فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 62 (زمستان 1400)

The aim of this study was to design a model of factors influencing the tendency of women to addiction in West Azerbaijan province and to provide a solution.

For this purpose, a mixed exploratory design was used and the data were collected in two qualitative and quantitative stages. In the first stage, the theoretical foundations were examined and 16 addiction specialists were individually interviewed using the qualitative method. The main and secondary categories of factors affecting women's tendency to addiction and the relationships between them were obtained during the three stages of coding qualitative data. In the next step, the original questionnaire and model were designed based on the findings of the qualitative research stage, and the model with the participation of 156 substance addicted women was tested. Quantitative data analysis was performed to identify the relationships between the factors and the generalizations of the first stage. Model fit indices were examined to evaluate the optimal fit of the data with the conceptual model that the researcher assumed based on the findings of the qualitative research stage.

The results showed 5 general categories in the paradigmatic model, {it includes cognitive factors (positive attitude towards drugs; lack of knowledge about drugs; lack of psychological health education and lack of knowledge of life skills), Psycho-behavioral factors (psychological, emotional and personality factors), social factors (peers and colleagues; place of residence and study and easy access and social insufficiency), family factors (addiction of family members (parent-sister-brother); family breakdown and family communication-educational factors), and cultural factors (promotion of drug use; culture of recreational consumption; lack of recreational and educational facilities and poor religious beliefs} were reflected factors influencing women's tendency to addiction and the relationships between its various dimensions. In the quantitative part of research model, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the structural model of the research fits with the collected data.

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that cognitive, psychological, social, family and cultural factors play an important role in women's tendency to addiction, and this requires the presentation of educations and solutions on cognitive, psychological, social, family and cultural domains.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of psycho-social empowerment on self-control in students susceptible to addiction to addiction.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. Participants were students of vocational schools (two vocational schools) at Chalous in 2017-2018. First, the addiction readiness questionnaire was distributed to students of the two vocational schools to select samples. Then, the students who scored high on the Zargar addiction readiness questionnaire, 40 students were randomly selected and assigned to the experimental group (n = 20) and the control group (n = 20). The experimental group was presented with 8 sessions of one and a half hours of psychosocial empowerment program. To collect data, Zargar addiction readiness questionnaire (1385) and the revised Grasmik, Title, Brasik and Emklo (1993) self-control questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by univariate covariance test.

The results showed that psychosocial empowerment was effective on self-control in students with susceptibility to addiction and psychosocial empowerment caused a significant increase in self-control in students with addiction readiness of the experimental group compared to students with susceptibility to addiction in the control group.

It can be concluded that psychosocial empowerment has an important role to increase self-control in students susceptible to addiction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing negative emotions and improving quality of life in drug addicts.

The present study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study included drug addicts who were referred to Dezful addiction treatment centers in 1398. Among them, 50 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental groups (N=25) and control groups (N=25). The experimental group received acceptance and commitment treatment in 10 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The positive and negative emotion questionnaire and the quality of life questionnaire (World Health Organization, 1996) were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment significantly reduced negative emotion and its dimensions and improved quality of life and dimensions, and this difference persisted in the one-month follow-up step.

Based on these results, acceptance and commitment therapy can reduce negative emotions and improve the quality of life of drug users, and this variable can explain the high degree of emotional variability and quality of life in drug users.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Abuse of ergogenic  drugs, psychotropic substances and alcohol in athletes in Tehran province.

This is a descriptive survey study and participants includes all athletes with at least 6 months of experience in sports in Tehran province. Among these individuals, 806 self-report questionnaires, made by researcher and made without name (from 394 female and 412 male athletes) in 49 sports in Tehran province by multi-stage cluster sampling method.

The results showed that the prevalence of ergogenic  drugs among these athletes was 17.12%. Also, 12.16% of the athletes in the sample group (16.504% of male athletes and 7.614% of female athletes) had experienced the use of at least one of the banned substances (drugs, psychotropic substances and alcohol). The prevalence of smoking was 9.68% (11.41% male athletes and 7.87% female athletes), the prevalence of drug use was 2.48% (3.88% male athletes and 1.02% female athletes), the prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 1.74% (2.91% male athletes, 0.51% female athletes) and the prevalence of alcohol consumption among athletes in Tehran province was 11.41% (15.29% male athletes and 7.36% female athletes).

The results of this study showed that substance abuse among adolescent and young athletes in Tehran province is an undeniable fact and the development of educational and prevention programs in this regard is very necessary.

Due to the increasing prevalence of addiction, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on resilience, cognitive regulation of emotion and drug craving in substance abusers.

This study was a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group waiting for treatment. Participants of this study were substance abusers referring to specialized clinics for the treatment of substance abuse in Mashhad in 1399. The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 45 individuals in three groups of schema therapy (15 patients; 20 sessions; 90-minute; once a week), cognitive behavioral therapy (15 patients; 12 sessions; 90-minute; once a week) and control (15 patients). Data were analyzed using the cognitive emotion regulation scale (2001), resilience scale (2003), and the substance abuse scale (1995). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that schema therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy had a significant effect on resilience, cognitive regulation of emotion and craving for substance use in the two experimental groups, and cognitive behavioral therapy in post-test had a greater effect on resilience and craving for substance use and schema therapy. In addition, schema therapy had a greater effect on the follow-up stage in cognitive regulation of emotion, resilience and craving substance use (P <0.05).

