نشریه جستارهای نوین ادبی
سال پنجاه و چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 215، زمستان 1400)

Fakhr which is loosely called boasting poem is Persian literature is one of those literary genres which has been regarded among poetic intentions in ancient sources. Since the most famous Fakhriāt in Persian literature consist of boasting about poetic art and eloquence and they are mostly originated from professional rivalries or personal and social desperations, they show some similarities with other genres and literary intentions belonging to this origin like eulogies, oaths and elegies. Such similarities are so much that these works were sometimes mixed with each other and appeared in the form of a single work. However, according to our definition and argument in this paper, Fakhr includes other works which either have not been known to date or were not classified under this genre. This study aims to achieve a more scientific definition and classification of this genre by focusing on necessary theoretical elements and also exploring its various instances and similar genres.

Blending environmental movements with third-wave feminism formedecofeminism, which tied up the aims of the two movements. Ecofeminismtries to trace the relationship between women and nature, either from anessentialist approach or from a structuralist viewpoint, back to the age ofmythology. Women and their related affairs play an important role inShahrnoush Parsipour’s stories. Furthermore, in “Women without Men”,thoughts and lives of female characters of the story are tied to nature, especiallyto trees. Its climax is where the women of the story, in a traditional-mindedsociety, take initial steps to liberate themselves from any domination, becomeconscious, and enter society. Employing a descriptive-analytic approach, thisstudy sought to understand men/women relationships, on the one hand, andwomen/nature relation, on the other hand. The results show that womenbecome aware of their own femininity, their own body, and their society byescaping the domination of patriarchal culture. But it is not mean completefreedom from men. Their instinctive inclination to procreation returns themto men. Although a few female characters who are not optimistic about men,take different way which is joining nature and virgin birth; this is a way whichrelates them to pristine nature and sacred mothers throughout history andmythology. In this story, inappropriate relations of authoritarian men towomen and nature could be seen at the same time.

After the death of Sheikh Zahed and the election of Sheikh Safi al-Din as his successor and the transfer of the Zahediyya sect to the Safavid sect, changes were made in the Safavid sect and were gradually reflected in the Safavat al-Safa (صفوهالصفا (versions. These changes, which began during the life of Sheikh Safi al-Din and were reflected in versions close to the author's version, were intensified during the pre-Safavid and Safavid eras and also found their way into the royal versions. Using both historical and typological analysis methods, this study examines how the mystical personality of Sheikh Safi al-Din was transformed in three versions of Safavat al-Safa from the time of the Sheikh to the leadership of the Safavid rulers and shows the process of their inclusion in the versions. Therefore, the change of Sheikh Safi al-Din's mystical personality in terms of historical periodization in the three periods of "Sheikh Safi al-Din's lifetime", "Leadership of the leaders of the sect", and "Leadership of the Safavid rulers" has taken place. In this regard, the image of Sheikh Safi al-Din has also changed "from a follower of the Zahediyya sect to a follower of the Safavid sect: the period of Sheikh Safi al-Din's life", from "leadership of Tarighat to Hosseini Nasab political mentor: the period of leadership of Tarighat leaders, and from "Husseini Nasab political mentor to the divine mentor of the preacher of Husseini's Shiite mysticism: the era of the leadership of the Safavid rulers".

Changes in historical and cultural conditions and contexts have consigned some implications of the term “Mu’asher” to oblivion. These lost implications are recognizable if the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of the words in a text are analyzed. Mu’asher is defined as “friend” and “companion” in dictionaries. However, these implications are not supported in verses such as “There would be trouble in the neighborhood of the beauties/by the Mu’arbads (revelers), Masts (drunks), Mu’ashers and Rends (rogues)” when their syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations are analyzed. In this verse, Mu’asher, Rend, Mast, and Mu’arbad are evidently co-hyponyms. In this context, it means a person “seeking immoral pleasures”. It also means those who render services to the said persons. Some Mu’ashers called Nadiman-e Mu’asher organized or served at the feasts. Anvari refers to one of most renowned Mu’ashers of the Seljuk Court as “Akram-e Mu’asher”. This research introduces and studies the historical origins of the new implication of “Mu’asher” and the contexts in which “Mu’ashers Caste” evolved.Keywords: Mu’asher, Mu’asherat, Mu’ashers Caste, context, implication

One of the requirements of a scientific research is sufficient knowledge aboutthe research background or research literature. Due to the expansion of studiesin the field of poetry and literature, in order to prevent duplication of such aresearch, the study introduced and reviewed researches that have been writtenin review of the works of Akhavan Sales. Using a descriptive-analytical andcritical method, the study presents time and thematic diagrams of theresearches. It is shown which of the currents criticism have been formedaround the investigation of Akhavan's works during the last six decades, whataspects of Akhavan's poetry have received the most attention, and what arethe advantages and drawbacks of the researches. This research concludes thatsome kinds of criticism have been formed on the Akhavan's poetry. Inexamining the structural aspects of Akhavan's poetry, the most importantareas are the study and analysis of language, narrative, and rhetoricalaspects, and the musical system of his poetry. Regarding the critique ofthe semantic system of Akhavan's poetry, the most controversial issuesare the study of Akhavan's poetry commitment and socio-politicalaspects of his poetry and the analysis of philosophical concepts andnational identity. The positive points of these researches are accuracy,scrutiny, detailed view, specialized view, attention to new approachesof criticism, and interdisciplinary studies in order to look at literaryworks in a different way. The repeating and cliché results, usingdescriptive and theoretical methods are some flaws of these researches.

Greimas is a narrative structuralism theorists whose views have been widelyadopted by researchers. His narrative theory is noteworthy due to its particulardivisions. This descriptive-analytical study provides a pathological review ofmore than 60 research articles published in Iranian journals up to 2021. Thisresearch is significant due to the incorrect understandings of Greimas’ theorythat have led to conducting certain structured researches with incorrectanalyses and interpretations. The results suggest that most of such researchesare not based on Greimas's theory as they have not referenced to his originalbook but the articles or books mentioning Greimas's opinions. When it comesto Greimas's theory, it is evident that the literary text has been ignored andthe text has been used as a critical practice to prove a theory. Sometimes, theresearchers clearly implied that the research fully agrees with the Greimas'spattern, a sign of improper understanding of the way to conduct as theoreticalresearch.

The Al-Tafzil bayn Balaghati al-Arab va al-Ajam is one of the most importantbooks of 4th century AH. The book has been translated into Persian by SiroosShamisa. The translator has added an introduction and some notes to histranslation in which some contentious controversies have been brought about.One of the most controversial issues is attributing the book to Abu Ahmadal-Askari or his nephew, Abu Hilal. The present study examines thetranslator's introduction and notes. It is divided into three parts. In the firstpart, the arguments for the attribution of the book to Abu Hilal is examined.Second part is dedicated to the examination of translator's introduction andnotes. At last, the accuracy of translation is evaluated. It should be noted thatsince the translation is mostly accurate and there is no fundamental change init, the concentration of this article is on translator's introduction and notes.