduct steps, i.e. seven valleys. This paper studies mystical thoughts of Attar in Mantiq ut-Tayr.

Nowadays, by emerging new Actors in the name of Non-State Armed Groups (Transnational Armed Groups) in worldwide, the nature of Conflicts has been changed and transformed; so that, concept of traditional division of conflict to Non-International Armed conflict and International Conflict has been confronted by challenges. Determining of Armed Hostilities between States and such Groups which are based in territory of other states caused difficulties regarding to classification of these Conflicts and raises the question that in which category of conflicts (International, Non-International, Internationalized, International and Non-International or qua Non- International) it should be classified. Should the substantive rules referred in Common art.3 and APII of Geneva Conventions transformed to Customary Law; then, its content shall be applicable to Extraterritorial Armed Conflicts against Non-State Armed Groups. However, formal aspect of Non-International Armed Conflict definition does not change easily in customary law, but its concept for International Humanitarian Law, referred in International Documents for such conditions, can be applied through International Customary Law. By matching of different types of conflicts with conflicts between States and Transnational Armed Groups, it is possible to achieve this conclusion that such conflicts don't placed in the type of IAC, NIAC and Internationalized Armed Conflicts; but, it can be considered as »qua None State Armed Conflicts«.

In this article, we seek to answer the question of what kind of compensation in Iranian law can be predicted for innocent detainees and how these types of compensation are applied. In fact, more important than material damage is what may result in the detention of others. Moral damage includes damage to the soul, body, reputation, feelings and emotions or any damage to a person and his personality. Basically, there is no special complexity in the method of assessment and compensation of material damages, but the assessment of damage in compensation for spiritual damage with many problems Because there are various factors involved in this regard that can not be assessed with certainty and based on the principles of damage assessment. These include differences in the mental and personality of individuals, their social status and the difficulty of determining the true extent of psychological damage. Therefore, it is not easy to find a general and fixed criterion and rule between these two levels of strength and weakness that is applicable to all people, and in principle there is no definite rule in this regard, but what in this article as the most important components The effect of personality and social status of the detainee and the effect of spiritual elements and motivation of the detainee were considered in the assessment of damages. Has been discussed

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to develop a causal model of the relationship between the tendency to psychosocial trauma with emotion regulation strategies and psychological toughness mediated by the relationship with me. Quantitative research method and statistical population, all 10th grade male students in Sanandaj districts 1 and 2 are selected using a random multi-stage cluster method of 281 people using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample. Research tools include Emotion Cognition Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski et al. (2001),The standard questionnaire of school communication was the 60-item questionnaire of tendency to psychosocial injuries Marzieh Orouji (2016) and the psychology difficulty questionnaire of Kiamarsi et al. (1998). Amos software based on structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the calculated CMIN / DF and RMSEA values were 1.676 and 0.049, respectively. Good Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Good Fit Index (AGFI), Adaptive Fit (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Fit (TLI), Percent Fit (NFI), Incremental Fit (IFI) and Relative Fit (RFI) In the present model, they are higher than 0.90 and close to one. Conclusion, the research findings indicate a proper fit of the research conceptual modelKeywords: Tendency to Psychosocial Injuries, Emotion Regulation Strategies, Psychological Hardiness, Relationship with School

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of ethnic policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran on the process of ethnic convergence in Golestan province. The effectiveness of ethnic policies and ethnic policy-making as the approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the extent to which ethnic groups reach a common understanding and convergence has been examined. Given the ethnic structure in Golestan province and existing ethnic gaps, policy-making is a necessity. The present study is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study includes 1868819 people living in Golestan province, which was obtained based on the 2016 census, which according to Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as a sample. The data collection tool was a questionnaire developed for each of the research variables, the reliability of which was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed by SPSS〗 _26 software. Findings showed that the ethnic policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran have led to increased cooperation in economic activities, increased interactions and social and cultural ties between the tribes of Golestan province.

