نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 36، زمستان 1400)

Tanacetum pinnatum Boiss. is a perennial plant native to Iran belonging to the Asteraceae family. Which has been used to treat migraine, rheumatism and anti-inflammatory diseases. In this study, phytochemical charchterisic of different populations of T. pinnatum in natural habitats was evaluated by multivariate methods. First, the aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from Tehran, Alborz, Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces in mid-June to mid-August 2016. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation clevenger device and were analysed by using GC/MS. The results were showed that the effect of population on leaf and flower essential oil was significant (P<0.01) which seems to be due to geographical factors and type of climate. According to the results, 50 compounds were identified in the flower and leaf essential oils of the populations, of which 13 compounds had the highest frequency among the populations and the highest percentage in the leaf and flower essential oils. Based on the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, populations 1, 2, 9, 3 and 5 had the highest composition of flower essential oil, while populations 4, 8 and 10 had the weakest values for most essential oil compounds. Populations 6, 7, 11 and 12 also had moderate amounts of compounds in flower essential oil. However, for leaf essential oil, populations 1, 2, 6, 3, 5 and 10 had the highest essential oil composition, while population 4 had the weakest values for most essential oil compounds and only had a high amount of cubenol. Populations 9, 12, 7, 8 and 11 also had moderate amounts of compounds in leaf essential oil. Population grouping based on their phytochemical assessment did not match their geographical distribution. However, areas with higher E, Z-geranyl acetate،ß-eudesmol and cubenol levels in flowers and leaves had average annual rainfall and higher altitude, average sunshine, and lower annual temperatures (populations 4 and 1). While in areas where populations had higher levels of α-cadinene in flowers, they had the highest average relative humidity, the lowest rainfall and annual temperature. Population 1 had the highest amount of flower ß-eudesmol and was one of the populations that showed a positive correlation between the amount of flower and leaf essential oil and essential oil components. As a result, the best population in the natural habitat was population 1.

Epilobium belonging to the Onagraceae family has many medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-tumor, analgesic and anti-androgenic in traditional medicine. In this study, the aerial parts of Epilobium hirsutum L.were collected at the flowering stage from the heights of central Alborz, Mazandaran province, between Siah Bisheh and Zangoleh Bridge on July 19, 2017 and phytochemically studied for effective volatile compounds in essential oils and natural products in the extract. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using celvenger apparatus and was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by GC-MS method. Based on the results, the main compounds in the essential oil were related to alpha-pinene with 21.65%, delta-cadinen (15.29%) and 1 -8-cineole (12.24%). Hydrocarbon terpenes had the highest concentration in the essential oil. The natural compound in E. hirsutum extract was purified by column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). As a result, a natural compound called epigallocatechin gallate was extracted and identified by 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR and DEPT spectrophotometric techniques and its molecular structure was determined. In addition, the plant extract was investigated for the presence of phytochemical content and the presence of flavonoids (Shinoda method), alkaloids (Mayer test), tannins (Ferric chloride method), saponins (Froth method) and glycosides (Keller-Kiliani test). The presence of flavonoids (red color), Alkaloids (yellow precipitate) saponins (foam layer), glycosides (bluish green layer) and tannins (dark green for Catechol tannin) in the extract was aproved.

Salvia sharifii Rech. f. & Esfand belonging to the Lamiaceae family is an endemic medicinal plant which grows wild in south of Iran and is traditionally used as an antiseptic, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, decongestant, digestive and analgesic. In this research, the aerial parts of the plant were collected from three habitats in Hormozgan province including Abmah, Ghotbabad and Sirmand in the altitude range of 760 to 1210 meters above sea level at full flowering stage in the spring of 2019. The plant materials were dried in shade and at room temperature. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation with three replications, the yields were calculated based on dry weight and amount of chemical compounds in the essential oil were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that the highest and lowest essential oil yields (w/w %) were related to the Sirmand (1.14 %) and Ghotbabad (0.65 %) populations, respectively. The essential oil compound analysis demonestrated that linalool was the major and common compound in Abmah and Sirmand populations; whereas the major compound in Ghotbabad was elemol (14.3 %). The second predominant compound in the essential oil of Abmah, Ghotbabad and Sirmand populations was sclareol oxide, agarospirol and hexyl-2-methyl butyrate, respectively. The third major compound in Abmah essential oil was hexyl-2-methyl butyrate was, meanwhile, hexyl caprylate and hexyl isovalerate compounds were the third major compounds in Ghotbabad and Sirmand populations, respectively. Then, The presence of chemical variation among natural populations of S. sharifii showed that in addition to the effect of plant inheritance, this species has a high adaptation potential, so a wide range of climatic conditions such as temperature, altitude and rainfall among different populations could be considered for in situ and ex situ conservation and domestication of the plants.

