Journal of Disease and Diagnosis
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Jan 2022

Since the beginning of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic, the number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has shown a steady increase. Previous evidence exists regarding the evaluation of endocrine dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. The present study sought to investigate the prevalence of metabolic and endocrine disorders in HIV-positive patients.

In this cross-sectional study, 72 HIV-positive patients supported by the Behavioral Diseases Center of Bandar Abbas, Iran were recruited from April, 2016 to September, 2017. Patients who did not consent to participate were excluded from the study. Several parameters were measured, including serum free T3, free T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), free testosterone, cortisol, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and low- and high-density lipoprotein levels. Finally, data were analyzed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.

High serum lipoprotein levels, diabetes, and prediabetes were observed in 28/72 (38.9%), 13/72 (18.1%), and 17/72 (23.6%) patients, respectively. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism, as well as overt hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 32.8% (22/67), 9% (6/67), 1.5% (1/67), and 7.5% (5/67), respectively. Primary and secondary gonadal dysfunction were found in 1/47 (2.1%) and 9/47 (19.1%) patients, respectively. Primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency were detected in 8/53 (15.1%) and 1/53 (1.9%) patients, respectively. Diabetes was significantly more frequent among older patients and those with a history of addiction.

The results of this study indicated a relatively high frequency of metabolic and endocrine disorders, especially dyslipidemia and hypothyroidism in HIV-positive pa

Scrotum pain is a common complaint in urology patients. Its diagnosis can be challenging, and a complete history and physical examination of the patient will be required for all acute and chronic scrotum pain. The present study was designed to compare the results of the performed ultrasound by emergency medicine and radiology assistants in the diagnosis of testicular disease for visitors who have been referred to the emergency department of Imam Reza hospital in Kermanshah.

In general, 100 patients with testicle injuries and acute scrotum pain who were referred to the emergency department of the hospital from September 2017 to September 2019 were evaluated in this analytical cross-sectional study. The kappa coefficient was used to assess the contingency between the diagnosis of performed ultrasound by the emergency medicine assistants and radiology assistants.

The obtained value (82.5%) of this coefficient showed a high contingency between the diagnosis of testicle disease by radiology assistants and emergency medicine assistants, and this contingence was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Based on the kappa coefficient (82.5%) for evaluating the contingency diagnosis of performed ultrasound, a high level of contingency was found between the diagnosis of testicle disease by radiology assistants and emergency medicine assistants. A value higher than 75% of the kappa coefficient indicates that the desired contingency performing an ultrasound with an emergency medicine specialist causes a reduction in time wastage and costs for patients and provides quicker access to treatment and a chance of less complications for the pat

Among people who are genetically predisposed to celiac disease (CD), eating gluten, which is part of the structure of many grains, can lead to intestinal tract damage with an inadequate immune response. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the frequency of gallstones in CD.

In this analytical cross-sectional study, all CD data were analyzed using the West Azerbaijan Population-Based Celiac Registry (WA-PBCR) database. The mainly evaluated criterion in this study was the frequency of gallstone in samples with CD. For evaluating the results, information related to gender, age, body mass index (BMI), bilirubin, and cholesterol level, anti- transglutaminase antibody level, and the frequency of gallstones were extracted from CD files.

Overall, 260 patients with CD were included in the study. The median age of the patients with CD was 33 years, and 66.5% and 33.5% of the patients were females and males, respectively. Gallstones were detected in 11 CD-diagnosed cases (4.23%). There was no significant relationship between the frequency of gallstones and age (P = 0.193), gender (1.00), and obesity based on the BMI (P = 0.684) in patients with CD. Finally, 3 (1.15%) of the referred patients with the recognition of gallstones were diagnosed with CD.