In Iran and Egypt, Mojtaba Bozorg Alavi and Najib Mahfouz are two current writers in the field of contemporary fiction. Attention to literary mission has reflected many social and group concerns in their fiction. Therefore, in the present study, citing library sources and descriptive-analytical method, the stories of the mentioned authors have been studied based on the components of sociological critique and comparative approach (American school). The results of the research show that the two have expressed their intentions and criticisms by intelligently combining politics and society. They speak of the violation of women's rights in the society of Iran and Egypt at the time, the despair of the people, the incoherence of social relations and the landlord-feudal system. Also, the reference to social shortcomings such as: addiction, betrayal, gambling, poverty, theft, murder, prostitution, etc. is quite evident in the works of the two authors. In addition, addressing social discrimination and the importance of literary mission are highlighted in the great Alawite fiction and in the preserved works, such as: disorder of society and the prevalence of lawlessness and the domination of the wicked and anti-colonialism. Overall, most of the stories of these two authors were the result of their literary reaction to the shortcomings of the society in which they lived. Thus, the story has been a critical tool for representing and pathologizing these deficiencies in the first place and trying to address them in the next step.

The balance of power is always one of the important issues and main concerns of international relations theorists. When the geographical, political and strategic components in the defense and security policy of the countries face changes, the geopolitical configuration will also change and as a result the balance of forces in the region will change. The Middle East region has always been the scene of competition between regional and extra-regional powers and is always a priority in the foreign policy of powerful countries, and therefore the issue of the balance of power in the Middle East region is one of the most important factors affecting regional and international security. It is international. The main goal of this research is to analyze and evaluate the theory of the balance of power in the Middle East with an emphasis on Iran's position in the region. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical according to the structure of the subject, and the method of collecting information is through documentary and library sampling and the theoretical framework of regional security of Bari Buzan. This research seeks to answer the question: How does the balance of power affect Iran's regional position in the Middle East?

The issue of the environment, as a common heritage of humanity, has international dimensions in the current world and it deserves to be considered as one of the crucial international issues and predicted the mechanisms to deal with environmental terrorists in international agreements and or established the International Court of Environment. In this research, according to the existing legal regulations and rules regarding the crime of environmental terrorism in international law, we will analyze, examine and compile the criteria of ecoterrorism in the international environmental law to protect the common heritage of humanity. Destruction of the environment or its threat can be called "terrorism" if: a) the act or threat violates national or international laws governing the disturbance of the environment in peacetime or wartime; and b) the act or threat has the essential characteristics of terrorism. That is, the act or threat of violence has specific goals and violence is a symbolic goal. An act of environmental destruction can only be called "environmental terrorism" when the latter two criteria are met, and when the environment is used by the perpetrator as a valid symbol that causes fear in the larger population to the environmental consequences of the act.

Property confiscation means confiscation of all or part of the defendant's property for the benefit of the government. Due to the prevalence of some specific acts and violations in the society, the legislator has used the executive guarantee under the title of nationalization and confiscation of property to punish and punish the relevant persons. Therefore, one of the most important measures that should be taken regarding property related to crime is the confiscation of this property, which is usually done in order to confiscate said property, and also the purpose of confiscation and confiscation of property, as well as its Shari'a and legal foundations, should be examined. As a result, ownership is respected only when it is created through legitimate means. Based on this, in this research, it has been tried to answer this main research question: what are the examples of confiscation of property in Iranian law? Give an appropriate answer. According to the nature of the subject, the present research has been conducted in terms of practical purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and through the study of valid laws and sources, and the obtained information has been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner. The findings and results showed that confiscation of the property of the convicted by the government is oneof the legal methods based on the laws of the country (Article 49 of the Constitution) and verses and traditions. , embezzlement, theft, gambling, abuse of endowments, and abuse of boycott and government transactions.

