فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 176 (زمستان 1400)

The coastal villages of Bushehr province have a long history due to their suitable geographical location in near the Persian Gulf and in some cases suitable agricultural lands, and therefore have a rich heritage of vernacular architecture. While simple and unpretentious, this architecture contains principles and features including construction methods, climate responsive design, physical features and how to use local resources. This study aims to identify the vernacular architecture in the coastal rural areas of Bushehr province and extract its patterns to develop guidelines for design, through reviewing the characteristics of the rural fabric and vernacular architecture of these areas. To recognize the vernacular architectural patterns in the coastal villages of Bushehr province, vernacular housing in the villages of Shif, Salem-Abad and North Oli was analyzed. The examined factors in rural fabric and buildings were classified into different themes such as density, the orientation of passages, physical architectural features, construction equipment and solutions for providing climatic comfort. Data was collected through the descriptive-analytical method, using various survey methods in the three mentioned villages. Physical-spatial features were analyzed in selected cases and architectural features were compared. The results of this study include the key features of vernacular architecture in these areas that provide design guidance. Considering human proportions in residential areas and entrances, defining intermediate open space between building masses, paying attention to climatic orientation in masses and architectural details, the need to use multiple openings and lightening the structures are the main characteristics of vernacular coastal villages.

Like other crises, the coronavirus epidemic has had a significant impact on our lives. As a result, the built environment has changed to adapt to new conditions and needs. Since Covid-19 is not the first and possibly the last epidemic, housing design must also adapt to the new reality. At present, the spatial properties of housing are impacted by social distancing strategies, quarantine and isolation, proper ventilation, and infection control, which have imposed new patterns of life and work.This study has used a qualitative approach to answer how housing design can support human health and well-being in an epidemic. After identifying the most important strategies for controlling the risk of the epidemic based on the literature review, the measures and recommendations of expertsfor its risk management have been discussed. Purposive sampling was done and data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted through the thematic analysis method and qualitative data coding.Based on the reviews and analyzes of the measures and recommendations of experts, Covid-19 risk management strategies for housing architecture were identified and then classified into ten categories in the form of four research topics. Spatial separation for quarantine and isolation, natural ventilation and the role of open and semi-open spaces in reducing the risk and responding to Covid-19 disease, space zoning to control infection and finally design criteria for responding to new functions and interactions in housing are identified as the most important categories in this research. The solutions presented in this study as housing design strategies can help prevent and reduce the risk of epidemic diseases and improve the quality of life in the newly imposed conditions.

The importance of sustainable rural development and its vital role in further development in evolving countries is evident today. According to experts and scholars, having appropriate capital, especially social capital through participation and social trust is the most important factor. This study aims to analyze social capital for sustainable rural development in the three villages of Shahid Beheshti, Jizabad and Moradabad in the Bakharz county of Khorasan Razavi province, in which the empowerment project of local communities has been implemented. The target population in this study consists of 96 people (55 men and 41 women) who are members of rural development micro-groups forming nine groups. In this research, the relationship between trust and participation in the stakeholder network is investigated using network analysis questionnaires and based on direct observation and interviews with all actors, as well as measuring macro-level indicators (including density, bidirectional, translocation and geodetic distance in the two phases before and after the project). It indicates the average level of trust, participation and social capital before the implementation of the local communities’ empowerment project. After the execution of the project, the level of these indicators has improved and reached the desired level. The speed of circulation and exchange of trust and participation between individuals has increased as well, and it has also improved cohesion, unity and solidarity and cooperation between individuals. Thus, the project has enhanced the level of trust, participation and social capital, and as a result, has provided the social context needed for reaching the desired sustainable rural development.

Security is one of the most important human needs playing an important role in the happiness and mental health of people and society; and housing is one of the basic human needs, succeeding food and clothing. As in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, security is of secondary importance after physiological needs. However, this need has become a severe problem due to the increasing growth of housing demand as a result of the population growth and urbanization in recent decades in Iran, which has caused housing construction to reach its maximum level. Furthermore, a one-sided view has induced serious problems; because this attitude has changed the pattern of housing production that has reduced the quality of housing. Thus, their security has been reduced and the potential to commit crimes in residential areas and the fear of crime among residents has increased. Overlooking the physical and environmental criteria in terms of human needs by planners and designers of residential complexes can lead to major problems for residents. In fact, one of the problems is the lack of social security in today's complexes. In environmental design, the CPTED approach is one of the most effective approaches in promoting social security and crime prevention. The study aims to evaluate the correlation between several social security variables and the use of SPSS. The statistical population is the residents of the Qazvin 400-unit residential complex. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula and the multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and the obtained number is 0.8. Finally, based on the Friedman test, each of the proposed indicators was ranked. The performance quality indicator has the priority, and then the indicators of natural monitoring, physical quality, strengthening privacy, readability and territoriality respectively are effective in improving social security in residential complexes.