The prevalence of biliary stones in celiac patients may be higher compared to the normal population. Hypocholesteremia is the predisposing factor for gallstones. In general, a significant relationship was found between the frequency of gallstones and bilirubin levels in patients

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease that may be triggered by environmental disorders, mental stress, or physical illness in a person who is genetically predisposed to it. Recent research has extremely evaluated the role of inflammatory cytokines in schizophrenia. The current study attempted to find any association between cytokines and schizophrenia. This narrative study was conducted through a literature review in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases using keywords related to schizophrenia and cytokines without any time limitation. This review focused on discussing the relationship between various symptoms of disease and cytokine levels. Environmental factors such as embryonical infections were found to be associated with alternations in mothers’ blood cytokines and further effects on schizophrenia probability in children. Heritable factors including disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and neuregulin 1 (NRG1) genes were shown to be linked with immunological responses, as well as Toll-like receptors or AKT1/p13k activation and following alternations in the cytokine profile. Based on the findings, the cytokines and inflammatory responses of the body were reported to be involved in many psychological disorders and schizophrenia. Various interleukins (ILs), as well as IL-6, IL-8, and IL-2R are known to be associated with the severity of schizophrenia symptoms. Although various data exist regarding different cytokines and their association with schizophrenia, no study has so far formulated research fields on specific types of cytokines that have the potential to be further studied for therape

In general, although the placenta is a good barrier to prevent infections, several cases of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) transmission have been reported during pregnancy. Moreover, considering the potential for vertical maternal-fetal transmission, there is a concern that the fetus is at risk for congenital COVID-19. The aim of the present review and systematic study was to investigate the possibility of the vertical transmission of COVID-19 during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum using available data.

Studies conducted by February 12, 2021 were included in this systematic review study. Articles were searched in Medline, Magiran, SID, Civilica, Irandoc, ScienceDirect, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar using English keywords such as “Coronavirus”, “COVID-19, “SARS-CoV-2”, “Vertical intrauterine transmission”, “Vertical transmission”, “Vertical fetal infection”, “Maternal infection”, and “Fetal infection”. The inclusion criterion included all observational studies related to vertical maternal-fetal transmission. Overall, 31 articles were completely analyzed after reviewing and deleting non-eligible and duplicate articles.

The results of reviewing 24 studies showed that collected samples were all negative but positive blood samples, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies, and expression of placental factors were reported in seven studies.

Although contradictory results were found in this study, the results of the samples revealed the lowest probability of vertical transmission. There was also no evidence confirming the effectiveness of cesarean section in reducing the rate of transmission. In general, adherence to hygienic protocols can have a significant impact on reducing neonatal inci

Managing potential risks that can threaten the health of medical staff including risks associated with treatment tools and equipment has always played an important role in the healthcare systems. This study aimed to investigate the documentation on the effect of nanoparticle shields on the absorption of hazardous radiation in radiology, and specifically alloy containing bismuth oxide )Bi2O3) nanoparticles.

Several databases including ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Magiran were searched to collect the required documents. The articles were selected based on the year of publication and their relationship with the subject and objectives.

Studies confirm the effectiveness of bismuth oxide nanoparticles in order to protect against radiation in different types of radiological shields. These findings show the relationship between different parameters of nanoparticles and their effect on radiation absorption, such as the size of nanoparticles, used kilovoltage peak )kVp), thickness of shields, density of nanoparticles, as well as different methods of using these particles in different types of radiological shields.

Bismuth oxide nanoparticles have a significant effect on the absorption of X-rays in radiology. Using these particles results in lighter shields with lower cost and lead content. In particular, bismuth oxide nanoparticles are very efficient at absorbing radiation and reducing the cost of production for shiel

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) can cause many radiological manifestations on chest computed tomography (CT) scans. However, the occurrence of pneumomediastinum is rare in these patients. Accordingly, this study represents the rare cases encountered during the COVID-19 epidemic.

This study focuses on describing three patients who attended our medical center during the COVID-19 epidemic showing pneumomediastinum on chest CT scans. Patients’ COVID-19 was confirmed after positive polymerase chain reaction tests. Finally, two of them were expired despite the efforts of the medical team.

Overall, the results of this study suggest the occurrence of pneumomediastinum on the CT scans of patients as a possible finding of COVID-1