Review:One of the most important manifestations of a government's space policy is to propose the issue of space security and provide appropriate solutions. The researches carried out in this field, which are mostly foreign and less domestic, have mostly explained the space security position of the governments. But this article seeks to measure the impact or lack of impact of the behavior of the United States of America in the field of space security on the future of international space law and examine the nature of the influence of the United States of America's view in this field. Among the reliable documents in the interest of the research, looking at the United States National Space Policy document, we reached the United States National Security Space Strategy document and used these documents in a combined method to objectify the behavior of the United States Space Force and look for the result. In question, it was in the most recent document issued by the US Department of Defense through the Defense Intelligence Agency in 2022. By studying the required documents from library sources and official internet databases related to the United States government body, in a descriptive and analytical way, the research comes to the conclusion that after the end of the Cold War, especially in the last two decades, the United States in correspondence By using concepts such as deterrence, expanding space competition, maintaining its unique position and the right to legitimate defense,

 Unlike ad hoc international criminal courts in which judges are guided to prescribe customary rules in proceedings, the International Criminal Court came into existence with distinctive features compared to previous courts, and in Article 21 of its statute, the rights He enumerated the performance and, in a way, created a hierarchy among them. However, contrary to the common practice, whenever we need to conceptualize the sources of international law, we automatically refer to Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and international treaties and customs are introduced as the main sources in the Rome Statute. First of all, there is no news about the last-mentioned case. This matter, which was formed by the efforts of some countries and criminal lawyers and in support of and based on the principle of legality, sought to limit the powers of judges in a significant way, and the customary rules, despite all the prominent points, Due to the complexities of its identification and function, this article concluded by examining the provisions of the founding document of the International Criminal Court that despite the wishes of the drafters, these rules still play an important role in the proceedings of the International Criminal Court. Although not explicitly cited as a source.

The contemporary history of Iran has new and fresh experiences in the political, cultural, social and economic fields, which have led to tremendous changes. Analyzing and examining each of these transformations and changes without a special look at the role of the clergy in these developments is quite pointless. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in the winter of 1341, while in the political scene, he imagined himself as powerful and without opposition. Put principles called "white revolution" to the referendum; But this action was opposed by various parties and groups due to various consequences, especially in the context of reducing the power of the clergy. This article tries to look at the developments in Iran in the 1340s, emphasizing the White Revolution based on Gramsci's theory and looking specifically at Thomas Butko, to deal with the issue of the power and active activism of the clergy in Iran's socio-political developments. This research has been done using descriptive-analytical method and using library and electronic data.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of television in preventing crime in Isfahan city. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and was analyzed using the data method of interviews to identify the variables of the research. The statistical population of the research includes 14 academic experts in the field of media and criminology, who were selected by purposeful sampling and interviewed. The results showed that in the open coding stage, 139 concepts were obtained, and in the next stage, these concepts were classified in the form of 27 more general categories, and finally, in the last stage, 10 main categories were expressed. organizational factors and occupational factors. Regarding background factors, the media model shows two concepts in order to prevent the occurrence of crime, which are: audience's trust in the media, management and organizational planning. Also, the selective coding of the background factors of the media model to prevent the occurrence of crime was determined with a concept of management and macro-policy. The intervention conditions of the media model to prevent the occurrence of crime were determined through 2 concepts of micro and macro environment. The strategies of the media model in order to prevent the occurrence of crime were identified with 2 concepts of micro and macro strategy. The result of the media model shows the consequences related to the public and society in 2 concepts.

In addition to deciding imprisonment, it is important to consider the results of such decision. The family of the convicted is the most significant entity that is negatively impacted by such a punishment. This research was a basic-theoretical study. Extrajudicial, judicial, and underjudicial resolutions in Iran can be reviewed in terms of legal considerations. Given the philosophy of Islamic punishment in Islamic penal policy, punishment is described attracting expediency and repelling evil, and the foundation of such laws is nothing more than jurisprudential laws. The findings showed that Islamic penal policy, which serves as a model of theological penal policy as opposed to western penal policy, which is a nontheological penal policy, outperforms in addressing the detrimental effects of imprisonment on the family of the convicted. Accordingly, despite its importance in Islamic penal policy, imprisonment does not have an irrevocable priority, and there are alternatives to imprisonment depending on the circumstances. given the importance of the role of the family in providing necessary performance in educating individuals on the one hand, and the possibility of family dissociation as a result of various factors including imprisonment on the other, laws of imprisonment can be established, issued, enacted while considering family consolidation.