This study was performed to compare and evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts of dill (Anethumgra veolens) seeds, black cumin (Bunium persicum) seeds, yarrow (Achillea millefolium) flower and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) buds in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in the Center, Research and Education of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mashhad in year 1400. The first, the extracts of the above plants were extracted by reflux apparatus, and then, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to determine the phytochemicals. Total phenol and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu and the DPPH and NO free radicals scavenging activity respectively. At the end of the experiment, the inhibitory potential of extract against xanthine oxidase, hyaluronidase, acetylcholinesterase, elastase and tyrosinase enzymes was investigated. The results showed that the highest amount of total phenol (40.9 mg GAE/g.DW) and saponin (94.8 mg diosgenin /g.DW) was observed in clove bud extract and the lowest amount of total phenol (7.2 mg GAE/g.DW) and saponin (72.7 mg diosgenin /g.DW) was observed in yarrow flower extract. The HPLC results showed that the concentration of phenolic compounds in the clove extract was higher as compared to other plant extracts. Clove bud extract showed stronger antioxidant properties as compared to other extracts, so that the IC50 values obtained for clove extract by DPPH and NO methods were equal to 82.95 and 104.34 μg/ml, respectively. Three extracts of clove (55.3±12.6 μg/ml) yarrow (98±5.78 μg/ml) and cumin (198±8.34 μg/ml) had the greatest effect on inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme. The results of anti-inflammatory properties showed that clove extract with more than 61%, caused the highest inhibition of nitric oxide. It seems that the hydroalcoholic extract of clove could be used as an anti-inflammatory, skin lightening and preventing wrinkles and skin aging.

Salvia sahendica Boiss. & Buhse.  with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticonvulsant properties is an endemic species of the lamiaceae family that grows in the Sahand highlands in East Azerbaijan province. The aim of the present study was to investigate the quantity and quality of essential oils and effect of different treatments on the percentage and germination rate of this species due to the low germination percentage of its seeds. The aerial parts of the plant were collected at flowering stage in the summer of 2012 from Kasai habitat in Tabriz Then, its essential oil was obtained by clevenger method and analized by GC/MS. Seed test was conducted based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replications. Treatments included gibberllin at three levels of concentration (100, 150 and 200 ppm for 24 h), three levels of wash time (12, 24 and 72 h), chilling at three levels of duration (for 24, 48 and 72 h) and magnetic treatment (50 and 130 mT for 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 min) and control. Based on the results, the essential oil yield of this species was 0.8% by weight and the presence of 23 compounds including trans-meta-mentha-2,8-diene, spathulenol, α-Pinene, 1,8-cineol and β-pinene in the essential oil components of this plant was proved. Seed test result showed that seeds treated with 100 ppm gibberellin had the highest germination rate (47 %) and seeds treated with 130 mT for 20 min had the highest germination rate (5.83) compared to control (16) and (1/99) respectively. The results indicate that the seeds of this species have physiological dormancy and different treatments can significantly increase.

