نشریه علوم و فناوری بذر ایران
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، زمستان 1400)

Salinity is one of the main limiting factors for seed germination and seedling growth. The use of nutrients in priming treatment is known as an effective way to improve seed yield In this regard, a factorial experiment was conducted in the Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, based on randomize complete design with three replications. Priming treatment with nano and micro magnesium was performed at five concentrations zero, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg /litr, sepcratly. The durations of 12 and 24 hour were used for seed priming and salinity stress levels were zero, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM made with sodium chloride. The results showed that increasing salinity stress declined hyssop seeds resistance and reduced the germination characteristics of this plant. Priming with 400 mg/litr magnesium microclate produced the highest germination percentage of 89.3%, average germination time of 5.9, seed vigor of 27.2 and root length of 24 mm. The highest germination rate (0.461 per day) and shoot length (18 mm) were observed in control and 400 mg/litr of nano-chelate, respectively. Results showed that nutrient seed priming with micochelate effectively alleviated salinity stress effects and improved seed germination properties compared to nanochelate magnesium. The optimum seed priming treatment obtained from 400 mg/litr micro chelate magnesium for 12 hours.

An experiment based on CRD design with three replications was conducted in 2014 year, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experimental treatments included 7 types of eco-friendly inputs: Humic acid, Fulvic acid, Nitroxin (contains Azotobacter spp. And Azospirillum spp. Bacterias), Biophosphorous (contains Bacillus sp. And Pseudomonas sp. bacterias), Biosulfur (contains Thiobacillus spp. Bacteria), Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, and control. The results showed that organic acids of humic and fulvic increased germination percentage 25 and 20% and germination rate 58 and 33% compared to control, respectively. Germination percentage was 20, 25, and 24% more in biofertilizers of nitroxin, biophosphorous and biosulfur compared to control, respectively and germination rate under application of this fertilizers added 59, 24, and 50% compared to control, respectively. Humic acid, fulvic acid, nitroxin, biophosphorous, biosulfur, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices reduced mean germination time 33, 35, 38, 19, 36, 36, and 16% compared to control, respectively. The highest radicle and plumule length obtained in treatment of humic acid and the highest radicle to plumule length observed in treatment of biosulfur. Fulvic acid increased radicle and plumule dry weight 51 and 38% compared to control, respectively. The highest and the lowest radicle to plumule dry weight obtained in treatments of Glomus intraradices (0.199) and control (0.124), respectively.

Seed deterioration is one of the factors reducing seed viability and vigor. In order to investigate the effect of osmopriming on seed vigor enhancement and seedling enzyme activities, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran in 2015. Experimental factors were four sainfoin species as (Onobrichis cristagalli, O. micoxchi, O. sintensii and O. vicifolia), three levels of deteriorated seeds using accelerated ageing techniques (40°C, 98% of RH for 48 and 72h and control) and three priming treatments including hydropriming (control) and osmopriming (PEG -0.6Mpa and -1.2 Mpa). Data were collected for germination percent, rate of germination, root length, shoot length, vigor index, seedling weight and the variability in the activities of three antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). Results showed that seed deterioration decreased germination traits in all of sainfoin species. Priming by seed aging interaction effect was significant for most of traits. The O.vicifolia had higher mean values for germination traits in deteriorated seeds. The result indicated that application of PEG (-0.6Mpa and -1.2 Mpa) had improved seedling growth as root and shoot length in all of the species. Measurement of enzymatic activity showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes were decreasing in aged seeds of sainfoin. However, application of PEG (-0.6Mpa) had improved enzymatic activity in aged seeds. It was concluded that osmopriming may enhance seed vigor, seedling growth and enzyme activities in deteriorated seed of sainfoin