Civil society is the role-playing concept of a society consisting of different people and groups in the form of an institutionalized structure that can function independently and separate from the government. Freedom of participation, right to access information transparency, freedom of parties and gatherings, freedom of media are the most important criteria of a civil society. Therefore, it seems that the civil ideological discourse and the authoritarian political structure and the lack of full implementation of the capacities of the constitution in the administration of the country restricting the civil society as well as the creation of a free economic structure and an open political space can help to implement this type of society. Despite the emphasis of the constitution on the widespread presence of people in the public arena in order to crystallize the ideal of the Islamic revolution, the realization of civil society in the western way in the Islamic Republic of Iran is facing executive and supervisory challenges due to the specific type of governance system in the country. Therefore, in the present article, we seek to answer the basic question of what are the obstacles and platforms for the realization of civil society in Iran, although it seems that the special form of governance based on Islamic principles and the leadership of the jurists in the country's governance structure has two rules. It is opposite to the form of civil society in the West. This article has been compiled in a descriptive analytical and library method.

Civil society is the role-playing concept of a society consisting of different people and groups in the form of an institutionalized structure that can function independently and separate from the government. Freedom of participation, right to access information transparency, freedom of parties and gatherings, freedom of media are the most important criteria of a civil society. Therefore, it seems that the civil ideological discourse and the authoritarian political structure and the lack of full implementation of the capacities of the constitution in the administration of the country restricting the civil society as well as the creation of a free economic structure and an open political space can help to implement this type of society. Despite the emphasis of the constitution on the widespread presence of people in the public arena in order to crystallize the ideal of the Islamic revolution, the realization of civil society in the western way in the Islamic Republic of Iran is facing executive and supervisory challenges due to the specific type of governance system in the country. Therefore, in the present article, we seek to answer the basic question of what are the obstacles and platforms for the realization of civil society in Iran, although it seems that the special form of governance based on Islamic principles and the leadership of the jurists in the country's governance structure has two rules. It is opposite to the form of civil society in the West. This article has been compiled in a descriptive analytical and library method.

This study presents and explains an effective social media advertising model emphasizing relationship marketing. Accordingly, the conceptualization of social media advertising, the effective factors, and operational strategies to improve the relationship marketing process has been considered for restaurant chains. due to the exploratory nature of the research, the grounded theory method is used. The theoretical sampling method is applied. To achieve theoretical saturation, the main data collection method is in-depth interviews with several restaurant chain managers, their customers, and academic experts. Ten interviews were administered. The written interviews codes are analyzed once information is collected. after performing three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, the final model consists of 6 general categories, 18 subcategories, and 78 main concepts. The findings show that managers should pay attention to all categories and subcategories in this study and the necessary information for effective social media advertising success, emphasizing relationship marketing. In addition, this study demonstrates the need to pay attention to effective social media advertising, emphasizing relationship marketing.

Like any other author, Majid Gheisari narrates the lives of people around him, relying on his knowledge and reputation. One of his most notable differences is that Majid Qaysari has directly experienced the war. It is therefore capable of comparing different lifestyles of individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate coping strategies (Emotion-Tolerance Problem) and coping with stressful situations of war in 8 short stories by Majid Qaysari. . The researcher intends to look at ways of coping with stress in short story characters from the perspective of one of the branches of psychology called psychology of art. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is 8 short stories by Majid Qeysari (young cracker, moonshine, dragon, gardener, open door, scribe, water, who shoots first?). The warriors of Islam have been appropriately questioned and finally analyzed analytically. The findings show that holy warriors have considered war as a challenge to flourish their potential, so they have used more orbital styles. The coping strategies employed by the group have a significant relationship with the types of conditions, tasks, and their biological tasks.