Therefore, both schema therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy methods are effective on research variables in substance abusers. However, schema therapy is more effective in preventing the recurrence of symptoms in a long time.

This study was to investigate the reasons of adolescent tendency to use drugs in Ilam.

This research was conducted by context theory method and purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 adolescent drug users.

In the open coding stage, 660 semantic expressions and in the axial coding, 155 concepts and 20 main categories were extracted. Results showed the role of peer group, harmful friendship, Inadequate urban environment, poor structure of socializing institutions such as the family due to history of addiction in the family, harmful parenting style, incompetent family management resulting in family disorder, educational institution through inefficient school management, the possibility of forming a band confirmed familiarity with drugs in school and tendency to addiction. Easy access to drugs, adolescent excitement, early financial independence, and a lack of proper communication skills played aggravating role in this area. The studied adolescents were used unsuccessful quitting strategies, secrecy, a criminal act in obtaining drugs, and even self-destructive decisions, which has been accompanied by consequences such as social exclusion.

As a result of the categories, "surveillance and interaction with fellow criminals" was obtained, which has led to continued consumption, inability to quit drugs and the total rejection of adolescents by the family.

Addiction is a psychosocial disease that causes psychological and physiological dependence of a person with these substances and has adverse effects on physical, mental and social functioning. One of the important aspects of this issue is the return to addiction after quitting and the increase of addiction in the society. The aim of this study was to determine the social components affecting the increase of addiction in society.

This descriptive and survey study and the statistical population included all drug addicts who referred to addiction treatment centers in Bojnourd in 1398 and the population was 1534 people. According to Cochran's formula, 308 of them were estimated as the sample size and selected by simple random sampling. Data collection tool consisted of two researcher-made questionnaires that had good validity and reliability. Research data were analyzed using Smart PLS and SPSS software.

The findings of the present study showed that the effective factors in this study (family, media, lifestyle, ease of access, attitudes toward health, peers, adherence to religious rites, social status) have a positive and significant effect on increasing addiction in society. Also, the research findings indicated a good fit of the research conceptual model.

Social components are effective in increasing addiction in society and it is suggested to pay attention to these components in reducing addiction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the fear of intimacy, alexithymia, and satisfaction of basic psychological needs in successful and unsuccessful individuals in the treatment of addiction.

This study was a causal-comparative study. In this study, research population includes members of anonymous addicts association in Malayer city which was approximately 4000 people. The sample size consisted of two groups of successful people (86 people) and unsuccessful people (126 people) in quitting addiction selected using convenience sampling. Questionnaires of fear of intimacy, alexithymia and satisfaction of basic psychological needs were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). In this analysis, the variables of age and history of substance use were considered as covariate variables.

Results showed that there were significant differences between successful and unsuccessful groups in the fear of intimacy, alexithymia, and satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Successful groups showed lower score in the fear of intimacy and alexithymia compared to unsuccessful groups. In addition, the successful group in quitting addiction had higher scores in the satisfaction of basic psychological needs.

This study highlighted the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, emotions involved in interpersonal relationships and fear of intimacy addicts should be paid attention to by their families, friends and therapists.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship among self-efficacy, life expectancy, and public mental health with the level of physical activity of drug users.

 The research method was descriptive-correlation. Participants were male drug users of addiction treatment camps in Rafsanjan, and 160 sample were selected using the Morgan sampling table. The research instruments included Scherer & Maddox (1982) general efficacy questionnaire, Schneider (1991) life expectancy, Goldberg (1988) public mental health questionnaire, and Beck (1982) physical activity scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression statistical methods. 

 The correlation findings showed that the relationship between physical activity and general self-efficacy, life expectancy, and general mental health of men addicted to drugs is significant. The prediction results of stepwise regression of physical activity showed that self-efficacy and public mental health are positive predictors of physical activity of drug users, respectively, and explain 12% and 15% of the variance of physical activity of drug users, respectively. 

 The results showed that judging an individual ability to perform positive actions and thinking and feeling about life can play a positive role in performing physical activities of drug users.

The aim of this study was to examine qualitative family and school predisposing factors of high-risk substance use behavior in students.

The present study was conducted in terms of applied purpose and the qualitative nature of the data that the method was Strauss and Corbin (1997). In the present study, the statistical population included all boy and girl students of first and second high school in Birjand in the academic year of 98-99. A total of 18 people were selected using purposive sampling (theoretical sampling) and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Also, analyze data were obtained using open, axial and selective coding methods.

In the analysis of open coding stage, 101 codes were identified, which in axial coding and based on the thematic similarity were 13 subcategories, and finally in the selective coding stage were 5 categories of low student and parent motivation, unfavorable school area, unfavorable education in school, inappropriate peers and friends and the existence of defective rules in the school.