Quinoa has attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to its low ecological needs and rich nutritional value. Therefore, the variability of germination components to temperature and determination of cardinal temperatures were performed by seed germination test at different constant temperatures from -1 to 45°C.The results of the dent-like model showed that the base temperature and ceiling temperature of quinoa were -03.04 and 45.45°C, respectively, and the optimum temperature was from 20 to 35°C. To investigation the effect of salinity and drought stress on germination at 25°C, the seeds were exposed to osmotic potentials from 0 to -28 bar, which were made of sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), respectively, to induce stresses. The results showed that the reduction of osmotic potential up to -12 bar was not able to significantly reduce the germination components compared to normal conditions. However, with decreasing osmotic potential to -18 and -24 bar, the germination percentage decreased significantly. The germination was completely stopped at -24 bar of drought-induced, while 24% germination was observed at the same point of the salinity-induced osmotic potential. Therefore, seed germination capacity under salinity-induced stress was more tolerant than drought-induced stress at all levels of osmotic potentials. Most likely, due to the fact that quinoa is halophyte, by absorbing the ionic elements of salt, required for the maintenance of the cell turgor, which concurrent increase in cytosolic osmolality. Thus, this species has a great potential for distribution to other areas such as provinces with dry climate.

In order investigate the effect of salinity and selenium on seed germination of three medicinal plants dragons head, alyssum and chicory, this study was performed as a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized design with two factors including different levels of salinity and selenium in three replications. The first factor included 0, 2, 4, and 8 mM NaCl and the second factor was 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg L-1 sodium selenate levels. Unlike selenium, salinity reduced germination percentage, germination characteristics and initial growth in all three medicinal plants. The germination percentage of chicory was 40%, alyssum was 49.1% and dragons head was 52.5%, which indicates that chicory is more sensitive to salinity stress, while dragons head showed more tolerance to salinity stress. With increasing selenium concentration, seedling length in all three medicinal plants increased compared to the control. The highest seedling length (20 mm) was observed in treatment 20 mg L-1 sodium selenate with a concentration of 8 mM NaCl in alyssum. The lowest seedling length was in chicory (6.2 mm) and in 0 mg L-1 sodium selenate treatment with 8 mM NaCl. The use of selenium can improve germination characteristics and to some extent reduce the effects of salinity stress. In general, it can be concluded that selenium (at the level of 20 mg L-1 of sodium selenate) can increase seed germination and seedling growth of all three medicinal plants under salinity stress.

Root and crown rot of wheat is one of the most important diseases that caused by Fusarium species. The present study was conducted with the aim of seed Bioprime with bacteria to control fungal pathogens of root and crown rot and improving some growth indicators of wheat in laboratory and greenhouse conditions in 2019. The Effect of bacterial inhibition on fungal pathogen growth in vitro and in cross-culture test, metabolites and bacterial extracts were 60, 50 and 30 percent respectively. Bacterial isolates were able to produce biocontrol enzymes, metabolites and hormones of growth promoting such as auxin, siderophore, and ACC deaminase. In vitro, infection of wheat seeds before priming had a beneficial effect on increasing the efficiency of bioprime technique with bacteria, because in uninfected wheat seeds, bacteria did not play a role in reducing pathogenic fungi. Bioesmoprim, osmoprime and halloprime had the most impact in controlling the pathogenic fungus and improving the growth indices of wheat (germination percent, length and weight of root and stem) in greenhouse conditions, respectively. Although Talc powder and gum in germinated seeds reduced the fungal disease of root and crown rot, but seed germination percentage of wheat seeds were reduced, too. The combination of talc powder + xanthan gum with bacteria improved the mentioned traits.

In order to investigate Spermidine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) role on germination features and growth parameters of cucumber under salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on the completely randomized design at university of Torbat Heydarieh, Iran in 2108 . The first factor consists of seed priming with Gaba (5 and 10 mM), Spermidine (5 and 10 mM), the combination of them and hydropriming in distilled water, and no treatment. The second factor was three salinity levels (0, 1.8, 9.5 dS/m). Results showed that seed priming with Gaba and Spermidine positively affected the shoot and seedling fresh weight, root length, and root dry weight. The highest value of germination percent, relative germination, and germination index was seen in no salinity and 5 mM Spermidine and 10 mm Gaba application (by 19 percent more than control). Using hydropriming, Spermidine and Gaba significantly improved cucumber seedling growth under 9.5 dS/m salinity in comparison to zero salinity treatment. Salinity caused a reduction of germination percent from 84 to 17 %, but employing seed priming treatments caused an enhancement of relative germination in salinity condition. In other words employment of hydropriming and these amendments induced in the alleviation of salinity stress. In attention to application of hydropriming as an inexpensive and convenient method in comparison to other treatments it could be recommended.