According to the 20-year vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran should be a developed country with the first economic, scientific and technological position in the region until 1404 AH. Despite a relatively comprehensive focus on social development in the upstream documents, Iran is still not in an appropriate international and regional position. Jihadi management; It is a style of management that is specific to the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The meta synthesis method is a useful research method for reviewing and coherence of scattered research, especially in humanities studies. In this research, a hybrid method to study researches related to jihadi management and its effects on social development with all its components. These studies include the text of the Quran, the statements of the infallibles, the statements of the leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran and one hundred articles in the field of development. Is stable and jihadi management; The result is the usefulness of using the meta synthesis method to study the impact of jihadi management on the social development of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the purpose of answering the question whether jihadi management with all its dimensions and components on the social development of the republic Is Islamic Iran with all its characteristics influential or not? The findings of this study, which was conducted by MAXQDA software, are the effectiveness of jihadi management on the social development of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Ulrich Beck is a social theorist of modernity and one of Germany's leading contemporary sociologists.Thinkers and sociologists have expressed various views in defining social class from different perspectives.The novel Beirut 75 by Ghada Al-Saman is one of the most prominent Arab women writers, published in 1975. The theoretical framework of the study of the novel Beirut 75 Ghada Al-Saman is based on the sociological approach of Ulrich Beck. As one of the social theorists of modernity, Ulrich Beck declares the death of class, collective identity, and traditional structures, and emphasizes the element of individualism. The main finding of the research is that the symbolic characters of the novel, based on Ulrich's sociological theories, have forgotten their social and historical identity and class base and are influenced by the principle of individualism in search of their title in Beirut, their city of aspirations and aspirations.Beirut 75, Ghada Al-Saman, Ulrich Beck, Class, Individualism

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between organizational transparency and organizational trust with the career development of Bank Melli Kerman branches. The statistical population of the study includes all employees of Bank Melli branches in Kerman, whose number is 420 people. Using Cochran's formula, a simple random sample size of 200 people was selected. In order to collect data, three questionnaires with optimal validity and reliability were used. Before testing the hypotheses, normality (having a normal distribution) of variables was used. The study was evaluated by a sample (KS) by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The normal assumption was valid for all variables. Pearson correlation was used to test the hypotheses due to the normality of the studied variables. SPSS software version 24 was used for data analysis and a significance of 0.05 was considered. Findings show that there is a direct relationship between transparency and organizational trust with the career path of employees and at the end, some suggestions are presented.

As we know, one of the important discussions in the field of substantive and formal law is to examine the dimensions of these rights in the conventions and the law in question. Its social justice is so important that it is at the forefront of basic human rights in all countries. In the Iranian legal system, which is derived from the sacred jurisprudential system, the study of formal and substantive rights has received more and more attention by the legislator, although the constitution has many strong principles in this area. The source of social justice and freedom in Iranian law is mostly human rights documents and in almost all human rights documents, primary and secondary rights have been examined. An important challenge that we have encountered in this study is that although the theory of social justice has been studied theoretically in the relevant laws, but in some cases it is in conflict with the Iranian constitution, which we will address in this dissertation.