In the study, to survey the growth, yield, and physiological responses of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) using different concentrations of urea fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, and 150 kg.ha-1) and nitroxin and phosphate Barvar-2 bio-fertilizers, an experiment was conducted in medicinal Plants farm, Tehran, as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2019-2020 crop year. Seedling cultivation was carried out in mid-May and urea fertilizer treatment was performed in two stages. To measure root and biological yield, one square meter was harvested from each plot and the dry weight of shoot and root was measured and the sum of these two was calculated as biological yield. Root and rhizome essential oils were extracted by water distillation (Clevenger) and valerenic acid by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Essential oil yield was also calculated based on the essential oil percentage and dry root yield. The average root diameter varied from 7.97 (90 kg urea per ha) to 5.14 mm (control). The highest root yield was obtained in 150 and 90 kg urea.ha-1 along with inoculation with nitroxin and phosphate Barvar-2 (4.88 and 5.1 ton.ha-1, respectively). Application of 90 kg urea.ha-1 along with nitroxin resulted in increased chlorophyll b and total content. Increasing the urea concentration decreased essential oil content and increased essential oil yield. Essential oil content ranged from 0.93 (90 kg urea.ha-1 with nitroxin and phosphate Barvar-2) to 1.94% (no-application of fertilizers). The highest valerenic acid content (0.46% of the extract) and valerenic acid yield (220.27 mg.ha-1) were observed using 30 kg of urea with phosphate Barvar-2 and no application of nitroxin. In general, application of nitroxin and phosphate Barvar-2 bio-fertilizers along with 90 kg urea.ha-1 by improving growth, yield, and physiological traits led to the production of acceptable essential oil and valerenic acid yield.

Various species of Salvia has been used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.In this study, aerial parts of Salvia hypoleuca L. which is an endemic plant to Iran were collected during the flowering stage in the summer of 2020 from Alamut city of Qazvin province. In the present study, the total content of phenolic, flavonoid, saponin and tannins, four hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous extracts prepared by maceration method were investigated. The antioxidant properties of these extracts were measured by DPPH, ABTS, phosphomolybdenum and iron chelating methods. In addition, α-amylase, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory effects of the plant were measured by spectrophotometry. Based on the results, ethyl acetate extract of the plant had the highest phenolic and saponin content with values ​​of 87.07 mg gallic acid g-1 and 163.84 mg quillaja saponin g-1, respectively. The aqueous extract of the plant exhibited the highest amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins content with 33.97 and 5.34 mg quercetin and catechin g-1 in the extract, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract indicated the highest ABTS radical scavenging, total antioxidant, ferrous ion chelating activities, as well as inhibitory effects of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibition properties. The high potential of ethyl acetate extract in biological properties, like antioxidant and antiradical activities could be attributed to its high metabolite contents especially, phenolic and saponin compounds. Thus, it could be concluded that this plant is a rich source of functional secondary metabolites and ethyl acetate is the best extractant solvent. The results of this study confirmed the potential of Salvia hypoleuca for medicinal uses, especially for diabetes and skin diseases.

Drying is one of the most important post-harvest processes for medicinal plants. to study the effect of different drying methods on the antioxidant and phytochemical activity of flowering branches and leaves of Artemisia annua, an experiment based on a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications was conducted at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2020. Aerial parts of the plant were obtained from natural habitat in Shirgah region of Mazandaran (238 meters above sea level) in January. Different parts of the plant were dried using four methods shade - sun, oven (45°C), indirect heating (28-32 ° C) and microwave (520 w). All extracts were prepared by soaking in methanol. In the first stage, antioxidant activity (DPPH), phenolic (Folin–Ciocâlteu) and flavonoid (aluminum chloride) content were evaluated for all samples. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different drying methods. The highest content of total antioxidants was observed in flowering branches (70.92%) and leaves (70.66%) for indirect heat sampels. The highest amount of total phenol (2.56 and 3.09 mg gallic acid per 100g of dry matter, respectively) belonged to the samples dried using sun-shade and indirect heat. The highest total flavonoid content was also found in samples dried under indirect heating and microwave (1.45 and 3.73 mg of quercetin per 100g of dry matter, respectively). The lowest amount of total phenol, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were observed in oven-dried flowering and leafy branches at 45°c. In the second stage of the experiment, the best sample regarding antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid was chosen and evaluated using chromatography. The most composition of the extract was arteannuic acid (15.63%). In general, indirect heat drying could preserve antioxidant and bioactive compounds more effectively, while other methods may reduce or even degrade these compounds.