Family and school predisposing factors have a significant contribution to the occurrence and persistence of high-risk substance use behavior in students. It seems that therapists, researchers and counsellors can use the findings of the present study to reduce and prevent high-risk substance use in students.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social support and psychological hardiness with resilience in women with substance-dependent spouses under medical treatment centers in Zahedan.

The research method was descriptive-correlation type. Sample of the study included 200 women with drug-addicted spouses who were selected by convenience sampling method and the social support questionnaire of Wax and colleagues (1986), the psychological hardiness questionnaire of Ahvaz and colleague (1998) and the Connor and Davidson resilience questionnaire (2003). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social support and psychological hardiness with the resilience of women with drug-addicted spouses. Also, the results of regression analysis revealed that approximately 58% of the resilience variance of spouses of women with drug-addicted spouses is predictable based on social support and psychological hardiness.

Given that social support and psychological hardiness are directly related to the resilience of women with drug-addicted spouses and can predict resilience, to increase the resilience of addicted families, the social support program of these families can be prioritized and training class used to increase their psychological hardiness.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on increasing self-compassion and psychological well-being and decreasing blood pressure in individuals with substance abuse disorders.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest experimental design and follow-up with a control group. Participants were individuals addicted to substance abuse who referred to the health network of Jam city in 1399. Arterial blood pressure of participants was ≥140 to 90 mm/Hg and their disease was confirmed by a specialist. Among them, 30 individuals were selected by available sampling method and then randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received dialectical behavioral therapy training in 10 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. Data collection tools were self-compassion scale, psychological well-being scale, and mercury sphygmomanometer. Data were analyzed after the follow-up step using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy training significantly increased self-compassion and psychological well-being and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals with substance abuse.

It can be concluded that dialectical behavioral therapy training has an important role in increasing self-compassion and psychological well-being and decreasing blood pressure in individuals with substance abuse.

The association of anonymous addicts is a self-governing group that has been successful in treating addiction. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the life experience of addicted people from functions of the anonymous association in quitting addiction.

The approach of research is qualitative, and the descriptive phenomenological method has been used in the analysis. The technique used in was interview. In this study, the data collection technique was to conduct individual interviews and the study population consisted of all prisoners of Chenaran vocational training and occupational therapy camp in 1399. The sample consisted of 19 members of anonymous association. Interviews were analyzed using the theoretical coding method.

The function of the association of anonymous addicts in the process of quitting addiction and its continuation is designed in the form of 12 steps that according to the life experience of addicted people, a healthy lifestyle as an alternative and educational and awareness strategies were effective in the performance of association. Factors including spiritual strength, belief restoration, value and synergy of the group, and implicitly affected the effectiveness and efficiency of the association. In addition to quitting addiction and continuing it also led to improving the psychological and social damage caused by addiction, improving personality disorders of members, and compensating for the damage and casualties caused by addiction.

The association of anonymous addicts, as an important source of support, has been able to improve the personality maps of addicted people in the context of healthy relationships and to present them appropriate emotional and social support.

The present study was conducted to compare personality traits and executive functions (inhibition and decision) in successful and unsuccessful drug users in quitting addiction.

This study was a causal-comparative design. Participants were successful and unsuccessful men and women in quitting drug addiction (narcotics and industry) referring to addiction treatment centers in the eastern region of Tehran. Among them, 110 people were selected by convenience sampling method (55 successful in quitting addiction and 55 unsuccessful in quitting). To collect the data, the five personality traits questionnaire - long form, go/do not go test and Bart balloon risk test were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, parameters of parametric tests and multivariate analysis of variance.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between successful and unsuccessful individuals to quit addiction in decision (p >0.05). Also, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of successful and unsuccessful individuals in quitting drugs in terms of cognitive inhibition and personality traits including conscientiousness, acceptability, openness to experience, neuroticism and extraversion (p<0.05). As such, successful people in quitting addiction had better performance and efficiency than unsuccessful people in personality traits and cognitive inhibition, but there was no difference between the decision power in the face of the temptation of consumption between the two groups.

Executive functions and personality traits play a role in ability of individuals to quit and resist the temptation to consume. Therefore, it is suggested that service providers centers in the field of drugs prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of people in the face of drugs, in addition to the usual proceedings, also pay attention to the personality traits and executive functions of individuals.

Considering the importance of continuous monitoring of high-risk behavior patterns in students and identifying protective factors against them, the present study was conducted to analyze the patterns of multiple substance use and risky sexual behavior and the protective role of religious faith in college students.

In a cross-sectional study, 400 students (200 students from Allameh Tabatabaei University and 200 students from Razi University in Kermanshah) were selected by a convenience sampling method and evaluated using religious faith and high-risk behaviors questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the latent class analysis method, Pearson correlation test, chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance using SPSS and Mplus software.

Latent class analysis led to the extraction of one non-user group and four substance user groups. Cigarette, hookah, and drug users were the main users among the participants, and heavy substance users such as opium were in the minority. Risky sexual behavior was most prevalent among alcohol and cannabis users, and religious belief played the most protective role against alcohol consumption.

Due to the different patterns of high-risk behavior that are common among students, designed interventions should be tailored to these patterns to be most effective. In addition, strengthening religious faith by various programs can reduce students' involvement in high-risk behaviors.