Thisresearchaimstoanalyzetheconceptof Velayat-e-Faqihin the political thought of theconstitutional era: a comparative study of the views of the great verses of SheikhFazlullahNouri, AkhundKhorasani and Mohammad Hossein Naeini.Themethod ofthe present research is a qualitative method by reviewing library textsanddocuments Velayat-e-Faqihisoneofth important issues inthehistoryof theconstitution that there are still ambiguities for some historians regarding the views of somepersonalitiesof that time on the mentioned subject.Ayatollah Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri, Mohammad Hossein NaeiniandAkhundKhorasani are among the personalities whose thoughts need to be explained clearly and carefully researched. Thereare two views in this regard: one is the view of the opposition, which considers a person like Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri as a defender of the Islamic monarchy, and the second is the view of Mukhtar and agrees, who see him as a serious supporter of Velayat-e-Faqih.. These accusations were just like the accusations leveled against a figure like the Khorasani cleric, who introduced him as against Velayat-e-Faqih. However,the actionsof AkhundKhorasanihaveprovedthatthedeceased,intheory andpractice, wasafirmbeliever in Velayat-e-Faqih andas the supremeleader,hedeposedthekingof thecountry, excommunicated the elected representative of the people and expelled him from the parliament.This way, he perseveredAlthough this research is specific to Mirza Naeini, Akhund Khorasani and Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri, but since the opposition of these two ideas is in the direction of the opposition of the spectrum of Mohaghegh Khorasani and Sheikh Nouri, so it can be referred. In addition, the influence of the Khorasani clergy on Naini is undeniable. Therefore, there can be no complete strangeness and complete alienation between all Naini innovations and Khorasani ideas.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of national interests, its challenges and also to provide a theoretical model for securing national interests by using of qualitative approach of grounded theory and implementation semi-structured interviews with expert professors in regard of this subject. recognition of background factors.analyzing data of research and theoretical model suggests that causal and structural conditions and also, taking into account the influence of intervening factors, we can achieve a selected model in achieving the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which in this article, we have interpreted as "the model of globalization of development with fair coordination of Iran with the world economic system."Keywords Contextual theory, Development, Globalization, National interests, Socio-economic structure

This suspicion and concern has always been raised in the minds of Muslims, especially those who adhere to the tradition of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) that the Messenger of God (PBUH) in the prophetic system and Imam Ali (AS) in the Alawite system and in the time of other pure Imams, duties, responsibilities And duties, principles and rules on the behavior of the agents (rulers) of the Islamic system in managing the affairs of Muslims and in interaction with the people, and in order to create justice and growth and all-round development of society and avoid aristocratic life and avoid temperament. Arrogant character and avoidance of ethnic, racial and class thinking, exaltation and promotion and movement in the path of spiritual perfection and spiritual excellence of human beings and attention to the vision and insight of people and caring for the deprived and oppressed classes and the progress of material life and closeness

Iraq has been one of the most challenging countries in Southwest Asia (Middle East) since World War II. Undoubtedly, one of the main reasons for these challenges is the important and decisive role of the Iraqi political situation in the geopolitical space of the region. In the current developments in this region, as in the past, Iraq has a key and decisive role, and this role has led to the clash of actions and interests of various regional and supra-regional powers at this point. The main purpose of this article is to study the future of political stability in Iraq by emphasizing the political and security situation in Iraq and its sub-objectives. It introduced Iraq and the feasibility of the disintegration of Iraq. By designing possible scenarios for the disintegration or non-disintegration of Iraq in the next ten years, the future of this country is predicted as follows: 1) Scenario of disintegration of Iraq 2) Scenario of civil war in Iraq 3) Scenario of fair and democratic distribution of power.

The present article seeks to answer the question of what are the legal responsibilities arising from the non-fulfillment of certain international obligations by governments, towards other governments and also towards the people? Findings indicate that according to the International Covenant on Human Rights, in particular the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the provision of health care by governments is not limited to nationals and peoples in their own country, but a commitment to international cooperation in this field. Is particularly important; On the other hand, with the spread of the corona virus and the outbreak of the emerging and deadly disease Covid 19 in the world, governments have begun to provide compulsory treatment services to people, especially those with the disease; The necessity of services is contrary to human rights rules. The provision of these services, in addition to violating some individual and collective rights, has in practice led to the violation of some of their international obligations, but given that these measures are optional and temporary, governments can not talk about the impossibility of full implementation of their treaties in international forums. To justify the violation of their international obligations because the effects of the Corona crisis on the inability to implement treaties are different. By emphasizing the rule of "force majeure" in Article 23, the subject of international responsibility of states, they prevent the admission of guilt resulting from the failure to perform the treaty and absolve themselves from the responsibility of breach of obligation.

