نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال بیستم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

This study examines the marital consequences of infertility in infertile women. It has been conducted, using a qualitative approach and contextual theory method. The target population has primary been infertile women between the age of 25 and 40 who face infertility problems and do meet the following criteria: at least 5 years of cohabitation experience, at least two years of infertility treatment, and at least one IowaF failure. Accordingly, through theoretical sampling twenty-one cases have been studied. The theoretical sampling has continued until data saturation. The data has been gathered through interviews, with data analysis being performed by open, axial, and selective coding methods. The findings show that the consequence of infertility in marital life are 8 main categories, namely transition from a main subject to marginal ones, objectification of the second wife, the victim role, agonized separation, transformation in the husband, the fantasy of love, infertility as a problematic platform, and existential loneliness. A core category has been identified as “victimizer victims”, a notion that refers to the idea that infertile women may, over time, experience their husband's remarriage or a desire to remarry as a result of their infertility, particularly cultural consequences. The findings generally indicated that infertile women are concerned about their husbands' remarriage and, in some cases, the wife's support for the husband's remarriage to have children only to divorce the second wife. Thus, infertile women are psychologically disturbed, as well as in their marital relationships.

As the foundation for making a living as well as a context to demonstrate human creativity and capabilities, job and employment have not been free from the effects of gender, age, and class throughout history. The boundaries of these social variables’ impacts are determined by the dominant discourse in each period in the historical trend and in a certain social-cultural texture through exercising existent social powers.By choosing discourse theory and analysis based on Laclau and Murphy, the present research explores the history of women employment and its effects on individual and social lives of Iranian women and families. The present research is based on historical documents and data from different periods of Iran history: pre-modern, Qajar colonial economy, Pahlavi, and Islamic Revolution.The results show that in the discourse of Islamic Revolution - with “equality and non-similarity of rights for men and women” being its central signifier – a semantic system of signifiers, such as chastity and hijab, segregation by gender in professions and workplaces, and expectation for women to be at home, has been formed. Emphasis on a healthy and safe workplace along with simultaneous and tensionless playing of wife and mother’s role have made women employment in Iranian post-revolution period distinctive and better in comparison with Pahlavi Period and before.

Women’s role in the development of today's societies depends directly on the goal of social and economic development. Thus it is a fundamental factor in the evolution of all human societies. This study aims at evaluating the effect of glass ceiling beliefs on women's succession and their leadership style in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. It is an applied research, based on its purpose, and a descriptive survey in terms of its methodology. The statistical population of the study contain the staff of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. According to Morgan Table, the sample size is 110 people. In order to study and test the effective variables in the research topic, the standard questionnaire of Smith (2012) has helped measuring the variable of glass ceiling beliefs, while standard questionnaire of Khoda Yari (2017) has been used to measure the variable of women-breeding and standard questionnaire of Najarzadeh Arani (2020) to measure the variable of leadership style. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires have been confirmed through combined reliability and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. In order to analyze the research data, SPSS and Smart-PLS software have been used to prepare descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that the beliefs of the glass ceiling have had a positive and significant effect on the succession of women. In addition, it has been found that the beliefs of the glass ceiling have a positive and significant effect on the leadership style of women in managerial positions.

Today, one of the important axes of community health assessment, which plays an important role in ensuring the dynamism and efficiency of society, is Social Wellbeing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the book Family Management and Lifestyle of Twelfth Grade Girls in Secondary School based on the components of Social Wellbeing from Keys' point of view. The method of this descriptive research is content analysis, and the information society includes a volume of high school textbook in the academic year 2020-2021, and the research tool is the content analysis form according to the components of Social Wellbeing from Keys' point of view. In this way, after identifying the unit of analysis and the desired components as the criteria for analysis, the book has been analyzed using the technique of William Romy. Considering the involvement coefficients (ISE = 0.8) obtained from the content of the book, it can be said that the level of attention of family management book and lifestyle of 12th grade girls in the second year of high school to the components of Social Wellbeing is lower than average (an involvement coefficient below 1), and are semi-active, requiring major revision and editing. In addition, chi-square test has been used to determine the distribution of components in the content of the book. The results of Chi-square test (Sig: 0.147, Chi-Square: 6.790a) show that the book's attention to the components of Social Wellbeing is significantly balanced. Also in the mentioned book, the component of participation with 11.3% has had the highest frequency and the component of cohesion with 7.43% have had the lowest frequency in the components of Social Wellbeing.

Nowadays, one business taken into much consideration is family businesses. Given that no more strategies and factors have been found for women to enter family businesses, we have decided to conduct a research to accelerate the entry of women into these businesses. The purpose of this study is to enter the field of private business. The present qualitative study is applied in terms of its purpose and exploratory in terms of its methodology. The statistical population is women, entrepreneurship researchers, and managers in the field of entrepreneurship as well as in family businesses. For the effective factors, it has used sixteen interviews, selected based on the snowball sampling method. The data-based method has helped analyzing these interviews. The findings show that identification of family identity and individual competencies are among the causal conditions for women to enter family businesses. We can also mention social support as ground conditions and family challenges as intervening ones, which are effective in women entering the family business. One of the strategies to accelerate the entry of women is to improve the infrastructure and empowerment of women.

The purpose of this study is to explain the dimensions of glass ceiling on women's management in sports. The present study follows the interpretive paradigm and inductive logic with a qualitative approach. Using a combination of previous studies in the last 10 years, a total of 163 studies have been extracted from various databases in both English and Persian. The criteria for entering research for analysis closely follow the main question of the research. They entail using interviews to gather information from specific participants, using theoretical saturation to determine the participants themselves, and using coding for analysis. Finally, eight studies are selected with the necessary criteria, and analyzed using content analysis technique. The central category of the present study, based on the glass ceiling of women's management in sports, is consisted of five main categories and 14 sub-categories. The main categories include: prevalence of patriarchal culture in society, lack of trust in society in women's empowerment, disregard for macro-policies in the development of women's sports, women's low self-esteem in the development of women's sports, incompatibility of women's work, and personal environment. Given the dimensions of glass ceiling of women's management in sports, the criteria for selecting management positions in sports organizations are not fair for cultural and personal reasons. Extensive studies in this field should be conducted to change the attitudes toward women and their capabilities.

This study aims at identifying the areas of work-family conflict as well as the ways to balance work and family plans. Its approach is qualitative, and its methodology is based on phenomenology. The sample involves 27 women with children under 12, who work in Tehran Municipality. They are selected through purposive sampling with maximum variety in terms of age, number of children, position, and type of contract, then to be determined based on the theoretical saturation level. The data collection method is in-depth interview and the analysis method is thematic analysis, extracted in three methods of open, axial, and selective coding. Based on this study’s findings, the areas of conflict are divided into 8 sub-themes and 3 main themes: "high job requirements", "unequal gender approach in the private and public spheres", and "abandonment and marginalization of policies for family and childbearing ". Working mothers also make great efforts to adapt and use a variety of strategies. These strategies, extracted from a total of 95 basic concepts and 18 sub-themes, are classified into two main themes, namely "bounded rationality" and "formation of non-traditional organizational arrangements". In general, while policy initiatives can be effective in helping women adapt to dual roles, many women still address these issues on an individual or personal level. Working women feel that the policies adopted by the organization are insufficient and have no executive guarantee; therefore, they do not affect their lives significantly.