To study the relationship between seed size and aging on cardinal temperatures of canola cv. Hyola 50, seed germination an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete design with three replications. Seeds were classified in to four groups based on their diameter (1.4, 1.8, 2 and 2.2 mm) and considered as the first experimental factor. The Second factor was various durations of accelerated aging treatment (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours (40oC, RH=100%) and the third factor was nine constant temperatures in which seeds were germinated (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ˚C). Cardinal temperatures were quantified for germination fraction of 50% using four nonlinear model: beta, beta modify, dent-like and segmented. The result indicted beta model better described responses germination rate to temperature compared with others models and accelerated aging and sizes did not affect the change model base temperature was about 1.15 OC in sizes 1.4 mm and increase in size to 2.2 mm deceased to 0.11 OC. The optimal temperature range was about 21.37 to 21.58 OC and the maximum temperature was 40.2 to 40.8 OC. it was also found that different seed sizes did not have a significant difference in terms of thermal time and deterioration increased the basal germination temperature and thermal time coefficient and reduced the optimal and maximum temperature, that it can show necessity delay in planting date in cold areas or early planting in tropical areas in these types of seeds.

Objectives of this study, determine value of irrigated wheat seed in waste for processing line, determine of cost and benefit, determine Breakeven price and calculate of economic profitability indices of wheat seed processing lines in Ram Sanat Bahare in Alborz and Akyurek Technology in Kordestan provinces. This research carried out in 2018. Methodology of this study was profitability analysis by Economical engineering methods. According to the results, in Ram Sanat Bahare and Akyurek Technology, the gross value of process in waste of these lines was estimated 4.6 and 2.6 Iranian billion rials, Annual variables costs these lines was calculated 40.94 and 89.75 Iranian billion rials and the total gross value from sales of certifies seeded seeds sold and processed waste determined 55.2 and 104.8 Iranian billion rials, respectively. In Ram Sanat Bahare in Alborz, Breakeven price and gross margin of irrigated bread wheat (Pishgam cultivar) was estimated 14675 Iranian rial per kg and 14 Iranian billion rials, respectively. During (2017-2026), net present value (NPV) this line was 21.8 Iranian billion rials and benefit cost ratio was 1.05. In Akyurek Technology in Kordestan, Breakeven price and gross margin of dry bread wheat (Sardari cultivar) was estimated 17575.2 Iranian rial per kg and 20.34 Iranian billion rials, respectively. During analysis periods, net present value (NPV) this line was 98.7 Iranian billion rials and benefit cost ratio was 1.12. In general, the activity of wheat seed processing companies has been economic.

In order to reduce the effects of salinity on germination and growth of Khuzestani savory by humic acid, two experiments were performed. The first experiment was done by priming the seeds with zero concentrations, 20, 40 and 60 mg / l of humic acid (H1, H2, H3 and H4, respectively) and germinating them in zero salinity (distilled water), 50, 25, 75 and 100 mM اNaCl (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5, respectively) in petri dishes. In the second experiment in the greenhouse, humic acid at zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg / kg soil (H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5, respectively) and salinity stress including zero, 50, 25, 75 and 100 mM sodium chloride (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5, respectively). The results of the first experiment showed that germination percentage and rate were decreased by increasing in salinity, While, germination rate and percentage were improved by humic acid priming. Salinity also decreased the growth characteristics in pot experiment. While humic acid led to the improvement of these growth traits. With increasing salinity, electrolyte leakage increased, but it was reduced by humic acid. The positive results of using humic acid in reducing the harmful effects of salinity, in addition to laboratory (seed priming) were also proven in pots (soil application). Therefore, in general, according to the positive results of this study on improving the germination and growth indices of Khuzestani savory plant, the use of humic acid can be recommended to reduce the adverse effects of salinity.