A family dispute is a legal action resulting from unresolved disputes between members of a family, which begins with a petition. This research aims to analyze women's experiences based on a semi-structured interview with women referring to the family court (22 samples from Kerman city) and with thematic analysis technique, and to answer the question that "women in the family litigation process with What quality do they experience the common approach in civil procedure law?"Based on the findings of the research, women's experiences in the judicial process take place on two levels, individual and structural. At the micro level, women's experiences in relation to activists are formed, which was formulated under the main category of "individual level". Another main category was called "structural level", which includes women's experiences of the existing laws and structures in the family litigation system in Iran. In this, the structural level is considered the most important category. The result of this research is that in Iran's legal system, there are shortcomings and ambiguities in the scope of the content of the laws and the implementation of court decisions based on the common approach of civil proceedings, which shows the intensification of hostilities by referring the family to the court, and it is necessary to reconsider this matter. to be

Failure to pay attention to the financial reporting supply chain can reduce the quality and delay in submitting financial reports in the capital market. The research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of implementation method. The statistical sample is composed of professors and experts aware of the field of financial reporting supply chain. To collect information in this study with 10 key informants (saturation limit) which was done by snowball sampling method and through semi-structured interviews. The method of theme analysis was used and the coding technique was used to analyze and interpret the data obtained from the interview. Finally, researchers have achieved 16 main themes that are research models, including: demand and demand, knowledge and independence of the board, technology (use of information technology), the audit organization that Is one of the factors affecting the financial reporting supply chain.The research findings provide a scientific basis for creating a strategy for optimizing the financial reporting supply chain, strengthening management and control over the financial reporting process, and ultimately increasing the quality and transparency of financial reporting and improving the financial reporting supply chain.

Among the cases where Ayatollah Mousavi Ardabili's attention to the requirements and limitations of the society can be observed, it is possible to mention the position of Fass in cases of disagreement between the parties. If there is a dispute between the two sides of the lawsuit, one of the solutions that Ayatollah Mousavi Ardabili always emphasizes is to investigate the dimensions of the case by the judicial system. In today's era, there are many disputes between people that go to the court to solve it. Here, the need to check and search through a tool called experts of the judiciary, lawyers, prosecutors, investigators, judicial officers, etc. is possible. and the judge can refer each case to the appropriate person according to the investigation and search, so that the density of cases is reduced, and as a result, both the work of the judge is reduced and the people are more satisfied with the quick process of judicial decisions. Therefore, examining and searching for the dimensions of the cases, which have always been emphasized by Ayatollah Mousavi Ardabili, can be used as a solution for the quick resolution of judicial cases in the present time.

In sociology and economics Corruption control is seen as one of the national ideals in the constitution, and its failure is considered one of the problems of the Islamic Republic of Iran today. On the other hand, the shadow economy is a pathological system that causes distortions in the real economy, and its causes can be found in the benefits of the activities of actors outside the official sector, and in fact, in systemic corruption. The activity of these activists can be effective in the quality of governance and its effectiveness. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between corruption control and the shadow economy of Iran during the years 1374 to 1398 has been examined by using one of the governance indicators, which is corruption control, and using the NARDL method. The results showed that this relationship is negative in the short and long term. In the short term, with a one percent increase in corruption control, the size of the shadow economy will decrease to 0.023 percent, and in the long term, with the increase in corruption control, the shadow economy will decrease to 0.01 percent, according to the findings of the policy research of institutions and organizations. The trustee of governance regarding the improvement of governance indicators, including the corruption control index, distance seems to be necessary, a sustainable solution is to move towards smart systems and monitor and monitor the authenticity of goods and customs monitoring along with ending the insular politics in the economy.