For many years, the design of affordable housing for low-income groups has been addressed in developed and developing countries. Providing affordable housing for the low-income population is one of the principal programs of governments to promote social justice and help disadvantaged groups. Providing safe, comfortable and affordable housing while considering the financial resource of homeless people is one of the objectives of this project. Unfortunately, the available affordable houses are small buildings that only the quantitative aspects and reduction of the dimensions of the spaces are considered in them, and therefore are uninhabitable due to the lack of living standards. Moreover, vernacular and cultural aspects are not fully acknowledged and adaptation to the environment has been overlooked. Given the ecological potential of Minoo Island, as well as the living characteristics of its inhabitants, there is an urge to develop policies for applying both ecological and economic ideas in housing design. The study aims to achieve the most important policies for designing affordable ecological housing in Minoo Island for decision-makers in government, mass builders and locals, and highlight the vernacular and environmental issues and acceptable living standards compatible with the economic status of the residents. Using library and field methods and based on the judgment of experts through the snowballing method and using the questionnaire and analysis of ANP networks by SUPER DECISION, the research tries to formulate and prioritize the affordable ecological housing design policies in Minoo Island. Based on the results of this study, the top scenario is "to recycle".

The first step in developing the prevention and safety plan for cities is to identify the existing hazards and crises and to prioritize the risk factors according to historical records and scientific studies to explain the probability of danger. Flood is one of the most high-risk natural hazards that should be given particular attention in crisis management. The study aims to model and predict flood hazard according to the characteristics of Nowshahr port city in Mazandaran province using machine learning models. The criteria and indicators affecting flood hazard, including climate criteria (6-hour rainfall indicator), hydrological criteria (surface runoff height indicators, drainage density, and groundwater depth), topographic criteria (slope and altitude indicators), Soil science criteria (soil type indicator) and land use criteria (land use type indicator) were identified based on the literature review. The indicators were then converted into raster data in the ArcGIS environment and finally standardized by fuzzy method for using in models. K-nearest neighbor models (Fine KNN, Cubic KNN, Cosine KNN, Weighted KNN), decision tree (Fine tree, Medium tree, Coarse tree), ensemble learning (Subspace KNN)) and WLC were used in the present study for flood risk zoning. ROC method was used to validate the models and choose the best one based on assessing the accuracy and area below the diagram of the flood. The layers were prepared in the ArcGIS environment and transferred into MATLAB to perform the modelling process and define the coefficients. The results show that the ensemble learning model with an accuracy of 0.96 and the area below the graph of 0.90 is the best and the WLC model with the accuracy of 0.61 and the area below the graph of 0.62 is the weakest model of flood hazard prediction in Nowshahr. Therefore, the output result of the Ensemble (Subspace KNN) algorithm was chosen to present the final flood risk map.

To reach greater efficiency, traditional houses have experimentally achieved principles and patterns over time that are repeated explicitly or implicitly in all houses. Providing great harmony with the culture and climate of the region, some of these principles are used in a larger spatial or temporal range and some in a smaller range. The study aims to identify and study the principles and physical patterns of traditional houses in Kashan by providing examples. The research is applied and qualitative and uses descriptive and analytical methods based on case studies. Data collection was conducted through field surveys and studying written sources. The scope of the study is the traditional houses of Kashan in Jalali fort during the Qajar and First Pahlavi period. The case study consists of eight houses that were randomly selected from the collection of houses of the Kashan Cultural Heritage Organization. The findings of this study are categorized into three main patterns: the pattern of relationships with the surroundings and the city, the pattern of spatial arrangement and formation, the pattern of activity and functions. These patterns include eight principles: in harmony with the context, simplicity of the external body, negative space as a forming center, coherence of the positive space, sequential and articular spatial arrangement, confidentiality, variety of functional spaces, and multiple sides for different activities. The results of this research show how houses are formed based on the mentioned patterns and principles starting from the courtyard and evolving to the relationships with the city back and forth. By explaining these principles, this research can pave the way for recognizing other principles and patterns that shape traditional houses.

The energy consumption of the building during construction is one of the issues that designers and architects face. The energy used in the construction process of a building consumes plenty of resources. Thus, by evaluating the energy of construction time, called latent energy, it is possible to save energy by choosing the most appropriate materials and solutions. This article focuses on reducing latent energy through architectural implementation strategies. The study aims to reduce energy consumption to protect the environment. The research hypothesizes that some solutions in the construction phase can be effective in reducing the latent energy of the building in Bandar Abbas. To this end, first, the latent energy of a 6-storey building in Bandar Abbas was calculated. Then, based on how the variables affect the total latent energy, which is extracted from the theoretical framework of the research, the latent energy is calculated and analyzed once more by changing the variables. Based on the research questions that seek the variables and strategies to reduce the latent energy during the construction of the building, the conclusion is two-faced: firstly, the theoretical results based on the text review, and secondly, experimental results obtained from calculations. The findings of this study show that the latent energy per square meter of the building in Bandar Abbas in the architectural sector is between 1.9 to 18.5 gigajoules. In this study, the variables affecting the latent energy during execution including mortars, transportation, building maintenance, reconstruction instead of demolition, and use of recycled materials have been investigated on the latent energy of the whole building. Findings show that the choice of materials can increase up to 89% of the total latent energy of the building, which is equivalent to 33 years of energy consumption of the building and has the greatest impact on latent energy. Therefore, by performing latent energy calculations, architects can have the greatest impact on reducing the latent energy of the building through the selection of materials, details, dimensions and spaces. In this article, solutions are presented to reduce the latent energy of the building during the construction of the building.